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Technologies
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Consolidation biologique des banquettes mécanique par des oliviers [Tunisia]

technologies_6674 - Tunisia

Completeness: 90%

1. General information

1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Key resource person(s)

SLM specialist:

Mnissi Adel

Direction Générale de l'Aménagement et de la Conservation des Terres Agricoles (DGACTA)

Tunisia

Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Soil protection and rehabilitation for food security (ProSo(i)l)
Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Direction Générale de l’Amenagement et de Conservation des Terres Agricoles (DG/ACTA) - Tunisia
Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
GIZ Tunisia (GIZ Tunisia) - Tunisia

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

No

1.5 Reference to Questionnaire(s) on SLM Approaches (documented using WOCAT)

2. Description of the SLM Technology

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

La consolidation biologique des banquettes est une technique culturale qui consiste à la plantation des banquettes par les espèces arboricoles, pastorales, ou fourragères. Cette opération permet d’accroître l’efficacité et la durabilité de ces ouvrages.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

L’aménagement en banquettes antiérosives est très répandu en Tunisie centrale. Ces aménagements, en milieux semi-arides, se composent de levées de terre aménagées perpendiculairement à la pente du terrain et d’un canal qui retient les eaux de ruissellement et les sédiments en provenance de l’espace inter-banquettes.
Ces ouvrages sont coûteux pour l'agriculteur, ce qui nécessite leur consolidation biologique afin d'assurer leur pérennité. En effet, la consolidation peut être faite par plusieurs types de plantations arboricoles, pastorales et fourragères. La réussite d'une telle consolidation biologique est fonction du type du sol (nature, relief), du climat (notamment les précipitations annuelles), des ressources en eau d'irrigation et de l'espèce choisie. La majorité des agriculteurs font recours aux oliviers pour la consolidation des ouvrages CES dans leurs parcelles.
La consolidation concerne les ouvrages récents et anciens pour les réhabiliter et les entretenir. Les plantations sont effectuées sur le bourrelet des banquettes et dans leur canal, pour fournir une couverture végétale et des systèmes racinaires qui lient les particules du sol ensemble, réduisant ainsi le risque d'érosion. Il a été constaté que la technique améliore la fertilité des sols, augmente les rendements des cultures et génère des revenus pour les agriculteurs grâce à la vente d'olives et d'huile d'olive. Malgré que la mise en place des banquettes provoque la perte de 10 à 15% de la superficie du terrain, la consolidation permet de mettre en valeur le patrimoine foncier. La valeur des terre aménagées en banquettes et plantées d'olivier augmente.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

Country:

Tunisia

Region/ State/ Province:

Sidi Bouzid

Specify the spread of the Technology:
  • evenly spread over an area
If precise area is not known, indicate approximate area covered:
  • 1,000-10,000 km2
Is/are the technology site(s) located in a permanently protected area?

No

2.6 Date of implementation

Indicate year of implementation:

1998

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:
  • as part of a traditional system (> 50 years)
  • through projects/ external interventions
Comments (type of project, etc.):

Stratégie nationale de conservation des eaux et des sols

3. Classification of the SLM Technology

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

  • improve production
  • reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
  • protect a watershed/ downstream areas – in combination with other Technologies
  • create beneficial economic impact

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Land use mixed within the same land unit:

Yes

Specify mixed land use (crops/ grazing/ trees):
  • Agro-pastoralism (incl. integrated crop-livestock)

Cropland

Cropland

  • Tree and shrub cropping
Tree and shrub cropping - Specify crops:
  • olive
Number of growing seasons per year:
  • 1
Is intercropping practiced?

No

Is crop rotation practiced?

No

Grazing land

Grazing land

Extensive grazing:
  • Ranching
Animal type:
  • sheep
Is integrated crop-livestock management practiced?

No

Species:

sheep

Count:

50

Settlements, infrastructure

Settlements, infrastructure

  • Settlements, buildings
  • Energy: pipelines, power lines

3.3 Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?
  • Yes (Please fill out the questions below with regard to the land use before implementation of the Technology)
Land use mixed within the same land unit:

No

Unproductive land

Unproductive land

Specify:

Parcelle dégradée

Comments:

La mise en place des banquettes mécaniques a encouragé l'agriculteur d'exploiter son terrain et le planter par l'olivier.

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:
  • mixed rainfed-irrigated

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

  • improved ground/ vegetation cover
  • integrated soil fertility management
  • cross-slope measure

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

vegetative measures

vegetative measures

  • V1: Tree and shrub cover
structural measures

structural measures

  • S1: Terraces

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

soil erosion by water

soil erosion by water

  • Wt: loss of topsoil/ surface erosion
chemical soil deterioration

chemical soil deterioration

  • Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content (not caused by erosion)
biological degradation

biological degradation

  • Bc: reduction of vegetation cover
  • Bh: loss of habitats

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
  • reduce land degradation
  • restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land

4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

Technical specifications (related to technical drawing):

- Pente < 20%
- Distance entre les oliviers: 10 m

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:
  • per Technology area
Indicate size and area unit:

1 ha

other/ national currency (specify):

Dinars tunisien

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

3.1

4.3 Establishment activities

Activity Timing (season)
1. Achat plant d'olives
2. Préparation des trous
3. Plantation

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

If you are unable to break down the costs in the table above, give an estimation of the total costs of establishing the Technology:

600.0

If land user bore less than 100% of costs, indicate who covered the remaining costs:

Direction Générale de l'Aménagement et de la Conservations des Terres Agricoles

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

Activity Timing/ frequency
1. Desherbage
2. Taille
3. Irrigation

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

If you are unable to break down the costs in the table above, give an estimation of the total costs of maintaining the Technology:

1000.0

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

- Disponibilité de la main d'œuvre

5. Natural and human environment

5.1 Climate

Annual rainfall
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Specify average annual rainfall (if known), in mm:

229.00

Specifications/ comments on rainfall:

- Pluviométrie annuelle aléatoire et irrégulière
- L'automne et le printemps sont les saisons les plus pluvieuses

Indicate the name of the reference meteorological station considered:

Sidi Bouzid (INM)

Agro-climatic zone
  • arid

La température moyenne 18°C

5.2 Topography

Slopes on average:
  • flat (0-2%)
  • gentle (3-5%)
  • moderate (6-10%)
  • rolling (11-15%)
  • hilly (16-30%)
  • steep (31-60%)
  • very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
  • plateau/plains
  • ridges
  • mountain slopes
  • hill slopes
  • footslopes
  • valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.

5.3 Soils

Soil depth on average:
  • very shallow (0-20 cm)
  • shallow (21-50 cm)
  • moderately deep (51-80 cm)
  • deep (81-120 cm)
  • very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil):
  • coarse/ light (sandy)
  • medium (loamy, silty)
Soil texture (> 20 cm below surface):
  • coarse/ light (sandy)
  • medium (loamy, silty)
Topsoil organic matter:
  • low (<1%)
If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Carbone organique de la couche arable (% poids): 1
pH de la couche arable (H2O): 8
Carbonate de calcium de la couche arable (% poids): 43,4
Carbone organique du sous-sol (% poids): 0,35
pH du sous-sol (H2O): 8,3
Carbonate de calcium du sous-sol (% poids): 62,7

5.4 Water availability and quality

Ground water table:

> 50 m

Availability of surface water:

poor/ none

Water quality (untreated):

for agricultural use only (irrigation)

Water quality refers to:

both ground and surface water

Is water salinity a problem?

Yes

Is flooding of the area occurring?

No

5.5 Biodiversity

Species diversity:
  • low
Habitat diversity:
  • low

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Sedentary or nomadic:
  • Sedentary
Market orientation of production system:
  • mixed (subsistence/ commercial)
Off-farm income:
  • less than 10% of all income
Relative level of wealth:
  • average
Individuals or groups:
  • individual/ household
Level of mechanization:
  • mechanized/ motorized
Gender:
  • women
  • men
Age of land users:
  • youth
  • middle-aged
  • elderly

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha
Is this considered small-, medium- or large-scale (referring to local context)?
  • medium-scale

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:
  • individual, not titled
Land use rights:
  • individual
Water use rights:
  • individual
Are land use rights based on a traditional legal system?

Yes

Specify:

Héritage

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

health:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
education:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
technical assistance:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
employment (e.g. off-farm):
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
markets:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
energy:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
roads and transport:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
drinking water and sanitation:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
financial services:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good

6. Impacts and concluding statements

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

crop production

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Avant la mise en place des banquettes, le terrain était improductif.

crop quality

decreased
increased

risk of production failure

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

Les banquettes optimisent les conditions de croissance, ce qui réduit le risque d'échec de la production.

Income and costs

farm income

decreased
increased
Quantity before SLM:

0%

Quantity after SLM:

100%

Socio-cultural impacts

food security/ self-sufficiency

reduced
improved

Ecological impacts

Soil

soil moisture

decreased
increased

soil cover

reduced
improved

soil loss

increased
decreased
Climate and disaster risk reduction

flood impacts

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

D'une part, les banquettes agissent comme des barrières, ralentissant l'écoulement de l'eau et réduisant le risque de ruissellement du sol. Et d'autre part, le système racinaire étendu des oliviers peut pénétrer profondément dans le sol en empêchant l'érosion du sol et améliorant sa stabilité à long terme.

emission of carbon and greenhouse gases

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

Les oliviers, comme les autres plantes ligneuses vivaces, ont la capacité de séquestrer le dioxyde de carbone de l'atmosphère. Cela peut contribuer à atténuer le changement climatique en réduisant les émissions de gaz à effet de serre.

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

downstream siltation

increased
decreased

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change
Season increase or decrease How does the Technology cope with it?
seasonal rainfall wet/ rainy season decrease very well

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Short-term returns:

very positive

Long-term returns:

very positive

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Short-term returns:

very positive

Long-term returns:

very positive

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

  • 11-50%
Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?
  • 0-10%

6.6 Adaptation

Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?

No

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Rentabilité: La plantation des oliviers est une action rentable pour les utilisateurs des terres avec des dépenses relativement faibles.
Préservation du patrimoine culturel : La plantation des oliviers a une importance culturelle en Tunisie. En adoptant cette technologie, les utilisateurs des terres contribuent à la préservation du patrimoine culturel et des pratiques agricoles traditionnelles.
Assurer la pérennité des banquettes
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Les oliviers sont des puits de carbone, aidant à compenser les émissions de gaz à effet de serre.
Renforcer et accroitre la durée de vie des banquettes.
Les oliviers offrent des opportunités pour les produits à valeur ajoutée, l'huile d'olive, les olives de table, les cosmétiques à base d'olive, etc.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view How can they be overcome?
Les oliviers sont adaptés à des conditions climatiques spécifiques et peuvent être sensibles à divers risques environnementaux, tels que les températures extrêmes, la sécheresse, le gel ou les ravageurs et les maladies. Les utilisateurs des terres doivent sélectionner les variétés d'oliviers appropriées qui sont bien adaptées à leurs conditions climatiques locales
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view How can they be overcome?
La mise en œuvre réussie de la technologie repose sur des conditions environnementales favorables, notamment des types de sol appropriés, des facteurs climatiques appropriés et l'accès aux ressources en eau. Des études de faisabilité pour déterminer l'adéquation de la terre à la plantation des oliviers

7. References and links

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

  • field visits, field surveys

Une enquête sur le terrain a été réalisée

  • interviews with land users

Un entretien avec un exploitant

  • interviews with SLM specialists/ experts
  • compilation from reports and other existing documentation
When were the data compiled (in the field)?

01/02/2023

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Guide de conservation des eaux et du Sol, Ministère de l’agriculture, Direction Générale de l'Aménagement et de la Conservations des Terres Agricoles, 1995: Ministère de l’agriculture, Direction Générale de l'Aménagement et de la Conservations des Terres Agricoles

Available from where? Costs?

Ministère de l’agriculture, Direction Générale de l'Aménagement et de la Conservations des Terres Agricoles

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Carte agricole de la Tunisie, Ministère de l’agriculture, 2005

Available from where? Costs?

Ministère de l’agriculture, Direction Générale de l'Aménagement et de la Conservations des Terres Agricoles

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Analyse du système des banquettes mécaniques Propositions d'améliorations, de valorisation et d'évolution pour les gouvernorats de Kairouan, Siliana et Zaghouan, Tunisie, Eric Roose, 2002

Available from where? Costs?

Ministère de l’agriculture, Direction Générale de l'Aménagement et de la Conservations des Terres Agricoles

7.3 Links to relevant online information

Title/ description:

Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD), FAO, 2008

URL:

https://www.fao.org/soils-portal/data-hub/soil-maps-and-databases/harmonized-world-soil-database-v12/en/

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