{'is_geometry': True, 'configuration': 'technologies', 'additional_translations': {}, 'key': 'Map', 'value': '{"type":"FeatureCollection","features":[{"type":"Feature","id":1488812524497,"geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[33.44333,37.609440000000035]},"properties":null}]}', 'questionnaire_object': <Questionnaire: {"qg_name": [{"name": {"en": "Drip irrigation"}, "name_local": {"en": "Damla Sulama (Turkish)"}}], "qg_photos": [{"image": "1ed5d648-3ebd-47af-b71d-881051ae08f5", "image_caption": {"en": "Main and secondary pipe organization of a drip irrigation system"}, "image_photographer": {"en": "http://www.netafim.com.tr"}}, {"image": "3d0e8653-0ade-455f-a7f0-77ef8160e371", "image_caption": {"en": "Drip irrigation of bean cropland from the Konya area"}, "image_location": {"en": "Konya Plain"}, "image_photographer": {"en": "Anonymous, Konya, Turkey"}}, {"image": "012c656f-8fcd-4265-ae11-e9bb0f81c3da", "image_caption": {"en": "Drip irrigation of potato cropland within the Karap\u0131nar hotspot"}, "image_photographer": {"en": "Dr. Mehmet Zengin"}}], "tech_qg_1": [{"tech_definition": {"en": "Drip irrigation is a method designed for minimum use of water and labour for the optimum irrigation of plants in arid and semi-arid regions."}}], "tech_qg_2": [{"tech_description": {"en": "In drought\u2013affected regions, fruit trees, vineyards, vegetables and other field crops such as maize, sugarbeet, potatoes, onion, etc. are watered by drip-irrigation using pipes with dripfeed points. This saves water and maximum benefit is achieved with a minimum of water. In this system, plant roots receive water at the right time and in sufficient quantities. Labour expenses with the system are low, but the first investment expenses are high. At current prices, it costs about 2000 US$ per ha, which varies with the density of the network required for the specific crop.\r\n\r\nPurpose of the Technology: Depending on the size of the field to be watered, a main network of PVC pipes able to cope with the pressure necessary to convey water to secondary/lateral pipe systems is established. These pipes are mostly 2.5cm in diameter and have dripfeed points at their ends. The system is suitable for water conservation, because it enables watering to be focused where required, i.e. close to the root zone of the crops, but without wasting water. However, increased use in rainfed areas will increase the overall water demand. From the viewpoint of surface sealing of the soil, it has advantages since it causes wetting only in limited areas. Problems such as salinization and leaching of nutrients are also reduced by limiting the watering. At the same time, the method considerably increases farm income as excessive watering is avoided.\r\n\r\nEstablishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The basic land use types targeted with the technology are perennial tree crops (i.e. orchard and stony fruit crops) and annual crops with individual plant stems such as potato, maize and sunflower. Maize is used as fodder. It is particularly useful in arid and semi-arid regions where evapotranspiration is high, surface waters are scarce and groundwater is threatened due to high exploitation. It grows under all topographic conditions.\r\n\r\nNatural / human environment: From the viewpoint of human environment, the technology is profitable for farmers who have a pressurized pumping system connected to a groundwater source. The basic costs are for the planning of the irrigation system, the hard PVC pipes and its set-up in the field. These services are provided by specialized companies, while the maintenance of the system can be done by the farmers themselves. The volume of the crops produced in this system is high and intended for commercial use."}}], "tech_qg_5": [{"tech_who_implemented": ["implementation_experiments"]}], "tech_qg_6": [{"tech_main_purpose": ["main_purpose_production"]}], "tech_qg_7": [{"tech_lu_comments": {"en": "Major land use problems (compiler\u2019s opinion): The main problem in the Konya closed basin is the rapidly dropping groundwater levels. For this reason electricity expenses for watering is intolerably increasing for the farmers and groundwater resources are irreversibly rapidly decreasing. Moreover, other types of watering (sprinkler and flowing) in the Karap\u0131nar area cause secondary degradation problems such as salinization and sealing.\r\n\r\nMajor land use problems (land users\u2019 perception): This system is good for increasing crop yield and quality, and to save groundwater, but we do not know in detail how to use the system and how to fertilise with this system.\r\n\r\nFuture (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Cropland: Ct: Tree and shrub cropping"}}], "tech_qg_8": [{"tech_measures": ["tech_measures_agronomic", "tech_measures_structural"]}], "tech_qg_9": [{"tech_landuse_2018": ["tech_lu_cropland"]}], "tech_qg_10": [{"tech_growing_seasons": "growing_season_1", "tech_lu_cropland_sub": ["lu_cropland_ca", "lu_cropland_ct"], "tech_growing_seasons_specify": {"en": "Longest growing period in days: 210Longest growing period from month to month: Oct - Apr"}, "tech_lu_cropland_annual_cropping_crops": ["annual_crops_422", "annual_crops_429", "annual_crops_445", "annual_crops_425", "annual_crops_423", "annual_crops_435", "annual_crops_443"]}], "tech_qg_19": [{"tech_watersupply": "tech_watersupply_irrigation"}], "tech_qg_20": [{"tech_slm_group": ["tech_slm_group_irrigation"]}], "tech_qg_21": [{"tech_measures_agronomic_sub": ["measures_agronomic_a5"]}], "tech_qg_23": [{"tech_measures_structural_sub": ["measures_structural_s11"]}], "tech_qg_26": [{"tech_measures_comments": {"en": "Main measures: structural measures\r\n\r\nSpecification of other structural measures: irrigation network\r\n\r\nType of agronomic measures: early planting"}}], "tech_qg_27": [{"tech_degradation": ["degradation_biological", "degradation_water"]}], "tech_qg_32": [{"degradation_biological_sub": ["degradation_bc", "degradation_bh"]}], "tech_qg_33": [{"degradation_water_sub": ["degradation_ha", "degradation_hs", "degradation_hg", "degradation_hp", "degradation_hq"]}], "tech_qg_34": [{"degradation_comments": {"en": "Main type of degradation addressed: Hg: change in groundwater / aquifer level\r\n\r\nSecondary types of degradation addressed: Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bh: loss of habitats, Ha: aridification, Hs: change in quantity of surface water, Hg: change in groundwater / aquifer level, Hp: decline of surface water quality, Hq: decline of groundwater quality\r\n\r\nMain causes of degradation: crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Plants requiring much water are grown instead of cereals, causing the water to finish.), over abstraction / excessive withdrawal of water (for irrigation, industry, etc.), population pressure (Population increasing and yield capacity is decreasing.)\r\n\r\nSecondary causes of degradation: education, access to knowledge and support services (Lack of technical information is hindering a success farming.), governance / institutional (There is not a forcing rule/law for drip irrigation, but there is subsidizing.)"}}], "tech_qg_35": [{"tech_prevention": ["intervention_prevent_ld", "intervention_reduce_ld"], "tech_prevention_comments": {"en": "Main goals: prevention of land degradation\r\n\r\nSecondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation"}}], "tech_qg_36": [{"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "ha"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 100.0, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "Labour"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 100.0, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 90.0}], "tech_qg_40": [{"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "ha"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 2000.0, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "Drip irrigation system"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 2000.0, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 90.0}], "tech_qg_43": [{"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "spring"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "Change of drippers"}}, {"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "spring"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "Change of sediment filters"}}, {"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "random"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "Overall cleaning of the system"}}], "tech_qg_45": [{"tech_input_maint_unit": {"en": "ha"}, "tech_input_maint_costs": 100.0, "tech_input_maint_specify": {"en": "Labour"}, "tech_input_maint_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_maint_total_costs_pi": 100.0, "tech_input_maint_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_49": [{"tech_input_maint_unit": {"en": "ha"}, "tech_input_maint_costs": 200.0, "tech_input_maint_specify": {"en": "Drip irrigation system"}, "tech_input_maint_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_maint_total_costs_pi": 200.0, "tech_input_maint_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_52": [{"tech_input_maint_comments": {"en": "In the calculation, it is assumed that the crop is a legume with 50 cm regular row intervals and the distance between individual plants is of the order of 30 cm."}}], "tech_qg_54": [{"tech_rainfall": ["tech_rainfall_251_500"], "tech_rainfall_specifications": {"en": "Seven months are drought in a year."}}], "tech_qg_55": [{"tech_agroclimatic_zone": ["tech_agroclimatic_zone_semiarid"], "tech_agroclimatic_zone_specifications": {"en": "Thermal climate class: temperate"}}], "tech_qg_56": [{"tech_slopes": ["tech_slopes_flat", "tech_slopes_gentle"], "tech_landforms": ["tech_landforms_plateau"], "tech_altitudinalzone": ["tech_altitudinalzone_1000_1500"]}], "tech_qg_58": [{"tech_soil_depth": ["tech_soil_depth_veryshallow", "tech_soil_depth_shallow"], "tech_topsoil_organic": ["tech_topsoil_organic_medium", "tech_topsoil_organic_low"], "tech_soil_texture_topsoil": ["tech_soil_texture_medium"]}], "tech_qg_59": [{"tech_soil_comments": {"en": "Soil fertiliy is medium\r\nSoil drainage/infiltration is good\r\nSoil water storage capacity is medium"}}], "tech_qg_60": [{"tech_groundwater": "tech_groundwater_50m_plus", "tech_surfacewater": "tech_surfacewater_poor", "tech_waterquality": "tech_waterquality_poor"}], "tech_qg_66": [{"tech_speciesdiversity": "measure_low"}], "tech_qg_71": [{"tech_wealth": ["tech_wealth_poor", "tech_wealth_average"], "tech_individuals": ["individuals_individual"], "tech_mechanisation": ["mechanisation_mechanised"], "tech_offfarm_income": ["offfarm_income_0_10"], "tech_market_orientation": ["tech_market_orientation_mixed"]}], "tech_qg_72": [{"tech_land_size": ["tech_land_size_15_50", "tech_land_size_50_100"], "tech_land_size_relative": ["tech_size_mediumscale"]}], "tech_qg_73": [{"tech_ownership": ["tech_ownership_individualtitled"], "tech_landuserights": ["tech_userights_individual"], "tech_wateruserights": ["tech_userights_individual"]}], "tech_qg_76": [{"tech_impacts_cropproduction": 6}], "tech_qg_77": [{"tech_landuser_comments": {"en": "Land users applying the Technology are mainly Leaders / privileged\r\nPopulation density: 10-50 persons/km2\r\nAnnual population growth: 0.5% - 1%\r\n70% of the land users are average wealthy and own 10% of the land.\r\n30% of the land users are poor and own 5% of the land.\r\nLevel of mechanization: Every kind of machine is used"}}], "tech_qg_79": [{"tech_impacts_fodderproduction": 7}], "tech_qg_80": [{"tech_impacts_fodderquality": 6}], "tech_qg_85": [{"tech_impacts_productionfailure": 4}], "tech_qg_87": [{"tech_impacts_productionarea": 4}], "tech_qg_93": [{"tech_input_est_comments": {"en": "Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s) \r\nLife span of drip irrigation system: 10 years \r\nNumber of parties (sharing): 2"}}], "tech_qg_95": [{"tech_input_determinate_factors": {"en": "The main network of hard PVC pipes, pressure indicators, main distributor, and labour force are the main costs."}}], "qg_location": [{"country": "country_TUR", "state_province": {"en": "Konya"}, "further_location": {"en": "Karap\u0131nar"}}], "tech_qg_100": [{"tech_impacts_irrigationwateravailability": 6}], "tech_qg_102": [{"tech_impacts_demandirrigationwater": 3}], "tech_qg_104": [{"tech_impacts_farmincome": 6}], "tech_qg_105": [{"tech_impacts_diversityincome": 6}], "tech_qg_108": [{"tech_impacts_foodsecurity": 4}], "tech_qg_109": [{"tech_impacts_health": 5, "tech_impacts_specify": {"en": "Wealth of farmers increased because of minimum water use and maximum plant production. Underground water loss stress finished in their mind."}}], "tech_qg_111": [{"tech_impacts_cultural": 4}], "tech_qg_112": [{"tech_impacts_recreational": 4}], "tech_qg_113": [{"tech_impacts_community": 5}], "tech_qg_115": [{"tech_impacts_slmknowledge": 6}], "tech_qg_116": [{"tech_impacts_conflictmitigation": 5}], "tech_qg_118": [{"tech_impacts_waterquantity": 6}], "tech_qg_119": [{"tech_impacts_waterquality": 5}], "tech_qg_121": [{"tech_impacts_surfacerunoff": 6}], "tech_qg_123": [{"tech_impacts_groundwater": 4}], "tech_qg_124": [{"tech_impacts_evaporation": 7}], "tech_qg_125": [{"tech_impacts_soilmoisture": 6}], "tech_qg_129": [{"tech_impacts_soilcrusting": 4}], "tech_qg_130": [{"tech_impacts_soilcompaction": 4}], "tech_qg_146": [{"tech_impacts_wateravailability": 7}], "tech_qg_147": [{"tech_impacts_downstreamflooding": 4}], "tech_qg_160": [{"tech_implementation_decades": "implemenation_less_10"}], "tech_qg_164": [{"tech_input_average_wage": {"en": "25.00"}, "tech_input_exchange_rate": 2.0, "tech_input_national_currency": {"en": "turkish lira"}}], "tech_qg_165": [{"tech_est_activity": {"en": "Installation of drip irrigation system"}}, {"tech_est_timing": {"en": "Spring"}, "tech_est_activity": {"en": "Farmers training"}}], "tech_qg_168": [{"tech_exposure_incrdecr": "increase", "tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_well"}], "tech_qg_181": [{"tech_costbenefit_est_long": "costbenefit_verypositive", "tech_costbenefit_est_short": "costbenefit_negative"}], "tech_qg_182": [{"tech_costbenefit_est_long": "costbenefit_verypositive", "tech_costbenefit_est_short": "costbenefit_verypositive"}], "tech_qg_183": [{"tech_costbenefit_comments": {"en": "Short- & long-term benefits are very positive. But the technique is new. Not enough knowledge of this system, especially in fertigation (watering + fertilizing). First investment costs high and peolpe do not believe drip water will feed the plants."}}], "tech_qg_184": [{"user_id": "1513", "user_resourceperson_type": "resourceperson_slmspecialist"}], "tech_qg_185": [{"tech_drawing": "78980e40-df0e-4f7b-ac68-a8393efe925a", "tech_drawing_author": {"en": "http://www.ziraialet.com/haber"}, "tech_specifications": {"en": "A sufficiently powerful pump provides pressurized water into the system. Before entering the distribution pipes, the water is cleared of silt particles in the filters and fertilizers are added if needed\r\n\r\nTechnical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high (Selection of suitable pipe types and dimeters, and drippers are importants.)\r\n\r\nTechnical knowledge required for land users: moderate (Mostly related with arranging pressure levels and fertilization equipments)\r\n\r\nMain technical functions: water harvesting / increase water supply\r\n\r\nSecondary technical functions: increase of groundwater level / recharge of groundwater\r\n\r\nEarly planting\r\nMaterial/ species: plastic pipe with dripper.\r\nQuantity/ density: 1- 2 /plan\r\n\r\nMajor change in timing of activities: In drip irrigation, water is given to plant root zone frequently, but low-low."}}], "tech_qg_187": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": "Certainly the technology supplies richness, easiness and low water consumption. It supports high quality and quantity of production due to the fact that plants grow without no water or excessive water stress."}, "tech_impacts_other_specify": {"en": "Improved livelihoods and human well-being"}, "tech_impacts_other_labelleft": {"en": "decreased"}, "tech_impacts_other_labelright": {"en": "increased"}}], "tech_qg_191": [{"tech_adoption_comments": {"en": "70% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support\r\n\r\n290 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support\r\n\r\nComments on acceptance with external material support: In recent times, the area affected reached 20%, because the Turkish Government gives credit with no interest to farmers in dry regions.\r\n\r\n30% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support\r\n\r\n290 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support\r\n\r\nComments on spontaneous adoption: Initially, only rich farmers used this system because it is expensive.\r\n\r\nThere is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology\r\n\r\nComments on adoption trend: The government has responded positively to this situation by giving no-interest credit for 5 years."}, "tech_adoption_quantify": {"en": "580"}, "tech_adoption_spontaneously": "tech_adoption_spont_10_50"}], "tech_qg_216": [{"tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_not_well", "tech_exposure_other_specify": {"en": "very low temperature"}}], "tech_qg_222": [{"tech_input_est_total_costs": 2100.0}], "tech_qg_223": [{"tech_input_maint_total_costs": 300.0}], "tech_qg_225": [{"location_comments": {"en": "Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 1 km2."}}], "tech_qg_226": [{"tech_access_water": 2, "tech_access_energy": 2, "tech_access_health": 2, "tech_access_markets": 2, "tech_access_education": 3, "tech_access_financial": 2, "tech_access_employment": 1, "tech_access_techassistance": 2}], "tech_qg_232": [{"tech_input_est_total_costs_usd": 1050.0}], "tech_qg_233": [{"tech_input_maint_total_costs_usd": 150.0}], "tech_qg_239": [{"tech_landuse_2018": ["tech_lu_cropland"]}], "tech_qg_240": [{"tech_lu_cropland_sub": ["lu_cropland_ca", "lu_cropland_ct"]}], "tech_qg_249": [{"tech_lu_comments": {"en": "Cropland: Ca: Annual cropping\r\n\r\nFuture (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Cropland: Ct: Tree and shrub cropping"}}], "tech_qg_250": [{"date_documentation": "07/07/2011"}], "qg_references": [{"references_title": {"en": "Kara, M., 2005. Sulama ve Sulama Tesisleri. S.\u00dc. Ziraat Fak. Tar\u0131msal Yap\u0131lar ve Sulama B\u00f6l., Konya, Turkiye.\u015eahin, M. ve Kara, M., 2006. Konya \u0130klim Ko\u015fullar\u0131nda Farkl\u0131 Sulama Uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00c7im Geli\u015fimine Etkisi ve Su K\u0131s\u0131t\u0131na Y\u00f6nelik Sulama Alternatifleri. S.\u00dc. Ziraat Fak. Derg., 20(39), 118-128, Konya."}}], "qg_location_map": [{"location_map": "{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":1488812524497,\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Point\",\"coordinates\":[33.44333,37.609440000000035]},\"properties\":null}]}"}], "qg_funding_project": [{"funding_project": 10}], "tech_qg__approaches": [{"link_id": "2424"}], "qg_accept_conditions": [{"accept_conditions": 1}], "qg_strengths_compiler": [{"strengths_compiler": {"en": "Minimum water use, easy using, low energy demand (fuel, electric, labour, etc.)\r\n\r\nHow can they be sustained / enhanced? Subsidizing."}}, {"strengths_compiler": {"en": "Sufficent watering enables an increased crop yield\r\n\r\nHow can they be sustained / enhanced? education regarding the watering frequency would be useful."}}], "qg_funding_institution": [{"funding_institution": 504}], "qg_strengths_landusers": [{"strengths_landuser": {"en": "Ease of watering with this system\r\n\r\nHow can they be sustained / enhanced? Training and subsidies."}}], "qg_weaknesses_compiler": [{"weaknesses_compiler": {"en": "Users do not know how to use this new system exactly. In particular, farmers do not know \u201cfertigation\u201d methods for their different plants such as maize, sugar beet, potato, and orchards."}, "weaknesses_overcome": {"en": "More education and demonstration of fertigation methods by state institutions."}}], "qg_weaknesses_landusers": [{"weaknesses_landuser": {"en": "Drip irrigation system has a short life (1-5 years)."}, "weaknesses_overcome": {"en": "UV-tolerant plastic must be manufactured and used."}}]}>, 'map_url': '/en/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_1014/map/', 'template': 'raw'}