1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

¿Cuándo se compilaron los datos (en el campo)?

30/05/2011

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

1.5 Referencia al (los) Cuestionario(s) de Enfoques MST

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Closing the degraded land to let it to regenerate by excluding human and animal interference ans speed up the regeneration process by applying some SWC activities and undertake enrichment plantation.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

Area closure is suitable for degraded lands. Degraded areas are excluded from animal and human contact and integrated with activities that speed up regeneration process such as SWC activities, agronomic measures, vegetative and management measures.

Purpose of the Technology: Area closure improves the productivity of degraded lands and protects down stream fields and properties from flooding and improves ground water recharge.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Management and utilization plan prepared and agreed. Planning and design of supplimentary measures are integrated.

Natural / human environment: Area closure is applicable in all areas that have lost vegetation cover and has low soil fertility.

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• hace más de 50 años atrás (tradicional)

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

It is introduced technology.

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• reducir, prevenir, restaurar la degradación del suelo
• conservar el ecosistema

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Overgrazing, low awarness of land users, lack of management plan for communal lands and low level of diversification of land users activities.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Shortage of grazing lands, lack of common understanding of the management of common resources.

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: Yes

Grazingland comments: Inspite of decreasing grazing lands, farmers still want to own some heads of livestock. Grazinglands as a result are highly pressurized. Land users cut grass from area closures and carry them home to feed their livestock. Some land users who have few polts for grazing close them to grow grass.

Plantation forestry: Yes

Problems / comments regarding forest use: Natural forests do not exist. Planted forests are managed by the community. In the SWC area, a larger area was planted some 20 years ago but at present the planted forests have been cleared for cultivation. This is the result of high population growth. Some of the planteed forests have been cleared by demobilizing soldiers.

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Cereals - Legumes - Cereals

Constraints of infrastructure network (roads, railways, pipe lines, power lines)

3.3 Información adicional sobre el uso de tierras

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• de secano

Número de temporadas de cultivo por año:

• 2

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 180 Longest growing period from month to month: Apr - Nov Second longest growing period in days: 150 Second longest growing period from month to month: Jan - May

3.4 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• veda de zona (detener uso, apoyar la restauración)

3.5 Difusión de la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 10.5 km2.

Communities develop positive attitude towards activities implemented and results obtained such as livestock feed, fuel wood, bee forage, farm implements and construction materials.

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wg: gully erosion / gullying

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wo: offsite degradation effects, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Pu: loss of bio-productive function due to other activities, Ha: aridification

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• restaurar/ rehabilitar tierra severamente degradada

Comentarios:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.2 Especificaciones técnicas/ explicaciones del dibujo técnico

SNNPR

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, improvement of ground cover, increase of infiltration

Secondary technical functions: increase / maintain water stored in soil, water harvesting / increase water supply, increase in soil fertility

Early planting
Material/ species: maize and potato
Remarks: row planting, broad casting

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: maize & haricot bean
Remarks: row planting

Legume inter-planting
Remarks: broad casting

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: animal dung
Remarks: broad casting

Contour tillage
Remarks: along the contour

In blocks
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 2500
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 2

Vegetative measure: in blocks
Vegetative material: G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 3333
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 10
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.3
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.3

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Trees/ shrubs species: Acacia saligina, Acaccia decurrens, Omedila, Grevillea robusta

Grass species: Desho, phalaris

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 15.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 8.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 0.00%

Retention/infiltration ditch/pit, sediment/sand trap
Vertical interval between structures (m): 3
Spacing between structures (m): 10
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.3
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 3
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.3
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 3

Terrace: forward sloping
Vertical interval between structures (m): 2
Spacing between structures (m): 10
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.3
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 5
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.3
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 30

Construction material (earth): Soil excavated from the ditches is used to make the embankment

Construction material (stone): Hill side terraces are supported with stones at the downslope side to make them stronger and stable.

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 15%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 8%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Change of land use type: from degraded agricultural land to area closure and practicing of cut and carry.

Other type of management: change of management / intensity level - from open access forms of grazing to guarding, plantation and construction of various SWC techniques.

4.3 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

otra / moneda nacional (especifique):

Birr

Indique la tasa de cambio de USD a la moneda local (si fuese relevante): 1 USD =:

8,6

4.4 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento
1.	Seedling production	Vegetativas	through out the year
2.	Transportation	Vegetativas	beginning of rains
3.	Planting	Vegetativas	beginning of rains
4.	Surveying	Estructurales	dry season
5.	Digging of ditches and construction of structural measures	Estructurales	dry season
6.	Stablization of terraces	Estructurales
7.	Surveying the degraded land	Manejo	dry season
8.	Awarness creation	Manejo	slack period from farming
9.	Planning	Manejo	any time
10.	Closing the area	Manejo

4.5 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Labour	ha	1,0	505,8	505,8	50,0
Equipo	Machine use	ha	1,0	83,27	83,27
Equipo	Tools	ha	1,0	19,26	19,26	70,0
Material para plantas	Seeds	ha	1,0	69,76	69,76	100,0
Material para plantas	Seedlings	ha	1,0	116,28	116,28	100,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					794,37

Comentarios:

Duration of establishment phase: 24 month(s)

4.6 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento/ frequencia
1.	land preparation	Agronómicas	before rains / each cropping season
2.	Replanting	Vegetativas	rainy season /once
3.	Stablization of terraces	Estructurales	rainy season/annual
4.	Appointing guards	Manejo	/ annual

4.7 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Equipo	Machine use	ha	1,0	81,39	81,39
Material para plantas	Seedlings	ha	1,0	7,3	7,3	100,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					88,69

Comentarios:

Machinery/ tools: hoe, shovel, gaso

The cost is calculated for labour needed to the construct SWC activities to rehablitate one hectar of degraded land.

4.8 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Higher slopes and shallow soil depths increase the cost of construction.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre topografía :

Altitudinal zone: 2001-2500 m a.s.l. ( <2400m a.s.l., ranked 1) and 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l. ( >1900m a.s.l., ranked 2)
Slopes on average: Rolling (ranked 1), hilly (ranked 2) and gentle, moderate and steep (all ranked 3)

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

Soil depth on average: Also moderately deep (ranked 2) and shallow (ranked 3)
Soil texture: Fine/heavy (mainly clay loam, ranked 1) and medium (ranked 2)
Soil fertility is medium (ranked 1), low (ranked 2), high (ranked 3)
Soil drainage/infiltration is good (ranked 1) and medium (ranked 2)
Soil water storage capacity high (ranked 1) and medium (ranked 2)

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 3% - 4%
6% of the land users are rich and own 15% of the land.
45% of the land users are average wealthy and own 40% of the land.
35% of the land users are poor and own 30% of the land.
12% of the land users are poor and own 20% of the land.
Off-farm income specification: Some land users are engaged in small trading and some are daily labourer when they are free from field activities.
Level of mechanization: Animal traction (oxen plough system, ranked 1) and manual work (hoe and gaso, ranked 2)
Market orientation of forest production system: Mixed (ranked 1, individual plantation for market and domestic consumption), subsistence (ranked 2, individual woodlots plantation for domestic consumption) and commercial/market (ranked 3, community plantation for sale)

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra que pertenece a o es arrendada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• estado

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• individual

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

Biodiversidad: vegetación, animales

Otros impactos ecológicos

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

Si tiene la información disponible, cuantifique (número de hogares y/o área cubierta):

3990

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, es decir, sin recibir incentivos/ pagos materiales?

• 0-10%

Comentarios:

97% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

3800 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

5% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

190 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The farmers have made some modifications in order to increase the effectivness of the technology, by making fences around enclosures.

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
Feed and forage sources improved How can they be sustained / enhanced? Cut and carry system
Availability of fuel wood, farm implements and construction materials How can they be sustained / enhanced? integrate with multipurpose tree species
Income from beekeeping due to area closure

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
Income generated from wood and grass sales. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Equal share from the benefit to all land users.
Rapid recovery and rehabilitation of degraded lands. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Integrate with multipurpose techniques and encourage cut and carry system.
The environment is protected, wildlife attracted and unproductive areas become productive. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Awarness creation and technical support