1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Soil protection and rehabilitation for food security (ProSo(i)l)

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Alliance Bioversity and International Center for Tropical Agriculture (Alliance Bioversity-CIAT) - Kenya

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

No

Comments:

Agroforestry is the best technology/practice to sustainably manage the land. It has multiple economic, environmental and social benefits.

1.5 Reference to Questionnaire(s) on SLM Approaches (documented using WOCAT)

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Multistorey agroforestry is the intentional mixing of trees/shrubs with crops, pastures, and livestock. The practice creates environmental, economic, and social benefits for the end users.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Multistorey agroforestry is the intentional mixing of trees/shrubs with crops and pasture at different levels ("storeys" or heights) and the livestock. The practice creates environmental, economic, and social benefits for the end users. Agroforestry practices provide opportunities to integrate productivity and profitability with environmental stewardship resulting in healthy and sustainable agricultural systems that can be passed on to future generations. Tree litter increases soil organic matter and reduces soil chemical and biological degradation. Tree cover can reduce soil erosion and evaporation from the soil surface. The technology is applied close to the homestead as it demands close follow-up and steady management practices, and that is where tree-crop-livestock integration can be best applied. The farmer whose practice is described here used to be very poor four decades ago. He has planted coffee gradually over the years under shade trees. As a staple perennial food crop, enset was planted also in the mixture. Livestock were also integrated. Eventually, numerous multipurpose tree species, food and fodder crops, and physical structures with productive barriers were integrated into the farming system. As a consequence, a multistorey agroforestry system has been established over years.
The purpose of the technology is to ensure ecological, economic, and social benefits. The rolling landscape of the area necessitates permanent ground cover to reduce the effect of erosive rainfall that degrades the soil. Once established, the technology needs management practices including pruning/stumping of coffee trees, managing other trees, weed control, enrichment planting with coffee and enset, and fertilization of annual and perennial crops. The livelihood of the respondent farmer has been completely changed. He has made a significant accumulation of wealth from producing and sale of tons of unprocessed coffee, avocado fruits and some indigenous bananas. This form of agroforestry creates year-round employment opportunities for proactive farmers. However, subsistence farmers with small parcels give priority entirely to the mono-cropping of cereals and other fast-maturing crops to meet their urgent demand for food. Shortage of land, capital, and a general lack of awareness about the sustainable benefits of the technology are reasons for lack of adoption of the technology.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.4 Videos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

Indicate year of implementation:

1980

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• 10-50 years ago

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through land users' innovation
• during experiments/ research

Comments (type of project, etc.):

The farmer started to implement the technology by himself but gradually managed to access support and inputs such as coffee and tree seedling, training, and visits from the agriculture and coffee development office through the extension workers. Farm visit and mentoring services from the district experts were also commendable to inspire the farmer. The visit to the farm by researchers, local development and other actors add knowledge and motivation to the farmer.

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• improve production
• reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
• protect a watershed/ downstream areas – in combination with other Technologies
• preserve/ improve biodiversity
• create beneficial economic impact

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Land use mixed within the same land unit:

Yes

Specify mixed land use (crops/ grazing/ trees):

• Agroforestry

Comments:

Adjacent small plots of land are used to grow maize to complement Enset/false banana - a staple crop for the household. Also, beans and vegetables such as local kale are integrated into the farming system.

3.3 Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

• Yes (Please fill out the questions below with regard to the land use before implementation of the Technology)

Land use mixed within the same land unit:

Yes

Specify mixed land use (crops/ grazing/ trees):

• Agroforestry

Comments:

Four decades back or before the conversion of the land into the agroforestry, it was partly wetland and the grazing land used by free roaming animals.

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• rainfed

Comments:

Agriculture is entirely rainfed that rely on bimodal rainfall intercepted twice a year.

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• agroforestry
• integrated crop-livestock management
• integrated soil fertility management

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

Comments:

Diverse SLM practices are integrated over the farmland.

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

Comments:

The bare land that was subjected to soil erosion is arrested and reversed. Frequent cultivation, a threat to degradation has been entirely changed. Diverse types of degradation to the farmland have been mitigated.

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• prevent land degradation
• restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land

Comments:

Agroforestry practice helps to conserve soil and water as a barrier and via covering the ground. Tree species also serve as wind break to reduce wind velocity and wind erosion. Integrating tree species with grasses/forage not only reduces soil and water loss but also supply feed to the livestock. It also maintain soil organic matter and improve physical properties, fix nitrogen and promote efficient nutrient cycling. Furthermore, the twigs and leaves serve as mulch, green manure, etc. Integration of diverse trees/shrubs also break the impermeable layer and facilitate nutrient cycling from deep layer in certain soils, and reduce the development of soil acidity.

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:

• per Technology area

other/ national currency (specify):

Ethiopian Birr

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

53.12

4.3 Establishment activities

	Activity	Timing (season)
1.	Land preparation	Before and during Belg (short rain) and Meher (long rain) season.
2.	Enset and Coffee planting	In Belg and Meher season, respectively.
3.	Planting beans (annual crops)	In Belg season
4.	Fodder and other Multipurpose trees planting	In Meher (main rainy season).

Comments:

Farmer start small and keep on enriching and managing the farm with inputs and technology components. This is for a single year but two seasons with short and long rain. Actually, perennial crops such as coffee and enset are not planted every year.

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Land preparation	Oxen plow	16.0	200.0	3200.0	100.0
Labour	Planting annual crops	Oxen plow	4.0	200.0	800.0	100.0
Labour	Planting perennial crops	PDs	20.0	70.0	1400.0	100.0
Labour	Planting fodder crops and trees	PDs	5.0	70.0	350.0	100.0
Equipment	Spade	Number	1.0	400.0	400.0	100.0
Equipment	Hoe	Number	1.0	600.0	600.0	100.0
Equipment	Digging fork	Number	1.0	500.0	500.0	100.0
Plant material	Coffee seedling	number	2500.0	10.0	25000.0	100.0
Plant material	Enset seedling	number	6000.0	5.0	30000.0	100.0
Plant material	Tree seedling	number	1500.0	2.0	3000.0	50.0
Plant material	Beans seed	kg	50.0	42.0	2100.0	100.0
Fertilizers and biocides	NSP fertilizer	kg	100.0	44.0	4400.0
Fertilizers and biocides	Urea fertilizer	kg	50.0	44.0	2200.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					73950.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD					1392.13

If land user bore less than 100% of costs, indicate who covered the remaining costs:

In the past, coffee seedling was freely supplied to the farmer by the Ministry of Agriculture. The trend has changed recently. Apart from some tree seedlings that are freely supplied through government nurseries, virtually all costs for the establishment of Agroforestry are covered by the farmer themselves.

Comments:

Commodity price in Ethiopia is frequently changing because of inflation and economic crisis. Therefore, it is impossible to confidently estimate the price of inputs, farm tools, and labor costs.

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Timing/ frequency
1.	Inputs	Before the onset of short/long rain.
2.	Management	Throughout the year depending on the management types.
3.	Farm tools	During off-season.

Comments:

A farmer estimate maintenance costs of about 40,000 ETB per hectare of land. However, my calculation in the following section reduces it a bit lower by excluding the cost of plant protection, and by boosting the contribution of family labor in the household. Apart for the general calculation, as the average land holding in Sidama region is less than 0.25 ha, a farmer may not go for adopting the technology on 1 ha.

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Enrichment/replacement planting	PDs	5.0	70.0	350.0	100.0
Labour	Fertilization	PDs	40.0	70.0	2800.0	100.0
Labour	Weeding	PDs	40.0	70.0	2800.0	100.0
Equipment	Hoes	number	4.0	600.0	2400.0	100.0
Equipment	Digging fork	number	4.0	500.0	2000.0	100.0
Equipment	Spade	number	4.0	400.0	1600.0	100.0
Plant material	Coffee seedling for replacement	number	250.0	10.0	2500.0	100.0
Fertilizers and biocides	NSP	kg	100.0	44.0	4400.0
Fertilizers and biocides	Urea	kg	50.0	44.0	2200.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					21050.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD					396.27

Comments:

Frequently changing prices of inputs, labor, and farm tools disable someone to give an estimate for the establishment and maintenance costs in the future. Essentially, maintenance cost demands lower investment than the establishment cost. Unlike in the past years, agroforestry doesn't start from scratch but can be built up on the existing initiative. Therefore, it would be rather an intensification of agroforestry than just establishing.

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Economic crisis and the prevailing inflation in the country, and global changes in price of petroleum and other commodities such as chemical fertilizers.

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:

• not relevant

Comments and further specifications on topography:

The topography feature is changing from moderate to bit slopy. However, the steepness of the farmland is not more than 15%.

5.3 Soils

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Not available.

5.4 Water availability and quality

Is water salinity a problem?

No

Is flooding of the area occurring?

No

Comments and further specifications on water quality and quantity:

Surface water is available year-round with fluctuation of the volume with the season. Besides, pollution is high during the rainy season because of soil erosion from the upstream.

5.5 Biodiversity

Comments and further specifications on biodiversity:

The applied technology/practices comprise diverse species of tree crops. It can be characterized as a practice highly rich in agrobiodiversity.

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

He is also engaged in fuel wood business. Of course, the business does not focus on indigenous tree species but the most commonly marketable trees for construction and fuel wood in Ethiopia i.e. eucalyptus species.

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• state
• individual, titled

Land use rights:

• individual

Water use rights:

• open access (unorganized)

Are land use rights based on a traditional legal system?

No

Specify:

Land use right is issued by the state. Of course, the land is inherited in the parent line. He also accessed more parcel during land redistribution of the Derg regime. As a rule, the land belongs to the state but the user has usufructs.

Comments:

Farmers are certified based on the usufructs right issued by the government via the land administration policy enshrined in the country's constitution.

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

Comments:

Tap water is accessible some distance away. The deep well the farmer has is not clean for drinking by the household but for cattle and cleaning goods and clothes.

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Water availability and quality

Income and costs

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

Soil

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

Climate and disaster risk reduction

Specify assessment of on-site impacts (measurements):

The practices ameliorate the prevailing adverse climatic conditions and land degradation.

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

Specify assessment of off-site impacts (measurements):

Agroforestry has beneficial ecological and economic functions.

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	increase or decrease	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature		increase	very well
seasonal temperature	dry season	increase	very well
annual rainfall		decrease	well
seasonal rainfall	wet/ rainy season	decrease	well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Climatological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
drought	moderately

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• 11-50%

If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

About 30% of resident farmers have adopted the technology. The prevailing farming system necessitate change in the approach, and outshined farmers motivated the others to follow suit.

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 11-50%

6.6 Adaptation

Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?

Yes

If yes, indicate to which changing conditions it was adapted:

• changing markets

Specify adaptation of the Technology (design, material/ species, etc.):

Raising coffee prices motivated farmers to refocus on the crop which years back discouraged to shift of the coffee farm to eucalyptus plantation.

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Increase production per unit of land and improve livelihoods of family farmers.
Reduce land/soil degradation because of permanent soil cover.
Ensure sustainable production, reduce risks and improve the biodiversity. Also, increase the family farmers income and their status in the society. It enables them to feel as valuable elite in the community.

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Agroforestry improves total production earned from a farmland and improve the wellbeing of the adopted farmers. Implies, it has substantial economic benefits.
It reduces soil erosion and land degradation. Also has immense ecological benefits and improves the microclimate of the surrounding.
It reduces risks of crop failure owing to climate variability. Also, boost the biodiversity of trees, crops, and habitat diversity that host various living creature in the biosphere as well pedosphere. This is related to carbon sequestration, emission reduction, proper ecosystem function, and overall ecological contribution.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
Demand intensive management, and there is shortage of labor.	Identify and established trees and crops that requires minimum labor for planting, maintenance & propagation.
Incompatible tree species to the essence of proper integration in Agroforestry.	Select and adopt trees and crops with desirable characteristics to be integrated in the technology and responsive to management practices.
Inconsistent product prices for the farm products such as coffee beans and avocado fruits on the local market.	Link farmers to free and fair market which is consistent and sustainable.

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
Failure to select tree species with desirable characteristics	Trees/shrubs with the following desirable characteristics need to be considered: - Deep root system to draw water & nutrients. - Easy to propagate, & high biomass producers, palatable, provide more green manure, & high survival percentage. - Adaptable to close spacing like in hedgerows. - Good sprouting & positive response to pruning. - High coppicing and pollarding capacity.
Highly dense in some areas and slightly sparse in some part of the farm.	Try to maintain the spacing and distribution of suitable species composition.
Trees and shrubs less used as livestock feed except during the shortage period	Promote feeding the diverse fodder trees to the livestock to ensure their access and benefited from trees/shrubs as well than rely only on grass family.

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

World Agroforestry Centre. 2008. Annual Report 2007-2008: Agroforestry for food security and healthy ecosystems. Nairobi, Kenya: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). ISSN 1995-6851

Available from where? Costs?

www.worldagroforestry.org

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Agroforestry System for Ecological Restoration: How to reconcile conservation and production options for Brazil's Cerrado and Caatinga Biomes. Miccolis, Peneiveirok Marques et al. 2016. ISBN: 978-85-63288-18-9

Available from where? Costs?

http://apps.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/Publications/PDFS/B19034.pdf

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Indigenous Agroforestry Practices and their Implications on Sustainable Land Use and Natural Resources Management: The Case of Wonago Woreda. Sustainable Land Use Forum (SURF), 2006. Research Report No 1, Addis Ababa

Available from where? Costs?

www. devinet.org/sluf

7.3 Links to relevant online information

Title/ description:

The Center for Subtropical Agroforestry (CSTAF)

URL:

http://www. cstaf.ifas.ufl.edu/

Title/ description:

World Agroforestry (ICRAF)

URL:

https://www.worldagroforestry.org; https://www.cgiar.org/research/center/world-agroforestry-centre/

7.4 General comments

The questionnaire is comprehensive and give the opportunity to add additional techniques/approaches via the "other" options. However, it is demanding as it requires for videography and sketching skills for every technology.