Specify the spread of the Technology:

• evenly spread over an area

If precise area is not known, indicate approximate area covered:

• 10-100 km2

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It is applicable in all areas where excess water is generated when high rains are received which are beyound the intake capacity of soils. The excess water then will have to be disposed sefely to natural outlets. Waterways are established a year or two before cutoff drains and field structures are constructed. Vegetative waterways are formed by digging earth channel across the contour in the direction of flow. After making the channel suitable grass species are planted or are made to establish naturally. Maintenance is very vital in waterways. Breaks in channel or embankments, moving of silt deposited or keeping the grass shorter in order that it does not obstract flow. Vegetative waterways could be stablized by planting short growing grasses, sodding or letting natural growth."}}], "tech_qg_4": [{"tech_spread_area": "tech_spread_10_100", "tech_spread_tech": "tech_spread_evenly"}], "tech_qg_5": [{"tech_who_implemented": ["implementation_externally"], "tech_who_implemented_comments": {"en": "introduced and farmers experience"}}], "tech_qg_6": [{"tech_main_purpose": ["main_purpose_degradation"]}], "tech_qg_7": [{"tech_lu_comments": {"en": "Major land use problems (compiler\u2019s opinion): soil erosion, flooding, decline of production and productivity.\r\n\r\nMajor land use problems (land users\u2019 perception): soil erosion, shortage of feed and fodder, low productivity."}}], "tech_qg_8": [{"tech_measures": ["tech_measures_agronomic", "tech_measures_vegetative", "tech_measures_structural"]}], "tech_qg_9": [{"tech_landuse_2018": ["tech_lu_cropland", "tech_lu_grazingland", "tech_lu_forest"]}], "tech_qg_10": [{"tech_growing_seasons": "growing_season_1", "tech_lu_cropland_sub": ["lu_cropland_ca"], "tech_growing_seasons_specify": {"en": "Longest growing period in days: 210 Longest growing period from month to month: May - Dec"}, "tech_lu_cropland_annual_cropping_crops_other": {"en": "teff"}}], "tech_qg_11": [{"tech_lu_grazingland_extensive": ["tech_lu_grazingland_pastoralism"]}], "tech_qg_12": [{"tech_lu_forest_type": ["lu_forest_natural", "lu_forest_plantation"], "tech_lu_forest_natural": ["lu_forest_selectivefelling"], "tech_lu_forest_products": ["tech_lu_forestproducts_fuelwood", "tech_lu_forestproducts_grazing", "tech_lu_forestproducts_conservation"]}], "tech_qg_19": [{"tech_watersupply": "tech_watersupply_rainfed"}], "tech_qg_20": [{"tech_slm_group": ["tech_slm_group_crossslope", "tech_slm_group_surfacewater"]}], "tech_qg_21": [{"tech_measures_agronomic_sub": ["measures_agronomic_a6"]}], "tech_qg_22": [{"tech_measures_vegetative_sub": ["measures_vegetative_v2"]}], "tech_qg_23": [{"tech_measures_structural_sub": ["measures_structural_s3"]}], "tech_qg_26": [{"tech_measures_comments": {"en": "Main measures: vegetative measures, structural measures\r\n\r\nType of agronomic measures: early planting\r\n\r\nType of vegetative measures: aligned: -graded strips *³"}}], "tech_qg_27": [{"tech_degradation": ["degradation_erosion_water"]}], "tech_qg_28": [{"degradation_erosion_water_sub": ["degradation_wg"]}], "tech_qg_34": [{"degradation_comments": {"en": "Main type of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying\r\n\r\nSecondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying"}}], "tech_qg_35": [{"tech_prevention": ["intervention_reduce_ld"], "tech_prevention_comments": {"en": "Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land"}}], "tech_qg_43": [{"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "beginning of rainy season /"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "Collecting planting materials"}}, {"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "rainy season /"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "Planting on pits"}}, {"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "after rain /once"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "resod-local grass"}}, {"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "after ran/once"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "repairing the broken part"}}, {"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "dry season / annual"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "Collection of stones"}}, {"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "during rains / annual"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "Planting grass"}}], "tech_qg_54": [{"tech_rainfall": ["tech_rainfall_1001_1500", "tech_rainfall_1501_2000"], "tech_rainfall_specifications": {"en": "It ranges between 1200-1599 mm"}}], "tech_qg_55": [{"tech_agroclimatic_zone": ["tech_agroclimatic_zone_humid", "tech_agroclimatic_zone_subhumid"], "tech_agroclimatic_zone_specifications": {"en": "Subhumid (ranked 1) in woina dega \r\nHumid (ranked 2)"}}], "tech_qg_56": [{"tech_slopes": ["tech_slopes_hilly"], "tech_landforms": ["tech_landforms_mountainslopes"], "tech_altitudinalzone": ["tech_altitudinalzone_1000_1500", "tech_altitudinalzone_3000_4000"]}], "tech_qg_57": [{"tech_topography_comments": {"en": "Altitudinal zone: Ranges between 1500-4033 m a.s.l.\r\nLandforms: Mountain slopes (ranked 1), ridges (ranked 2) and plateau/plains as well as hill slopes (both ranked 3) \r\nSlopes on average: Hilly (ranked 1), rolling (ranked 2) and steep (ranked 3)"}}], "tech_qg_58": [{"tech_soil_depth": ["tech_soil_depth_veryshallow"], "tech_topsoil_organic": ["tech_topsoil_organic_low"], "tech_soil_texture_topsoil": ["tech_soil_texture_fine"]}], "tech_qg_59": [{"tech_soil_comments": {"en": "Soil depth on average: Very shallow (ranked 1), shallow (ranked 2) and moderately deep (ranked 3) \r\nSoil texture: Fine/heavy ( on the top/surface, ranked 1) also medium (at depth , ranked 2) and coarse/light (ranked 3) \r\nSoil fertility is low (ranked 1), medium (ranked 2) and high (ranked 3) \r\nSoil drainage/infiltration is good (ranked 1), medium (ranked 2) and poor (ranked 3) \r\nSoil water storage capacity is low (ranked 1), medium (ranked 2) and high (ranked 3)"}}], "tech_qg_71": [{"tech_wealth": ["tech_wealth_verypoor", "tech_wealth_poor"], "tech_mechanisation": ["mechanisation_manual", "mechanisation_animal"], "tech_offfarm_income": ["offfarm_income_0_10"], "tech_market_orientation": ["tech_market_orientation_subsistence"]}], "tech_qg_72": [{"tech_land_size": ["tech_land_size_05_1"], "tech_land_comments": {"en": "Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology: 0.5-0.75 ha"}}], "tech_qg_73": [{"tech_ownership": ["tech_ownership_state"], "tech_landuserights": ["tech_userights_individual"]}], "tech_qg_76": [{"tech_impacts_cropproduction": 6}], "tech_qg_77": [{"tech_landuser_comments": {"en": "Population density: 200-500 persons/km2\r\n\r\nAnnual population growth: 2% - 3%\r\n\r\n40% of the land users are poor and own 20% of the land.\r\n60% of the land users are poor and own 30% of the land.\r\nLevel of mechanization is animal traction (ranked 1) and manual labour (ranked 2) \r\nMarket orientation of production system: Also mixed (subsistence/ commercial)"}}], "tech_qg_79": [{"tech_impacts_fodderproduction": 6}], "tech_qg_80": [{"tech_impacts_fodderquality": 6}], "tech_qg_87": [{"tech_impacts_productionarea": 3}], "tech_qg_95": [{"tech_input_determinate_factors": {"en": "stone availability, finance, topography"}}], "qg_location": [{"country": "country_ETH", "state_province": {"en": "South Gonder"}, "further_location": {"en": "Genbegna, Ayiba, Megish"}}], "tech_qg_104": [{"tech_impacts_farmincome": 5}], "tech_qg_115": [{"tech_impacts_slmknowledge": 3}], "tech_qg_122": [{"tech_impacts_waterdrainage": 7}], "tech_qg_127": [{"tech_impacts_soilloss": 6}], "tech_qg_147": [{"tech_impacts_downstreamflooding": 6}], "tech_qg_149": [{"tech_impacts_downstreamsiltation": 6}], "tech_qg_160": [{"tech_implementation_decades": "implemenation_50_plus"}], "tech_qg_164": [{"tech_input_average_wage": {"en": "0.80"}, "tech_input_exchange_rate": 8.6, "tech_input_national_currency": {"en": "Birr"}}], "tech_qg_165": [{"tech_est_timing": {"en": "dry season"}, "tech_est_activity": {"en": "determine the drainage area"}}, {"tech_est_timing": {"en": "dry season"}, "tech_est_activity": {"en": "excavate and pile the soil on one or both side"}}, {"tech_est_timing": {"en": "dry season"}, "tech_est_activity": {"en": "sods-local grass"}}, {"tech_est_timing": {"en": "dry season"}, "tech_est_activity": {"en": "excavation and stone paving"}}, {"tech_est_timing": {"en": "dry season"}, "tech_est_activity": {"en": "stone check"}}], "tech_qg_181": [{"tech_costbenefit_est_long": "costbenefit_verypositive", "tech_costbenefit_est_short": "costbenefit_positive"}], "tech_qg_182": [{"tech_costbenefit_est_long": "costbenefit_positive", "tech_costbenefit_est_short": "costbenefit_positive"}], "tech_qg_184": [{"user_id": "112", "user_resourceperson_type": "resourceperson_slmspecialist"}, {"country": "country_ETH", "person_lastname": {"en": "Estifanos "}, "person_firstname": {"en": "Zena"}, "person_institution_name": {"en": " Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Addis Ababa "}, "user_resourceperson_type": "resourceperson_slmspecialist"}], "tech_qg_185": [{"tech_specifications": {"en": "Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate\r\n\r\nTechnical knowledge required for land users: high\r\n\r\nMain technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: drain / divert\r\n\r\nSecondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap\r\n\r\nEarly planting\r\nMaterial/ species: grass\r\nRemarks: aligment layout\r\n\r\nAligned: -graded strips\r\nVegetative material: G : grass\r\n\r\nGrass species: local grass\r\n\r\nWaterway\r\nDepth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.3-0.4m\r\nWidth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 2-3m\r\nLength of ditches/pits/dams (m): 50-100m\r\n\r\nConstruction material (stone): medium sized (big and small stones avoided)\r\n\r\nSlope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 15%\r\n\r\nIf the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 15%\r\n\r\nLateral gradient along the structure: 20%\r\n\r\nOther type of management: change of management / intensity level - controlling, maintaining and guarding."}}], "tech_qg_189": [{"tech_impacts_other_measure": 5, "tech_impacts_other_specify": {"en": "Soil fertility"}, "tech_impacts_other_labelleft": {"en": "decreased"}, "tech_impacts_other_labelright": {"en": "increased"}}], "tech_qg_191": [{"tech_adoption_comments": {"en": "5 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support\r\n\r\nComments on spontaneous adoption: estimates\r\n\r\nThere is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology\r\n\r\nComments on adoption trend: Waterways require high labour and material, which a poor farmer can not have. Moreover, the land taken by the measures will be prohibitive to be practiced by a smallholder farmers."}, "tech_adoption_spontaneously": "tech_adoption_spont_90_100"}], "tech_qg_225": [{"location_comments": {"en": "The technology is practiced in 34 Kebeles in the Woreda."}}], "tech_qg_235": [{"tech_lu_mixed": 1, "tech_lu_mixed_select": "lu_mixed_ma"}], "tech_qg_250": [{"date_documentation": "16/10/2005"}], "qg_location_map": [{"location_map": "{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":1492067429542,\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Point\",\"coordinates\":[38.00999999999999,11.83999999999999]},\"properties\":null}]}"}], "qg_accept_conditions": [{"accept_conditions": 1}], "qg_strengths_compiler": [{"strengths_compiler": {"en": "due to increased benefit obtained by the community and awarness created\r\n\r\nHow can they be sustained / enhanced? better/proper followup, maintenance, monitoring and evalution, expansion of the technology. Establish bylaws,regulations to protect assetes created."}}, {"strengths_compiler": {"en": "increased fodder production\r\n\r\nHow can they be sustained / enhanced? provision of suitable planted material."}}], "qg_funding_institution": [{"funding_institution": 64}]}>, 'map_url': '/en/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_1079/map/', 'template': 'raw'}