Inter-sectoral collaboration for sustainable land management in tea smallholdings [Sri Lanka]
- Création :
- Mise à jour :
- Compilateur : Head Soil Science
- Rédacteur : –
- Examinateurs : William Critchley, Rima Mekdaschi Studer
Inter-sectoral collaboration for sustainable land management in tea smallholdings
approaches_6182 - Sri Lanka
Voir les sections
Développer tout Réduire tout1. Informations générales
1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de l'Approche
co-compiler:
co-compiler:
Agrarian Research and Production Assistant:
Iroshini Senevirathna
+94778278582
iroshinisenavirathna@gmail.com
Department of Agrarian Development
Agrarian Research and Production Assistant Office, "Nila Sewana", Pambadeniya
Sri Lanka
exploitant des terres:
Pushpa Ranjani
+94767817221
“Sithamu Ranliya” farmer's organization
Pambadeniya, Panvilathanna
Sri Lanka
Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de l'Approche (si pertinent)
Rehabilitation of Degraded Agricultural Lands in Kandy, Badulla and Nuwara Eliya Districts in the Central Highlands of Sri LankaNom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de l'Approche (si pertinent)
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka (AGRI.PDN) - Sri Lanka1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées
Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?
25/02/2022
Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:
Oui
2. Description de l'Approche de GDT
2.1 Courte description de l'Approche
Participatory land restoration with the collective efforts of different stakeholders can assure sustainable use of land-resources. This approach promoted sustainable land management technologies such as agroforestry, soil conservation, and soil fertility enhancement practices through inter-sectoral collaboration, including the use of digital tools and Farmer Field Schools (FFS) to provide training and resources, disseminate knowledge, improve market-orientation of farmers, and monitor and evaluate the progress of activities for rehabilitating and increasing the productivity of degraded tea smallholdings in the Central Highlands of Sri Lanka.
2.2 Description détaillée de l'Approche
Description détaillée de l'Approche:
Due to unsustainable land management practices the monthly average green-leaf yield of tea smallholdings in Maligamale watershed in the Central Highlands of Sri Lanka is as low as 1000 kg/hectare, whereas the potential is 2400 kg/hectare. Soil erosion, soil fertility decline, low plant density, and poor shade management are among the main reasons for low productivity. This causes reduced household incomes and farmers’ ability to invest in sustainable land management (SLM) practices. Inefficiencies in top-down extension methodology, lack of awareness and training on tea cultivation techniques, poor business practices, lack of access to services and poor perceptions about SLM have reduced profit margins of tea smallholdings. Hence, the aim/ objectives of the approach are to increase the land productivity in tea smallholdings and increase farmer’s incomes and gain environmental benefits through proper implementation of SLM practices. To address this, the Rehabilitation of Degraded Agricultural Land Project (RDALP) introduced a participatory approach together with Tea Smallholdings Development Authority (TSHDA), Department of Agrarian Development and other relevant government institutions, the private sector and farming community. The approach considered methods for strengthening linkages between stakeholder groups, providing training and resources for SLM practices, enhancing market orientation, using ICT for knowledge sharing, monitoring and evaluation, improving perceptions of farming community on agriculture and enhancing food-security of the households.
Firstly, tea smallholders who volunteered to learn about SLM were linked with the experts to collectively develop a participatory land restoration proposal. Site specific limitations for productivity improvement, recommendations, roles of different stakeholders, and training and material needs were identified in the proposal. The existing institutional setup was used for coordination of activities. The experts from government institutes provided training on SLM through farmer field schools, field demonstrations and ICT tools. More specifically, farmers were educated on soil conservation and soil fertility management practices: these included producing organic fertilizers using locally available resources, building live fences with green-manure crops and edible crops, intercropping using export agriculture crops, in-filling, selective weeding, developing and maintaining nurseries, using machinery for cutting pits and harvesting, using safety measures during field operations, and shade tree management. In addition, farmers have been encouraged to share good-practices, keep records and practice soil test-based decision making for nutrient management. Farmers and officers effectively used WhatsApp®, Zoom® and Facebook® for knowledge sharing and for monitoring and evaluating progress. Dissemination of knowledge using ICT and performance-based rewarding helped to recruit more farmers as followers. The TSHDA supported with extension service and regular monitoring of progress. With the support of government institutes, farmers were linked with private sector companies to promote market orientation. Export agriculture crops such as peppers, vanilla, areca nut and cloves were successfully incorporated into tea smallholding landscape, allowing farmers to earn an extra income. The partners from the private sector provided planting materials and extension services to transfer necessary knowledge and skills to the farmers. Machinery was provided to farmer organizations for the members to share.
Improving profitability of farming, improving hygiene and safety of farmers, and reducing time spent on agronomic practices have uplifted the living-status of famers and increased their willingness to invest in SLM. These characters could attract youth to the sector.
2.3 Photos de l'approche
Galerie Médias
2.4 Vidéos de l'Approche
Commentaire, brève description:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SU3--fHKY1k
Application of ICT for knowledge dissemination and agricultural extension service
Date:
20/07/2021
Lieu:
Pambadeniya, Panvilathanna
2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où l'Approche a été appliquée
Pays:
Sri Lanka
Région/ Etat/ Province:
Kandy District- Central Province
Autres spécifications du lieu :
Pambadeniya village
Commentaires:
The region is in the Maligamale watershed in the Central Highlands of Sri Lanka.
Map
×2.6 Dates de début et de fin de l'Approche
Indiquez l'année de démarrage:
2017
Commentaires:
Approach is still carrying out by land user
2.7 Type d'Approche
- fondé sur un projet/ programme
2.8 Principaux objectifs de l'Approche
The aims/ objectives of the approach are to increase the land productivity in tea smallholdings and increase farmers' income and environmental benefits through proper implementation of SLM practices.
2.9 Conditions favorisant ou entravant la mise en œuvre de la(des) Technologie(s) appliquée(s) sous l'Approche
normes et valeurs sociales/ culturelles/ religieuses
- favorise
Increased livelihood requirements and access to education, market and health services
- entrave
Migration of youth and males to cities
disponibilité/ accès aux ressources et services financiers
- favorise
Providing funds/ subsidies has increased the access to financial resources (subsidy schemes of TSHDA, Loan facilities of tea factories)
- entrave
Access of farmers to resources is limited by their financial situation as well as geographic location.
cadre institutionnel
- favorise
An institutional set-up for facilitating the approach already exists and all technical support is providing by institutes
- entrave
Mandate of some institutions are not clearly defined. Decision making is very often a top-down approach
collaboration/ coordination des acteurs
- favorise
Institutes have some level of collaboration
- entrave
There is lack of motivation to initiate collaboration and the level of collaboration depends on the commitments of the officers. Institutional mechanisms do not encourage the collaborations
cadre juridique (régime foncier, droits d'utilisation des terres et de l'eau)
- favorise
Some land users own their land
- entrave
Some lands used by farmers are owned by the state and there are issues on land rights. Water availability is problematic to farmers as the crop is maintained as a rainfed crop. In the region, drinking water is supplied in ten days interval during dry-months
cadre politique
- favorise
National soil conservation act
- entrave
Implementation of policies to action is very low
gouvernance foncière (prise de décisions, mise en œuvre et application des décisions)
- favorise
Farmers participated in the decision-making process related to land management. Land is maintained based on the advice given under the approach. Most of the technologies introduced were not gender biased and therefore, involvement of women in management practices increased
- entrave
Dependence on males is high for agronomic practices in tea-cultivation
connaissances sur la GDT, accès aux supports techniques
- favorise
Farmers were guided through farmer training programs, practical sessions, farmer field schools, Zoom® meetings, sharing knowledge through WhatsApp® groups and Facebook.
- entrave
Shortage of tea extension officers
marchés (pour acheter les intrants, vendre les produits) et prix
- favorise
Private companies come to fields to purchase products and they provide extension support and material inputs to some extent to the farmers who have established links with them
- entrave
Market orientation of farmers is low and their ability to negotiate prices is poor due to various factors
charge de travail, disponibilité de la main-d'œuvre
- favorise
Labour resources are available. Introduction of machinery created shared responsibilities and reduced labour demand while creating an income source for the farmer organizations. Decent working environment with safety kits and machineries will encourage the labour force to remain in the sector
- entrave
Labour force continuously moving away from the industry
3. Participation et rôles des parties prenantes impliquées dans l'Approche
3.1 Parties prenantes impliquées dans l'Approche et rôles
- exploitants locaux des terres / communautés locales
Men and women farmers are involved in tea cultivation
They involved in practicing SLM technologies as the technologies were not gender biased. But the operation of mechanical weeder and auger for infilling are mainly done by male farmers.
- organisations communautaires
Farmer organizations
Support coordination of activities with farmers
Support Farmer Field Schools
Maintain common equipment and rent for members and non-members to support SLM practices
- Spécialistes de la GDT/ conseillers agricoles
Tea Smallholding Development Authority, Department of Agrarian Development, Department of Export Agriculture, Department of Agriculture
Provide tea plants for infilling, promote inter-cropping and provide technical guidance to farmers
Serve as resource-persons in Farmer Field Schools and in WhatsApp® groups
- chercheurs
University of Uva Wellassa, Sri Lanka
Study the effectiveness of knowledge dissemination approach and effectiveness of some SLM technologies
- secteur privé
Several private sector companies are involved (Bio Food (Pvt) Ltd, Adamjee Lukmanjee (Pvt) Ltd)
Buying products, providing planting materials and continuing extension services to transfer necessary knowledge and skills to the farmers who are linked with them
- gouvernement local
Local government institutes are involved in the process (Tea Smallholdings Development Authority (TSHDA), Department of Agrarian Development, Department of Agriculture, Department of Export Agriculture, Divisional Secretariat office- Doluwa
Capacity building, advisory services on fertilizer usage, land management, crop selection etc.
- gouvernement national (planificateurs, décideurs)
Ministry of Environment
Helps to raise awareness among private and government sector stakeholders and within communities about SLM approaches and technologies,
Project coordination and partial financial support
- organisation internationale
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Project coordination, partial financial support and capacity building
Si plusieurs parties prenantes sont impliquées, indiquez l'organisme chef de file ou l'institution responsable:
Tea Smallholdings Development Authority (TSHDA)
3.2 Participation des exploitants locaux des terres/ communautés locales aux différentes phases de l'Approche
| Participation des exploitants locaux des terres/ communautés locales | Spécifiez qui était impliqué et décrivez les activités | |
|---|---|---|
| initiation/ motivation | interactive | Government agencies, representatives from farmer organizations, RDALP team. Discussions to develop participatory land use plans for a region and identify the sectors to be developed |
| planification | interactive | Government agencies, representatives from farmer organizations, RDALP team Discussions, site visits and field programs to identify factors limiting land productivity and implementation of SLM practices Identify strategies to address these limitations Identify how the private sector can contribute and invite them to invest |
| mise en œuvre | interactive | Government agencies, leaders of farmer organizations, farmers, RDALP team, private sector companies Training and dissemination of knowledge through demonstrations, farmer training programs, farmer field schools Progress monitoring and evaluation Provide advisory services to farmers as needed Conduct performance-based rewarding to motivate the practitioners and to recruit followers |
| suivi/ évaluation | interactive | TSHDA, RDALP team, farmers, private sector companies make observations in fields, guiding land users, exchange photos through whatsapp® Some private sector companies also involve in monitoring and field evaluating process (Adamjee Lukmanjee (Pvt) Ltd) |
3.3 Diagramme/ organigramme (si disponible)
Description:
Before implementing the approach the level of productivity of tea lands that belong to the farmers who participated in the project were in class ‘C’ and below. In this scale of productivity lands were classified from A to D where A is the best and D is the worst. After implementation of the approach most of the fields upgraded to ‘A’ and ‘B’ performance levels. An interview conducted with a farmer revealed that the average green-leaf tea yield before and after participating in the approach were 1000 kg/ha/month and 2400 kg/ha/month, respectively.
Auteur:
Warshi S. Dandeniya
3.4 Prises de décision pour la sélection de la Technologie/ des Technologies
Indiquez qui a décidé de la sélection de la Technologie/ des Technologies à mettre en œuvre:
- tous les acteurs concernés dans le cadre d'une approche participative
Spécifiez sur quelle base ont été prises les décisions:
- l'évaluation de connaissances bien documentées en matière de GDT (prises de décision fondées sur des preuves tangibles)?
- les résultats de recherches?
- expériences et opinions personnelles (non documentées)
4. Soutien technique, renforcement des capacités et gestion des connaissances
4.1 Renforcement des capacités/ formation
Une formation a-t-elle été dispensée aux exploitants des terres/ autres parties prenantes?
Oui
Spécifiez qui a été formé:
- exploitants des terres
- personnels/ conseillers de terrain
Si pertinent, spécifiez le genre, l'âge, le statut, l'ethnie, etc.
Training was provided for both men and women; age between 20-70 years old
Formats de la formation:
- entre agriculteurs (d'exploitants à exploitants)
- zones de démonstration
- réunions publiques
- cours
Formats de la formation:
- Zoom discussions, Farm Field Schools
Thèmes abordés:
Soil conservation practices, intercropping in tea lands, organic fertilizer preparation (compost tea, vermi- compost), burying of pruned plant parts, infilling, documentation, improving tea buds quality and quantity, handling of machines for cutting pits and tea plucking
Commentaires:
Farmer trainings are much important to spread easy agronomic practices and scientific knowledge to farmers
4.2 Service de conseils
Les exploitants des terres ont-ils accès à un service de conseils?
Oui
Spécifiez si le service de conseils est fourni:
- dans les champs des exploitants?
Décrivez/ commentez:
Demonstration, advisory service was carried out through: government extension system, agricultural instructors and some private sector companies such as Adamjee Lukmanjee (Pvt) Ltd company which is giving support to enhance vanilla cultivation as an intercrop
4.3 Renforcement des institutions (développement organisationnel)
Des institutions ont elles été mises en place ou renforcées par le biais de l'Approche?
- oui, modérément
Spécifiez à quel(s) niveau(x), ces institutions ont été renforcées ou mises en place:
- local
Précisez le type de soutien:
- renforcement des capacités/ formation
- équipement
- providing safety kits and tea plants for infilling
Donnez plus de détails:
Organizing and conducting training programs, providing machineries for tea plucking and cutting pits, distribute safety kits among land users
4.4 Suivi et évaluation
Le suivi et l'évaluation font ils partie de l'Approche? :
Oui
Si oui, ce document est-il destiné à être utilisé pour le suivi et l'évaluation?
Non
4.5 Recherche
La recherche a-t-elle fait partie intégrante de l’Approche?
Oui
Spécifiez les thèmes:
- technologie
5. Financement et soutien matériel externe
5.1 Budget annuel de la composante GDT de l'Approche
Si le budget annuel précis n'est pas connu, indiquez une fourchette:
- 100 000-1 000 000
5.2 Soutiens financiers/ matériels fournis aux exploitants des terres
Les exploitants des terres ont-ils reçu un soutien financier/ matériel pour la mise en œuvre de la Technologie/ des Technologies?
Oui
Si oui, spécifiez le(s) type(s) de soutien, les conditions et les fournisseurs:
Provide machinery for cutting pits and plucking, safety kits and tea plants for infilling as material support, provide financial support for soil testing, to add liming material for correcting soil pH for those who performed soil testing
The material and financial support was provided by RDALP team with contributions from TSHDA and private sector based on performance evaluation
5.3 Subventions pour des intrants spécifiques (incluant la main d'œuvre)
- équipement
| Spécifiez les intrants subventionnés | Dans quelle mesure | Spécifiez les subventions |
|---|---|---|
| machines | entièrement financé | Tea plucking machines, grass cutting machines and machine for cutting pits in tea lands |
| outils | entièrement financé | Tea buds collecting buckets |
- intrants agricoles
| Spécifiez les intrants subventionnés | Dans quelle mesure | Spécifiez les subventions |
|---|---|---|
| Planting materials, liming materials | entièrement financé | Tea plants for infilling, liming materials to correct soil pH, soil testing service |
- autre
| Autre (spécifiez) | Dans quelle mesure | Spécifiez les subventions |
|---|---|---|
| Safety kits | entièrement financé |
Si la main d'œuvre fournie par les exploitants des terres était un intrant substantiel, elle était:
- volontaire
Commentaires:
Most of the time family members are engaged with field activities and hire labour for tea plucking
5.4 Crédits
Des crédits ont-ils été alloués à travers l'Approche pour les activités de GDT?
Non
5.5 Autres incitations ou instruments
D'autres incitations ou instruments ont-ils été utilisés pour promouvoir la mise en œuvre des Technologies de GDT?
Oui
6. Analyses d'impact et conclusions
6.1 Impacts de l'Approche
Est-ce que l'Approche a autonomisé les exploitants locaux des terres, amélioré la participation des parties prenantes?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Application of organic fertilizers such as compost tea, vermi-compost enhance the market value and some farmers ventured into organic tea production
Est-ce que l'Approche a permis la prise de décisions fondées sur des données probantes?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Participatory approach in all stages of the project and farmer field schools encouraged the farmers and officers for evidence-based decision making. This also helped to recruit followers for the approach.
Est-ce que l'Approche a aidé les exploitants des terres à mettre en œuvre et entretenir les Technologies de GDT?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Approach helps to maintain better environment within the community as it introduced practices that improved safety and hygiene of the farmers while being more efficient. Farmers have been maintaining the SLM technologies
Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré la coordination et la mise en œuvre de la GDT selon un bon rapport coût-efficacité?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Approach used existing institutional set-up and farmer organizations to coordinate the activities. Therefore, it was cost effective and helped to strengthen the collaborations between stakeholders
Est-ce que l'Approche a mobilisé/ amélioré l'accès aux ressources financières pour la mise en œuvre de la GDT?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Introducing private sector collaborations and improving market orientation of farmers helped to attract financial support to maintain sustainability of the approach
Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré les connaissances et les capacités des exploitants des terres pour mettre en œuvre la GDT?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Approach improved the knowledge and capacity of practitioners. Although only about 25 farmers attended farmer field school the number of farmers who joined WhatsApp group is high as 70. Farmers are sharing knowledge and experiences and were able to improve land productivity through the approach
Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré les connaissances et les capacités des autres parties prenantes?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
The knowledge and capacities of other stakeholders were improved similarly. Several officers were trained on SLM practices and technologies, use of ICT for extension, etc
Est-ce que l'Approche a construit/ renforcé les institutions, la collaboration entre parties prenantes?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Approach helps to strengthen the collaboration between institutes and stakeholders
Est-ce que l'Approche a atténué les conflits?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Improving communication through the project supported the stakeholders to build healthy relationships.
Est-ce que l'Approche a autonomisé les groupes socialement et économiquement défavorisés?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Approach helps to earn income in different ways. It is not limited for tea. They can earn money by selling the harvest from intercropping such as vanilla, pepper cultivation, managing nurseries, etc.
Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré l'égalité entre hommes et femmes et autonomisé les femmes et les filles?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Women engagement is high as the new agronomic measures help to reduce time spent on field practices
Est-ce que l'Approche a encouragé les jeunes/ la prochaine génération d'exploitants des terres à s'engager dans la GDT?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Usage of ICT knowledge, improving hygiene and safety of farmers, increased their willingness to invest on SLM and these characters could attract youth to the sector
Est-ce que l'Approche a conduit à améliorer la sécurité alimentaire et/ou la nutrition?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Increased family improved food security of the practitioners. In addition, the approach promoted intercropping tea with export agricultural crops/ fruit crops and the use of edible crops in fencing. These also increased food supply. Since the mechanization and safety kits helped to reduce time spent on field work the farmers, especially women, were able to invest more time in their home garden and increase the provision of nutritious food to the household
Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré l'accès aux marchés?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Linkages developed through government entities increased market access. Further some farmers ventured into organic tea production using SLM practices and training provided through the approach. This helped them to reach a niche market
Est-ce que l'Approche a amélioré la capacité des exploitants des terres à s'adapter aux changements/ extrêmes climatiques et a atténué les catastrophes liées au climat?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Improving soil fertility status has improved the resilience of tea stand for drought. Therefore, the effect of climate change on the income was only slightly affected. Further the SLM techniques they practiced helped them to rely less on inorganic fertilizers and therefore, the farmers were less affected by the fertilizer shortage in the market that happened due to changes in government policies. Using ICT tools for communication helped the farmers to share knowledge and coordinate activities even under COVID19 pandemic situation. They have got used to distant learning methods with this and now able to seek support from experts without having to travel
Est-ce que l'Approche a conduit à des emplois, des opportunités de revenus?
- Non
- Oui, un peu
- Oui, modérément
- Oui, beaucoup
Farmer organizations were given some machinery for weeding and land preparation like activities. The members from the farmer organizations, who were trained to use the machinery, provided their service to the farmers for a payment from which a fraction is given to the farmer organization for maintaining the equipment. In addition, some farmers started nursery management as a business
6.2 Principale motivation des exploitants des terres pour mettre en œuvre la GDT
- augmenter la production
Infilling and improving soil fertility increased canopy cover leading to increased productivity
- augmenter la rentabilité/ bénéfice, rapport coûts-bénéfices
Product variability inside field supported diversity of income sources. Farmers who practiced organic farming methods were able to reach a niche market and get ore income
- réduire la dégradation des terres
Due to well organized farmer training sessions or demonstrations in their fields SLM practices became more popular and farmers invested to maintain the practices they initiated
- réduire les risques de catastrophe
Fields established well with SLM technologies were more resilient to drought and fertilizer shortage in the market
- prestige, pression sociale/ cohésion sociale
Improvement in health and hygiene of workers improved their image. Operating WhatsApp® groups also improved social cohesion
- améliorer les connaissances et compétences en GDT
Due to regular observations of agricultural officers
- améliorer l'esthétique
With live fences and good canopy cover of the tea stand the field looks healthy and farmers claimed they were motivated to continue the good practices because of these
6.3 Durabilité des activités de l'Approche
Les exploitants des terres peuvent-ils poursuivre ce qui a été mis en œuvre par le biais de l'Approche (sans soutien extérieur)?
- oui
Si oui, décrivez de quelle manière:
Approach has converted the most of non- productive lands to productive levels with the support of external bodies. Lands needs low external inputs as farmers produce required fertilizers by themselves in their own land by using natural organic materials. The crop diversification helps to reduce risk of crop losses and increase various income pathways to farmer. As well as approach helps access to markets. And there is a trend of farmers who succeed with approach to share their knowledge and experience with others. The ICT knowledge provided by the approach is much useful in that aspect. So, land users can sustain what has been implemented through the approach.
6.4 Points forts/ avantages de l'Approche
| Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres |
|---|
| Increased the production and product variability due to practicing intercropping |
| Reducing land degradation |
| Increased market opportunities |
| Improve the knowledge due to training programs and regular visits of agricultural officers |
| Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé |
|---|
|
Encouraging the participation of women in the field-based activities as a result of hygienic and time saving practices ex; mechanization, introduction of safety kits |
| Increase in soil fertility and reduction of soil erosion (due to application of organic manure, vermi-compost and improve the ground cover due to minimum tillage) |
| Using ICT in knowledge dissemination. This increased social cohesion, resilience and fast dissemination of knowledge. |
| Facilitating inter-sectoral collaboration taking a participatory approach throughout the process |
6.5 Faiblesses/ inconvénients de l'Approche et moyens de les surmonter
| Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres | Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés? |
|---|---|
| Water scarcity | Better to introduce rain water harvesting system and improved irrigation methods like drip-irrigation to increase water use efficiency |
| Males are need to use some heavy machinery | Males are migrating to cities looking for jobs and therefore, the field activities are affected. Need to enhance income further to retain them |
| Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé | Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés? |
|---|---|
| A systematic impact assessment with key performance indicators should be developed with the involvement of farmers at the initial stage. This was missing in the approach and it was done only towards the latter part of the project | Farmers have not maintained records prior to inception of the project. It is important to develop key performance indicators at the very beginning to evaluate how the system performance change so that even farmers can witness the changes through time. Otherwise, they cannot recall the situation before implementing the approach |
7. Références et liens
7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information
- visites de terrain, enquêtes sur le terrain
- interviews/entretiens avec les exploitants des terres
- interviews/ entretiens avec les spécialistes/ experts de GDT
- compilation à partir de rapports et d'autres documents existants
7.2 Références des publications disponibles
Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:
Improving livelihoods of women tea smallholders through sustainable land management practices, 2021
Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?
Daily Financial Times newspaper
7.3 Liens vers les informations pertinentes disponibles en ligne
Titre/ description:
Improving livelihoods of women tea smallholders through sustainable land management practices, 2021
URL:
https://srilanka.un.org/en/127297-improving-livelihoods-women-tea-smallholders-through-sustainable-land-management-practices
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