1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - Suisse

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

NCCR North-South (NCCR North-South) - Kirghizistan

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

17/07/2005

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Establishment of an orchard intercropping system on severely degraded cropland.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

A fruit orchard (consisting of apples, apricots, cherries, pears and nut trees) was established on degraded cropland. Intercropping of annual crops such as wheat, flax, chick peas and vegetables as well as perennial herbaceous fodder plants (alfa-alfa and esparzet) were planted after the first year of the establishment of the orchard. Only the onion plot is rotated systematically since the farmer states that fertility declines due to heavy soil losses result from over-irrigation. Spacing of tree rows varies between 8-10m, the intercropping system is cultivated using a tractor. Fruit trees are aligned in the direction of the slope to facilitate irrigation. At the top of the field an irrigation channel (40cm wide, 15cm deep) stabilised with aligned poplar trees directs water onto the orchard system. During the rainy season the channel serves as a cut-off drain, protecting the land from water running on. Along the trees, a 2.5 m wide grass strip protects the ground from splash erosion.

Purpose of the Technology: The orchard system was established to increase farm production by integrating different resources, while simultaneously conserving soil and water resources and preventing development of gullies. Prior to tree planting, the area had been levelled with a bulldozer to restore the severely degraded cropland. The bought seedlings were planted in hand-dug pits. During summer, the orchard system is watered three days per week; manure is applied around the fruit trees on an annual basis. Pruning of the trees is done in early spring. Due to irrigation, the grass strips can be harvested twice a year for haymaking. Farming two crops at a time means gross farm production could be considerably increased, which is the reaon why the farmer considered the technology successful. However, establishment and maintenance of the technology is cost intensive and, in this case study, was only affordable due to the farmers off-farm income. Since the tree rows are aligned up and down the slope, soil erosion is solely reduced by the capability of the irrigation channel (and aligned tree barrier) to prevent the system from runon. Planting tree rows on the gradient would increase the technologies potential to reduce soil loss.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• au cours d'expérimentations / de recherches

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Severe water erosion (gullies and rills) and subsequent decline in fertility on cropland and on overgrazed pastures.

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: If the land is irrigated, then after the harvest of annual crops (mid-July until beginning of August), and there is immediate sowing/planting of vegetables (maize, tomatoes, cucumbers, melon among others), then the harvest of vegetables in late August and September is possible.

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• pleine irrigation

Commentaires:

Water supply also rainfed

Nombre de période de croissance par an: :

• 1

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 210Longest growing period from month to month: March - August

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• agroforesterie

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:

• répartie uniformément sur une zone

Si la Technologie est uniformément répartie sur une zone, indiquez la superficie couverte approximative:

• 0,1-1 km2

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main measures: structural measures

Secondary measures: agronomic measures, vegetative measures

Type of agronomic measures: mixed cropping / intercropping, manure / compost / residues, mineral (inorganic) fertilizers

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• prévenir la dégradation des terres
• réduire la dégradation des terres

Commentaires:

Main goals: prevention of land degradation

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

Irrigated orchard system with intercropping; irrigation channel (stabilised by aligned poplar trees) also acts as a cut-off drain to prevent runon.

Location: Chinoro. Faizabad Rayon, RRS

Date: 18.07.2005

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: drain / divert, improvement of ground cover, stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides)

Secondary technical functions: control of raindrop splash, increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase / maintain water stored in soil, increase in soil fertility

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: wheat, chickpeas, flax, vegetables, alfa-alfa, esparzet
Remarks: between tree rows

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: manure
Quantity/ density: 20kg/tree
Remarks: spreading around fruit trees

Mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Material/ species: silitra and/or superphosphate
Quantity/ density: 200kg/ha
Remarks: only if wheat is intercropped

Vegetative measure: aligned: slope direction
Vegetative material: F : fruit trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 200
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 8
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 5

Vegetative measure: aligned: slope direction
Vegetative material: F : fruit trees / shrubs
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 8
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 2

Vegetative measure: aligned: along irigation channel on contour
Vegetative material: F : fruit trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 50
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 2

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: F : fruit trees / shrubs

Trees/ shrubs species: poplar trees

Fruit trees / shrubs species: apple, pear, cherry, apricot, peach and nut trees

Grass species: grass cover with esparzet and alfa alfa (sown to improve grass cover)

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 17.00%

Structural measure: diversion ditch / cut-off drain
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.15
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.4
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 100

Construction material (earth): earth was moved to fill gullies and large rills

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 17%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Indiquez la monnaie utilisée pour le calcul des coûts:

• dollars US

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	land levelling and filling up of gullies	Structurel	winter/early spring
2.	digging of irrigation channel	Structurel	spring
3.	acquiring tree seedlings on market or at sovkhoze	Végétale
4.	digging of pits	Végétale	early spring
5.	planting seedlings in pits	Végétale	early spring
6.	sowing of esparzet and alfa alfa (grass strips) to get intact grass cover	Végétale	spring

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	land levelling	ha	1,0	45,0	45,0	100,0
Equipements	tools	ha	1,0	25,0	25,0	100,0
Equipements	machine for land levelling	ha	1,0	150,0	150,0
Matériel végétal	seedlings	ha	1,0	250,0	250,0	100,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					470,0

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	clearing of irigation channel/cut-off drain from washed in soil	Structurel	rainy season/weekly
2.	periodical irrigation (3x a week)	Végétale	summer /three days/week
3.	periodical irrigation (3x a week)	Végétale	summer /three days/week
4.	application of manure	Végétale	early spring /annual
5.	application of manure	Végétale	early spring /annual
6.	application of pesticides	Végétale	spring /annual
7.	application of pesticides	Végétale	spring /annual
8.	pruning of fruit trees	Végétale	winter/early spring /annual
9.	pruning of fruit trees	Végétale	winter/early spring /annual
10.	cutting of grass (haymaking)	Végétale	summer /twice a cropping season
11.	cutting of grass (haymaking)	Végétale	summer /twice a cropping season
12.	ploughing of area between tree rows (disc plough)	Agronomique	depending on crop / annual
13.	applying of mineral fertilisers	Agronomique	spring / annual (only for intercropped wheat)
14.	weeding	Agronomique	spring / regularly
15.	applying manure around fruit trees	Agronomique	winter/spring /annual

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	ploughing of area	ha	1,0	20,0	20,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	sowing and weeding	ha	1,0	18,0	18,0
Main d'œuvre	pruning of fruit trees	ha	1,0	30,0	30,0
Main d'œuvre	spraying trees with biocides	ha	1,0	12,0	12,0
Matériel végétal	seeds	ha	1,0	30,0	30,0	100,0
Matériel végétal				1,0
Engrais et biocides	fertilizer	ha	1,0	50,0	50,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	biocides	ha	1,0	10,0	10,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	compost/manure	ha	1,0	40,0	40,0	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					210,0

Commentaires:

Costs were calculated for a 100x100 m field plot (with a projected 200 fruit trees/ha).

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

Number of trees planted: since the establishment and maintainance require considerable financial and labour inputs; expenditures for tree seedlings bought from the market: N.B. if nursing the trees is completed by land user himself, establishment costs can be halved.

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil fertility: medium

Soil drainage / infiltration: medium

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

5% of the land users are rich and own 15% of the land.
75% of the land users are average wealthy and own 70% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: In general, all farmers (including those applying SWC technologies) are highly dependent on off-farm incomes, which in most cases are earned in Russia, either by themselves or by their relatives.

Market orientation of production system subsistence (self-supply): Subsistence, only surpluses sold

Level of mechanization: Ploughing is carried out by tractor whenever possible, but also animal traction is existent.

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• état

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• loué

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Autres impacts socio-économiques

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Réduction des risques de catastrophe et des risques climatiques

Autres impacts écologiques

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• plus de 50%

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

20 households in an area of 0.1 - 1 km2

Parmi tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle ou aucun paiement?

• 90-100%

Commentaires:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

20 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
increase in overall farm income
prevention of gully and large rill erosion

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
orchard system is protected from runon
effectively prevents formation of gullies and large rills
significant increases in gross farm production
effective way of rehabilitating bad lands
increases soil fertility How can they be sustained / enhanced? consequent mulching would increase the organic matter content of the soil, and hence soil fertility

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
fruit trees vulnerable to pests, frost and strong winds

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
high establishment and maintainance costs	if nursing of tree seedlings is carried out by the land user himself, establishment costs can be reduced
does not prevent soil erosion, soil losses especially where irrigated	By planting tree rows on gradient (not up and down the slope)
management of orchard systems requires considerable inputs which often cannot be afforded by poor people