Approches

Rapid and Participatory Rural Appraisal Study (MARP) [Madagascar]

Création : 19 jan. 2016 00:00
Mise à jour : 4 avr. 2018 14:50
Compilateur : Nadine Fritz-Vietta
Rédacteur : –
Examinateurs : Fabian Ottiger, Deborah Niggli

Etude de Méthode Accélérée de Recherche Participative (MARP) (French)

approaches_2608 - Madagascar

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1. Informations générales

2. Description de l'Approche de GDT

2.1 Courte description de l'Approche

The MARP approach, as reported here from Madagascar, is a participatory, but rapid, interdisciplinary assessment of local perspectives on livelihoods and natural resources use.

2.2 Description détaillée de l'Approche

Description détaillée de l'Approche:

Aims / objectives: ‘MARP’ is a methodology for assessing local situations that is both participatory and rapid. It was used during the initial stage of a six-year research project (2011-2016) on sustainable land management (SLM) in Madagascar conducted by a consortium of German and Malagasy universities in collaboration with a NGO. The aim of the MARP study was to facilitate the local population to express their perspectives on local livelihoods and natural resource use. The approach sought to integrate local voices into project planning. Specific objectives were (a) to build a link between German and Malagasy researchers from different disciplines, (b) to train them in the MARP methodology, (c) to understand the broad outlines of subsistence strategies, and (d) to explore the diversity of social and environmental situations in the Mahafa-ly Plateau region.

Methods: The MARP methodology facilitated an exchange between the local population (in-cluding land users and village representatives) and researchers about selected themes. Participants were invited to express themselves about their lives, social and ecological conditions and their use of natural resources. Four villages were chosen for the study, two at the coast and two on the plateau. The researchers were divided into two groups. Each group was accompanied by a facilitator and translators and each collected data in one village at the coast and one village on the plateau. Differ-ent techniques were applied to gather the information including semi-structured interviews, social maps, calendars (demonstrating cropping systems and historic developments etc), venn diagrams, and transect walks. In group discussions among researchers, information was triangulated and validated. After assessing a village, researchers called its villagers for feedback and discussion about the collected data. In this meeting the researchers presented a summary of results on local livelihoods, cropping systems and socio-cultural events, to discuss how accurate they were.

Stages of implementation: The MARP study was developed and carried out by researchers from various disci-plines including agriculture, livestock farming, silviculture, economics and human geography. It was divided into four phases, (1) an introductory workshop and tech-nical training, (2) data collection, (3) data analysis, and (4) a final workshop. In phase (1) two external experts in the MARP techniques introduced these to the par-ticipating Malagasy and German researchers in a four-day workshop. Phase (2) and (3) were implemented in the study region over a four-week period. In phase (4) the MARP study closed with a final workshop in the regional capital Tuléar, where re-sults were discussed with regional stakeholders.

Role of stakeholders: The local population played a particularly important role in the MARP study through providing key information about livelihoods and natural resource use etc. People from different clans and lineages, social status and both men and women were stra-tegically included. The MARP study group comprised 27 people who participated in the assessment: they included researchers, facilitators, socio-organizers, and trans-lators. Researchers had to develop contact with the local population, to learn from their insights, to collect and analyse data and to discuss the results with them. The facilitators’ role was to give directions to the teams during the study process. Social organizers dealt with equipment and accommodation, and translators accompanied non-native researchers during the information-gathering process.

2.3 Photos de l'approche

Galerie Médias

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où l'Approche a été appliquée

Pays:

Madagascar

Région/ Etat/ Province:

Mahafaly Plateau, south-western Madagascar

Autres spécifications du lieu :

Beheloke-Atsimo

2.6 Dates de début et de fin de l'Approche

Indiquez l'année de démarrage:

2011

Date (année) de fin de l'Approche (si l'Approche n'est plus appliquée):

2016

2.7 Type d'Approche

fondé sur un projet/ programme

2.8 Principaux objectifs de l'Approche

The Approach focused mainly on other activities than SLM (stakeholder participation, inter- and transdisciplinary research, community involvement)

The aim of the MARP study was to start dialogue between the local population and researchers about: subsistence strategies in agriculture and livestock keeping, natural resources use, the socio-cultural context and the local economy. Another aim was to provide information on community perspectives for the research project planning process and to start interdisciplinary exchange.

The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: Lack of dialogue between researchers and local population, researchers’ lack of knowledge of specific insights into community life, researchers’ lack of knowledge about stakeholder participation

2.9 Conditions favorisant ou entravant la mise en œuvre de la(des) Technologie(s) appliquée(s) sous l'Approche

normes et valeurs sociales/ culturelles/ religieuses

entrave

The cultural differences between international/ na-tional researchers and local population proved to be a challenge for the implementation of the MARP study (Malagasy researchers participating in the process mainly originated from a different region in Madagascar).

Treatment through the SLM Approach: Awareness-raising among the researchers to adapt to local cultural norms and engagement of personnel from the region to support the
communication process.

cadre institutionnel

entrave

Researchers were not familiar with the MARP methodology and the regional context.

Treatment through the SLM Approach: Offering an introductory workshop at the begin-ning of the MARP study and supporting the learning-by-doing process by facilitators.

connaissances sur la GDT, accès aux supports techniques

entrave

Lack of water and electricity in the field.

Treatment through the SLM Approach: Organization of enough water, organization of generators, adaptation to conditions by not using computers, but reporting through handwritten notes.

charge de travail, disponibilité de la main-d'œuvre

entrave

Need of researchers to adapt to local/regional con-ditions, to learn a new methodology and to collect viable information all at once; demand on the local population to spend time and effort on communica-tion and knowledge exchange.

Treatment through the SLM Approach: Scheduling enough time for the study and offer also leisure time for all participants.

3. Participation et rôles des parties prenantes impliquées dans l'Approche

3.1 Parties prenantes impliquées dans l'Approche et rôles

exploitants locaux des terres / communautés locales

More men participated in group meetings, according to local customs men dominate village meetings, women do not have the right to speak, however, it was sought to also involve women in the study through approaching groups of women in the villages. People from different lineages, status and age were deliberately involved

WWF, Madagascar National Parks

gouvernement local

village representatives

gouvernement national (planificateurs, décideurs)

organisation internationale

international research consortium

Si plusieurs parties prenantes sont impliquées, indiquez l'organisme chef de file ou l'institution responsable:

National specialists provided relevant information for the on site implementation of the study; international specialists designed the approach; land users provided relevant information for the on site implementation of the study.

3.2 Participation des exploitants locaux des terres/ communautés locales aux différentes phases de l'Approche

	Participation des exploitants locaux des terres/ communautés locales	Spécifiez qui était impliqué et décrivez les activités
initiation/ motivation	passive
planification	interactive	local decision-makers were involved in the planning process; they took decisions about the study procedure and payment.
mise en œuvre	interactive	various persons from the local communities; information exchange and provision of local insights.
suivi/ évaluation	soutien extérieur	Various persons from the local communities were involved in monitoring of the results; feedback and discussion.
Research	passive

3.3 Diagramme/ organigramme (si disponible)

Description:

Flow chart shows the MARP study procedure exemplified by the first village.
Right after the introductory workshop and technical training the MARP team went off into the field. It spent six days in the first village starting with an introduction followed by a structured guidance through the MARP exercis-es and reflection on gathered information. The MARP study process in the first village closed with a final meeting of villagers and the MARP team in order to discuss the outcome. Subse-quently the MARP team moved to another place for data analysis and reporting before prepar-ing the stay in the second village.

Auteur:

Nadine Fritz-Vietta

3.4 Prises de décision pour la sélection de la Technologie/ des Technologies

Indiquez qui a décidé de la sélection de la Technologie/ des Technologies à mettre en œuvre:

les spécialistes de la GDT seuls

Expliquez:

An international research consortium decided to contuct the MARP study.

Decisions on the method of implementing the SLM Technology were made by mainly by SLM specialists with consultation of land users. The MARP team introduced the study to the local population and developed together with them the study procedure in the field.

4. Soutien technique, renforcement des capacités et gestion des connaissances

4.1 Renforcement des capacités/ formation

Une formation a-t-elle été dispensée aux exploitants des terres/ autres parties prenantes?

Oui

Spécifiez qui a été formé:

exploitants des terres

researchers

Thèmes abordés:

Rapid and Participatory Rural Appraisal Methodology in the field of local livelihoods and natural resource use for researchers; local population was provided with awareness raising about the research project and the way how to participate in the research process

4.2 Service de conseils

Les exploitants des terres ont-ils accès à un service de conseils?

Oui

Spécifiez si le service de conseils est fourni:

dans les champs des exploitants?

Décrivez/ commentez:

Name of method used for advisory service: Rapid and participatory rural appraisal (MARP); Key elements: Applying a multitude of visual and verbal appraisal techniques, Triangulation of information to guarantee validity, Starting dialogue, communication and discussion concerning local livelihoods

Land conservation activities were not part of the MARP study

4.3 Renforcement des institutions (développement organisationnel)

Des institutions ont elles été mises en place ou renforcées par le biais de l'Approche?

4.4 Suivi et évaluation

Le suivi et l'évaluation font ils partie de l'Approche? :

Oui

Commentaires:

socio-cultural aspects were regular monitored by project staff through observations; indicators: data on history and socio-cultural aspects in natural resource use

socio-cultural aspects were regular monitored by project staff through measurements; indicators: data from venn-diagram

economic / production aspects were regular monitored by project staff through observations; indicators: data on local livelihoods and subsistence economy

economic / production aspects were regular monitored by project staff through measurements; indicators: data from e.g. social mapping and crop calendars

no. of land users involved aspects were ad hoc monitored by None through observations; indicators: data on stakeholder participation in conservation activities

management of Approach aspects were ad hoc monitored by None through observations; indicators: data for project evaluation

There were several changes in the Approach as a result of monitoring and evaluation: Based on the data in the first two villages studied at the coast, other villages were chosen for the second set on the plateau; this was a result of social and economic interdependencies between coastal and plateau villages; furthermore, the set of applied tech-niques and the questions posed in the semi-structured interviews were adapted.

4.5 Recherche

La recherche a-t-elle fait partie intégrante de l’Approche?

Oui

Spécifiez les thèmes:

sociologie
économie/ marketing

natural resources use

Donnez plus de détails et indiquez qui a mené ces recherches:

The aim was to gain a collective picture about local livelihoods, subsistence economy, and natural resources use.

Research was carried out on-farm

5. Financement et soutien matériel externe

5.1 Budget annuel de la composante GDT de l'Approche

Si le budget annuel précis n'est pas connu, indiquez une fourchette:

2 000-10 000

Commentez (par ex. principales sources de financement/ principaux bailleurs de fonds):

Approach costs were met by the following donors: international (German Ministry of Education and Research BMBF): 100.0%

5.2 Soutiens financiers/ matériels fournis aux exploitants des terres

Les exploitants des terres ont-ils reçu un soutien financier/ matériel pour la mise en œuvre de la Technologie/ des Technologies?

Oui

5.3 Subventions pour des intrants spécifiques (incluant la main d'œuvre)

équipement

Spécifiez les intrants subventionnés	Dans quelle mesure	Spécifiez les subventions


paper boards, markers, generators, computer	entièrement financé

Si la main d'œuvre fournie par les exploitants des terres était un intrant substantiel, elle était:

volontaire

Commentaires:

At the final meeting as expression of gratitude for participation some money was transferred to the community heads to be shared in the village.

5.4 Crédits

Des crédits ont-ils été alloués à travers l'Approche pour les activités de GDT?

Non

6. Analyses d'impact et conclusions

6.1 Impacts de l'Approche

Est-ce que l'Approche a aidé les exploitants des terres à mettre en œuvre et entretenir les Technologies de GDT?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

the focus of the MARP study was to gain insights into local people's perceptions regarding livelihoods and natural resource use rather than helping local land users to improve sustainable land management – though improved SLM was the aim of the overall research project to which the study contributed.

Est-ce que l'Approche a autonomisé les groupes socialement et économiquement défavorisés?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

socially and economically disadvantaged people participated in the MARP study and explained their situation.

Did other land users / projects adopt the Approach?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

Did the Approach lead to improved livelihoods / human well-being?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

the aim was to start dialogue about local livelihoods (including well-being) and natural resource use between the local population and researchers rather than having a direct impact on livelihoods: the overall research project was intended to have an impact on local livelihoods.

Did the Approach help to alleviate poverty?

Non
Oui, un peu
Oui, modérément
Oui, beaucoup

the aim was to trigger communication processes between local people and researchers about local people's socio-economic situa-tion rather than having a direct impact on poverty.

6.2 Principale motivation des exploitants des terres pour mettre en œuvre la GDT

affiliation à un mouvement/ projet/ groupe/ réseaux

conscience environnementale

participation, dialogue

6.3 Durabilité des activités de l'Approche

Les exploitants des terres peuvent-ils poursuivre ce qui a été mis en œuvre par le biais de l'Approche (sans soutien extérieur)?

Si non ou incertain, spécifiez et commentez:

The MARP study is mainly conducted by researchers who were trained in the application of techniques. If other stakeholders are interested in continuing this Approach they need technical training.

6.4 Points forts/ avantages de l'Approche

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
From the land users’ point of view the MARP study offered the opportunity to start dialogue with researchers. By participating and responding to researchers’ questions they reflected about own livelihoods and their way of living. Local people took the experts role in the study by explaining their perspective on local livelihoods and natural resource use. The MARP methodology also facilitated to include everybody who was willing to participate, including illiterate and socially disadvantaged people.

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres

From the land users’ point of view the MARP study offered the opportunity to start dialogue with researchers. By participating and responding to researchers’ questions they reflected about own livelihoods and their way of living.
Local people took the experts role in the study by explaining their perspective on local livelihoods and natural resource use.
The MARP methodology also facilitated to include everybody who was willing to participate, including illiterate and socially disadvantaged people.

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
A team building process was initiated by the MARP study. A team of interdisciplinary researchers from Madagascar and Germany got together to work on a common goal. Communication between disciplines was fostered and team members learned how to overcome cultural differences. The MARP team had the opportunity to gain hands-on experiences with the MARP methodology. The MARP study facilitated mutual exchange between local people and researchers. By spending time in the field together with local people researchers started dialogue with them and thus gained important insights into local livelihoods and natural resource use. With the process of joint reflection on gained insights the researchers had valuable information at hand to design the further research process including interdisciplinary approaches. Participants also benefitted from an improved intercultural understanding.

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé

A team building process was initiated by the MARP study. A team of interdisciplinary researchers from Madagascar and Germany got together to work on a common goal.
Communication between disciplines was fostered and team members learned how to overcome cultural differences.
The MARP team had the opportunity to gain hands-on experiences with the MARP methodology.
The MARP study facilitated mutual exchange between local people and researchers. By spending time in the field together with local people researchers started dialogue with them and thus gained important insights into local livelihoods and natural resource use.
With the process of joint reflection on gained insights the researchers had valuable information at hand to design the further research process including interdisciplinary approaches. Participants also benefitted from an improved intercultural understanding.

6.5 Faiblesses/ inconvénients de l'Approche et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Local people were only involved in a late stage of the MARP study’s development process. Although village representatives were consulted before the MARP study implementation, local people only received the information about the study when the study started. Local people did not see a direct benefit in participating in the MARP study. They rather noticed that they need to spend valuable hours of work for the study. People perceived a sort of disturbance of their village life through a group of foreign people with a different cultural background.	In order to prepare local people for the study, the overall research project should be introduced in an early stage. Inform about and communicate MARP study objectives, methodologies, visions etc. to target groups early enough and as detailed as possible. Local people (not only representatives) should be involved right from the beginning of the conception of the study. Compensation could be provided to participants (local people) for hours spent for the study. In order to avoid cultural disturbances in the villages and provide for compliance with local norms and rules, researchers should be provided with cultural awareness training.

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres

Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?

Local people were only involved in a late stage of the MARP study’s development process. Although village representatives were consulted before the MARP study implementation, local people only received the information about the study when the study started.
Local people did not see a direct benefit in participating in the MARP study. They rather noticed that they need to spend valuable hours of work for the study.
People perceived a sort of disturbance of their village life through a group of foreign people with a different cultural background.

In order to prepare local people for the study, the overall research project should be introduced in an early stage.
Inform about and communicate MARP study objectives, methodologies, visions etc. to target groups early enough and as detailed as possible.
Local people (not only representatives) should be involved right from the beginning of the conception of the study.
Compensation could be provided to participants (local people) for hours spent for the study.
In order to avoid cultural disturbances in the villages and provide for compliance with local norms and rules, researchers should be provided with cultural awareness training.

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
In some cases communication barriers (lack of language skills) hindered the process. This was true for communication between local people and researchers but also among German and national/local researchers. Consequently a great number of translators were needed, who increased the number of people participating the MARP study. Some researchers were new to the area or even to the country and had to work with a high amount of complex new information, while being required to adapt to local conditions. This led to an overwhelming workload. Concerning the MARP study process local people were not always available for enquiry, which was difficult to manage for the MARP team.	A session on cultural awareness should be integrated into the introductory workshop. The MARP study should be announced early enough to both the researchers so that they can prepare and the local people so that they can plan their availability for the study.

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé

Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?

In some cases communication barriers (lack of language skills) hindered the process. This was true for communication between local people and researchers but also among German and national/local researchers. Consequently a great number of translators were needed, who increased the number of people participating the MARP study.
Some researchers were new to the area or even to the country and had to work with a high amount of complex new information, while being required to adapt to local conditions. This led to an overwhelming workload.
Concerning the MARP study process local people were not always available for enquiry, which was difficult to manage for the MARP team.

A session on cultural awareness should be integrated into the introductory workshop.
The MARP study should be announced early enough to both the researchers so that they can prepare and the local people so that they can plan their availability for the study.

Voir les sections

1. Informations générales

1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de l'Approche

Personne(s) ressource(s) clé(s)

Spécialiste GDT:

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de l'Approche (si pertinent)

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de l'Approche (si pertinent)

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de l'Approche (si pertinent)

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

2. Description de l'Approche de GDT

2.1 Courte description de l'Approche

2.2 Description détaillée de l'Approche

Description détaillée de l'Approche:

2.3 Photos de l'approche

Galerie Médias

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où l'Approche a été appliquée

Pays:

Région/ Etat/ Province:

Autres spécifications du lieu :

2.6 Dates de début et de fin de l'Approche

Indiquez l'année de démarrage:

Date (année) de fin de l'Approche (si l'Approche n'est plus appliquée):

2.7 Type d'Approche

2.8 Principaux objectifs de l'Approche

2.9 Conditions favorisant ou entravant la mise en œuvre de la(des) Technologie(s) appliquée(s) sous l'Approche

normes et valeurs sociales/ culturelles/ religieuses

cadre institutionnel

connaissances sur la GDT, accès aux supports techniques

charge de travail, disponibilité de la main-d'œuvre

3. Participation et rôles des parties prenantes impliquées dans l'Approche

3.1 Parties prenantes impliquées dans l'Approche et rôles

Si plusieurs parties prenantes sont impliquées, indiquez l'organisme chef de file ou l'institution responsable:

3.2 Participation des exploitants locaux des terres/ communautés locales aux différentes phases de l'Approche

3.3 Diagramme/ organigramme (si disponible)

Description:

Auteur:

3.4 Prises de décision pour la sélection de la Technologie/ des Technologies

Indiquez qui a décidé de la sélection de la Technologie/ des Technologies à mettre en œuvre:

Expliquez:

4. Soutien technique, renforcement des capacités et gestion des connaissances

4.1 Renforcement des capacités/ formation

Une formation a-t-elle été dispensée aux exploitants des terres/ autres parties prenantes?

Spécifiez qui a été formé:

Thèmes abordés:

4.2 Service de conseils

Les exploitants des terres ont-ils accès à un service de conseils?

Spécifiez si le service de conseils est fourni:

Décrivez/ commentez:

4.3 Renforcement des institutions (développement organisationnel)

Des institutions ont elles été mises en place ou renforcées par le biais de l'Approche?

4.4 Suivi et évaluation

Le suivi et l'évaluation font ils partie de l'Approche? :

Commentaires:

4.5 Recherche

La recherche a-t-elle fait partie intégrante de l’Approche?

Spécifiez les thèmes:

Donnez plus de détails et indiquez qui a mené ces recherches:

5. Financement et soutien matériel externe

5.1 Budget annuel de la composante GDT de l'Approche

Si le budget annuel précis n'est pas connu, indiquez une fourchette:

Commentez (par ex. principales sources de financement/ principaux bailleurs de fonds):

5.2 Soutiens financiers/ matériels fournis aux exploitants des terres

Les exploitants des terres ont-ils reçu un soutien financier/ matériel pour la mise en œuvre de la Technologie/ des Technologies?

5.3 Subventions pour des intrants spécifiques (incluant la main d'œuvre)

Si la main d'œuvre fournie par les exploitants des terres était un intrant substantiel, elle était:

Commentaires:

5.4 Crédits

Des crédits ont-ils été alloués à travers l'Approche pour les activités de GDT?

6. Analyses d'impact et conclusions

6.1 Impacts de l'Approche

Est-ce que l'Approche a aidé les exploitants des terres à mettre en œuvre et entretenir les Technologies de GDT?

Est-ce que l'Approche a autonomisé les groupes socialement et économiquement défavorisés?

Did other land users / projects adopt the Approach?

Did the Approach lead to improved livelihoods / human well-being?

Did the Approach help to alleviate poverty?

6.2 Principale motivation des exploitants des terres pour mettre en œuvre la GDT

6.3 Durabilité des activités de l'Approche

Les exploitants des terres peuvent-ils poursuivre ce qui a été mis en œuvre par le biais de l'Approche (sans soutien extérieur)?