1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre del proyecto que financió la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Manual of Good Practices in Small Scale Irrigation in the Sahel (GIZ )

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH (GIZ) - Alemania

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

¿Cuándo se compilaron los datos (en el campo)?

01/07/2012

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

1.4 Declaración de la sostenibilidad de la Tecnología descrita

¿La Tecnología aquí descrita resulta problemática en relación a la degradación de la tierra, de tal forma que no puede considerársela una tecnología sostenible para el manejo de la tierra?

No

1.5 Referencia al (los) Cuestionario(s) de Enfoques MST

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Village irrigation schemes (VISs) help to control the water supply and significantly increase yields.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

Village irrigation schemes (VISs) are a concept and a development typology created in the 1970s and 80s. Using a relatively simple development concept, it was possible to create production units that were built and managed by local people in areas seriously affected by drought and a sharp decline in inundation events in the 1970s and 80s. Instead of being dependent on food aid, local people operating a VIS were able to guarantee sufficient rice production to cover their village’s food needs. With one pumping facility and one canal network installed, it is possible to control the water supply for an area of at least 20 hectares, thus creating the required conditions for intensive rice growing.

Prior to the installation of the scheme, the sites are not suitable for rice growing. Yields significantly increase as a result of the work carried out. An average harvest of six tonnes per hectare increases incomes. With an average price of 125 CFA francs per kilo of paddy, the rate of sales reaches 750,000 CFA francs per hectare. The surplus per hectare is estimated at 300,000 CFA francs.

A VIS comprises a pumping station, small-scale facilities infrastructure, and irrigation and drainage networks. The pumping station consists of a pump unit fitted with a diesel motor with two or three 28 to 38 horse-power cylinders and a centrifugal pump with a capacity of 350 to 480 cubic metres per hour. The pump is positioned right alongside the water source (river, lake) and is mounted on a mobile chassis so it can be repositioned as and when required
and depending on the situation of the water source, which can vary considerably during the winter growing season. At the end of the growing season, the pump unit can be stored in a secure, weather-proof location (out of the sun, rain, etc.). Water is then pumped through a flexible hose of reinforced polyethylene (the lengths generally being multiples of 50 metres, but no longer than 150 metres) up into the delivery basin where the energy carried in the turbulent pumped water is dissipated to prevent erosion damage and where the flow is calmed from turbulent to laminar. From the delivery basin onwards, the system makes use of gravity to feed its open canal network. The majority of the network is comprised of earthen structures, with only a section of the main canal being lined (usually a length of between 150 to 300 metres leading from the delivery basin outflow). The secondary and/or tertiary canals are supplied with water through a division box that apportions supply using a system of (‘all or nothing’) gates. Plots are watered from the tertiary canal by turning on the PVC hose.
Initially, villagers are able to express their need for a VIS through a village diagnostic exercise. This installation request is then taken up by the communes’ PDESC. A formal request is then referred to the mayor and drawn up by the community. The support structure (PMN/IPRODI) reviews the request and carries out a preliminary feasibility study. Decisions are then taken in a planning workshop on which schemes to prioritise. Following this, private planning consultants are commissioned to conduct feasibility studies. In parallel, technical and financial analyses are carried out by the programme’s planners, who also validate the studies. A meeting is held to inform and raise the awareness of the beneficiary communities about the development approach. The community is then requested to contribute their labour as part of the HLIW measures. The financial contribution required for the pump unit is up to 30% of its cost.

Farming a VIS (intensive rice growing) is fundamentally different to other, more traditional production systems to which farmers are accustomed (extensive rice growing in floodplains and millet growing in non-flooded areas). VISs require the purchase of inputs and the sale of at least part of the produce. Farming a VIS requires the development and good functioning of a value chain with many more links upstream and downstream of production and beyond the confines of the village than would be found in a traditional system. Although the VIS was initially conceived as a drought response mechanism in the 1970 and 80s, VIS farming encourages farmers to become more integrated in the rural and regional economy.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• 10-50 años atrás

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

Since 1997, by PMN/IPRODI

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• mejorar la producción
• conservar el ecosistema

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Prior to the installation of the scheme, the sites are not suitable for rice growing.

3.3 Información adicional sobre el uso de tierras

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• mixta de secano – irrigada

Número de temporadas de cultivo por año:

• 1

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 120, Longest growing period from month to month: August-November

Densidad del ganado (si fuese relevante):

1-10 LU /km2

3.4 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• Manejo de irrigación: (incl. provisión de agua, invernaderos)
• diversión y drenaje de agua
• manejo de agua superficial (manantial, río, lagos, mar):

3.5 Difusión de la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.4 m2.
Five communes in the Mopti region and 38 communes in the Timbuktu region.
Installation of 489 VISs in at least 43 communes. Farmable land: 16,832 hectares. Approximate number of beneficiaries: 335,200 People.
The area of schemes developed by PMN/IPRODI ranges from 30 to 40 hectares. Initially, the programme installed 30-hectare schemes supplied with two-cylinder pump units. Since 2004, it has only developed 40-hectare schemes supplied with three-cylinder pump units. All the schemes are divided up into 0.25-hectare plots, making a total of 160 plots. The maximum distance from the sprinkler to the drain on the other side is 100 metres.

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Specification of other management measures: irrigation schemes

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main causes of degradation: over abstraction / excessive withdrawal of water (for irrigation, industry, etc.)

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• restaurar/ rehabilitar tierra severamente degradada

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Especificaciones técnicas/ explicaciones del dibujo técnico

Layout plan of the irrigation network (in blue) and the drainage network (in red)

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high
Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate
Main technical functions: increase / maintain water stored in soil, water harvesting / increase water supply, promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

4.3 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

otra / moneda nacional (especifique):

CFA Franc

Indique la tasa de cambio de USD a la moneda local (si fuese relevante): 1 USD =:

517,0

4.4 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento
1.	formal request for irrigation scheme	Manejo
2.	support structure (PMN/IPRODI) reviews the request and carries out a preliminary feasibility study	Manejo
3.	Decisions are then taken in a planning workshop on which schemes to prioritise	Manejo
4.	private planning consultants are commissioned to conduct feasibility studies	Manejo
5.	In parallel, technical and financial analyses are carried out by the programme’s planners	Manejo
6.	meeting is held to inform and raise the awareness of the beneficiary communities about the development approach	Manejo
7.	community is then requested to contribute their labour	Manejo

4.5 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Otros	total construction	ha	1,0	2497,0	2497,0	100,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					2497,0

4.6 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Tipo de medida	Momento/ frequencia
1.	Regularly maintaining the facilities and networks	Manejo
2.	Agricultural advisory support and monitoring of crops by the technical services	Manejo

4.8 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

The development costs are estimated at 1.3 million CFA francs per hectare (2,497 Dollar).
On the technical side, numerous scheme configurations have been observed. The most common involves a limited number of small-scale distribution control structures and a network of open, earthen canals. This type of scheme requires an investment in the order of between 1 and 1.5 million CFA francs per hectare. It also fosters the large-scale participation of villagers in all the building works, particularly excavation work and the installation of plots. At the other end of the spectrum are the VISs that have lined canals throughout their entire irrigation network. These require much more substantial investment (up to 7 or 8 million CFA francs per hectare) and building works (including plot installation) are generally carried out by contractors. As yet, no study has indicated that the yields and technical lifespan of such high-cost ‘sophisticated’ schemes are greater than those of ‘basic’ schemes.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

5.3 Suelos

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

5.5 Biodiversidad

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Population density: < 10 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 2% - 3%
10% of the land users are rich.
50% of the land users are average wealthy.
30% of the land users are poor.
10% of the land users are very poor.

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra que pertenece a o es arrendada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Comentarios:

The irrigated land is allocated by the chief

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	tipo de cambios climáticos/ climas extremos	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
temperatura anual		incrementó	bien

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos:

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
tormenta de lluvia local	bien
tormenta de viento	bien

Desastres climatológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
sequía	bien

Desastres hidrológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
inundación general (río)	bien

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
periodo reducido de crecimiento	bien

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

Comentarios:

The community is requested to contribute their labour as part of the HLIW measures. The financial contribution required for the pump unit is up to 30% of its cost
There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
On the back of over 15 years’ work and major investments, the programme has been able to develop 489 VISs across an intervention area that covers six circles (second-tier government structures). While most of the VISs grow in-season rice (July to December), 10% grow rice off season and 20%, located mainly in the Diré area, grow wheat (October to March). A small percentage of VISs (around 2%) grow two crops a year. The reasons for this low percentage are the risks involved and clashes in the growing calendar. Many of the pump units are, however, used several times over (on different sites for different crops).

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
Option for scheme extensions to be undertaken by the beneficiaries themselves

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
Yields significantly increase
Building more sustainable and less costly schemes through the careful configuration of irrigation canals
Low investment costs
Existence of 15-year-old schemes that are still productive and in good condition
Possibility for beneficiaries to replace spent pump units using their own savings

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
scheme areas may become a source of conflict

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Manual of Good Practices in Small Scale Irrigation in the Sahel. Experiences from Mali. Published by GIZ in 2014.

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

http://star-www.giz.de/starweb/giz/pub/servlet.starweb

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

IPRODI (2009): Approche du PMN pour le développement de l’irrigation de proximité, region de Tombouctou [North Mali Programme’s approach to developing small-scale irrigation in the Timbuktu region].