1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - Italie

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

02/06/2011

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Soil bund and Fanya Juu constructed along the contour lines in microwatershed to conserve soil moisture and control erosion.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

Soil bund and Fanya Juu constructed in combination in a microwatershed for retaining maximum possible rain water in the soil by obstructing runoff water. Soil bunds are suitable for steeper slopes compared to fanya juu terraces which are more effective in gentle and flatter slopes.Land users in the SWC area prefer to combine the two physical structures for many reasons.One important factor is the cost of establishment, which is a function of labour needed for the construction. Fanya juu which means throwing soil upslope in Kiswahili intails throwing soil upslope which is more labours than throwing soil to downslope in the case of soil bunds. The other reason is that cultivated lands with fanya juu terraces are not easily accessed by free grazing livestock. The ditches placed in the downslope side of the embankment (fanya juu) is not easily vrossable but in soil bund although not that easy livestock are seen to trample over the embankment and jump the ditch which is placed in the upslope side. The other advantage farmers consider is that Fanya juu is more efficient in controlling runoff because the water that overtops the embankment is trapped by the ditch. Fanya Juu despite its high cost is preferred to be applied in combination with bunds because of the other advantage that it forms bench terrace rapidly.

Purpose of the Technology: The major purpose is to trap as much rain water as possible and also control soil erosion. Cultivated lands with with Soil bund and Fanya Juu have shown remarkable improvement in soil moistureavailability to crops compared to fields with no measures.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Soil bund and Fanya Juu are established in the same way by digging soil from and embanking it on a contour line. A contour line is laid out by following zero gradient. Once the soil is dug and embanked it is lightly compacted to avoid colapse. To further ensure bund stabilityuseful trees/shrubs are planted.The planted tree/shrub species are those offering multiuses such as fodder, fertility improving and fuelwood. Maintenance: It is done by repairing breaks and managing planted trees on the structure or by upgrading the structure by increasing its height and plant improved tree and fruit tree species.

Natural / human environment: The technology is suitable to semiarid climatic condition which have erratic rains and where crop production is limited by soil moisture stress. Soils in the technology area are susceptable to erosion and therefore the structure should be stablized by planting trees or grass species.

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a moins de 10 ans (récemment)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

Fanya juu is first practiced in Kenya and soil bunds are also exotic but experienced widely in Ethiopia over the past 30 years.

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées
• préserver l'écosystème

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil erosion, productivity decline, degraded grazing and forest lands, soil moisture stress.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Poor crop production, high fertilizer cost, lack of grazing land.

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• pluvial

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 210 Longest growing period from month to month: Apr - Nov

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• mesures en travers de la pente
• gestion des eaux de surface (sources, rivières, lacs, mers)

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Commentaires:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 15 km2.

Soil and water conservation activities started in the area about 30 years ago by the extension program of the Ministry of Agriculture. Systematically planned SWC measures, however, came into picture recently as Integrated microwatersheds planning & implementation approach was introduced.

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Pk: sealing and crusting

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• réduire la dégradation des terres
• restaurer/ réhabiliter des terres sévèrement dégradées

Commentaires:

Secondary goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard

Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length

Early planting
Material/ species: sorghum and maize
Quantity/ density: 80-100000
Remarks: broadcasting

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: sorghum-teff-beans
Remarks: broadcasting

Contour planting / strip cropping
Material/ species: maize, sunflower

Agronomic measure: mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: wheat-safflower
Remarks: broadcasting

Legume inter-planting
Remarks: field crops (safflower sunflower)

Manure / compost / residues
Remarks: at homesteads

Mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Material/ species: Dap, Urea
Quantity/ density: 1.5 q/ha

Minimum tillage
Remarks: at pilot level for maize planting

Contour tillage
Remarks: For cereal crops on terraced cultivated lands

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 400
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 50-100

Trees/ shrubs species: casea seame, leucanea, sesbania

Grass species: local, elephant grass

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 5.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 2.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 1.00%

Waterway
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1.5m
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 3m
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 500m
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 1.5m
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 3m
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 3m

Bund/ bank: level
Spacing between structures (m): 1.5m
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5m
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1m
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 150m
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.65m
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1.5m
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 150m

Structural measure: diversion ditch / cut-off drain
Spacing between structures (m): 200m
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.75m
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 120m
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 150m
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.75m
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1.2m
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 150m

Construction material (earth): soil bund and fanya juu

Construction material (stone): waterways and diversions

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 5%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 2%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

For water harvesting: the ratio between the area where the harvested water is applied and the total area from which water is collected is: 1:1

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Change of land use type: cut and carry, weeding and cultivation and proper management.

Other type of management: site guarding - 0vergrazed lands are closed for establishing vegetation.

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

Birr

Indiquer le taux de change du dollars en monnaie locale (si pertinent): 1 USD= :

8,6

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	collecting seeds	Végétale	dry season
2.	seedling production	Végétale	dry season
3.	seedling planting	Végétale	rainy season
4.	direct sowing of seeds	Végétale	rainy season
5.	contour marking	Structurel	dry season
6.	embanking soils	Structurel	dry season
7.	light compaction	Structurel	dry season
8.	fencing	Modes de gestion	dry season

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Labour	ha	1,0	199,0	199,0	20,0
Equipements	Tools	ha		63,0		5,0
Matériel végétal	Seeds	ha	1,0	8,0	8,0	100,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					207,0

Commentaires:

Duration of establishment phase: 84 month(s)

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	tillage /primary)	Agronomique
2.	tillage/secondary/	Agronomique
3.	seedbed preartaion	Agronomique
4.	planting/sowing	Agronomique
5.	Weeding	Agronomique
6.	cultivation	Agronomique
7.	weeding and cultivation	Végétale	after rains /annual
8.	replanting	Végétale	during rains /annual
9.	repair breaks	Structurel	after rains/as required
10.	upgrading	Structurel	dry season/annual
11.	upgrading and repairing of breaks	Modes de gestion	before rains / annual

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Labour	ha	1,0	13,0	13,0	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					13,0

Commentaires:

length of terrace, number of trees planted

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

slope, soil condition labour availability

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

Landforms: Hill slopes (are largley cultivated and some grazing lands, ranked 1), valley floors (are totally cultivated lands and have potentials if suffiecent rains are received, ranked 2) and mountain slopes (are grazing and shrub lands. Valley floors depend for runoff water from this, ranked 3)
Slopes on average: Flat (bunds were built before but silted up due to soil burial, ranked 1), rolling (ranked 2) as well as gentle and moderate (both ranked 3)

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil depth on average: Moderately deep (soils on gentle slopes where the technology is dominantly practiced, ranked 1), shallow (soils on hillslopes are predominantly , ranked 2) and deep (soils in the valley floors are moderately deep to deep, ranked 3)
Soil texture is medium (on gentle slopes and valley floors, ranked 1) and coarse/light (on hilly slopes and gentle slopes, ranked 2) and fine/heavy (ranked 3)
Soil fertility is very low (soils that are continuously cropped on gentle slopes, ranked 1), low (soils on steep slopes because of erosion, ranked 2) and medium (soils on valley floors because of deposited soils, ranked 3)
Topsoil organic matter is low (soils of shallow depth on hillslopes, ranked 1) and medium (soils on valley floors, ranked 2)
Soil drainage/infiltration is good
Soil water storage capacity is low (shallow soils on the hillslopes, ranked 1) and medium (soils in the valley floors, ranked 2)

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Population density: 100-200 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 2% - 3%
5% of the land users are rich (have means to pay labour).
35% of the land users are average wealthy (get organized in groups for labour share).
60% of the land users are poor (are beneficiaries of food for work).
Off-farm income specification: land users who have implemented SWC measures have better income compared with those who have not implemented SWC.
Level of mechanization: Manual labour (land is tilled by oxen plough)
Market orientation cropland: Subsistence (poor and average farmers produced for themselves, ranked 1) and mixed (better of and rich produce food for own consumption and also market, ranked 2)

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• état

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• accès libre (non organisé)
• individuel

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Autres impacts écologiques

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

Parmi tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle ou aucun paiement?

• 0-10%

Commentaires:

95% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

5% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Spontaneous adoption is being observed who are average in wealth in particular and in families who have adequate awarness of SWC measures in general.

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Structures do not hinder farm operations because they are widely spaced. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Practice inter bund measures that trap runoff efficiently.
Fodder is grown on bunds and there is no area lost How can they be sustained / enhanced? Strengthening the introduction of high yielding fodder species.
Homestead intensification activities are integrated with the SWC technology. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Embrace more land in the program
Crop, fodder and wood production increased because of plantation, structures and area enclosures. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Use more efficient techniques and inputs that enhance soil fertility.
Crop production has increased because of improved soil moisture avalability.

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
are labour consuming	organize farmers in groups and undertake repairs before the damage gets more serious
require frequent maintenance

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
require regular maintenance	make quality structures and avoid livestock interference
require closer protection and guarding	practice more cut and carry