1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE MADRID (UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE MADRID) - Espagne

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

IMIDRA (IMIDRA) - Espagne

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

12/09/2008

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Use of cover crops to prevent erosion and increase soil organic matter.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

In total there were 66 rows of vineyards of the Tempranillo red variety, spaced 3 m apart with a distance of 2.5 m between vines. To date they have been worked using conventional tilling without herbicides: most of the work is done mainly in the winter, followed by two or three sessions in spring aimed at controlling the growth of weeds, which is conditioned by the spring rains.
The technology is based on minimum tillage and the use of Secale cereale L and Brachypodium distachyon (L.) as cover crops to protect the soil against erosion and to increase the organic matter.

Purpose of the Technology: The main purposes of this technology are to fight against erosion and water runoff and to increase soil organic matter.
Indirectly this technology contributes to increase biodiversity in the vineyards and it could have some positive effects on wine quality (related to the content of sugar and poliphenoles) as proved by some authors (Dry et al., 2001).
Cover crops usually increase the soil moisture but on the other hand, along the summer, the cover crops and the vines are in competition for the scarce water available in the area.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The plant cover in the centre of the rows was sown in mid-November, following the copious rains in the autumn of 2006. A minimum tillage (15cm depth) is carried out before sowing. The seeding rates were 70 kg/ha for rye, Secale cereale L., and 40 kg/ha for purple false brome, Brachypodium distachyon (L.) P. Beauv. This latter cover had to be reseeded by hand since the seeds have to be buried at a very low depth. It sprouts in late winter or early spring and by late June it is already mature and dry, at which point it self-sows and it sprouts spontaneously again the following autumn. The Secale cover has to be cut in spring and re-sown in late autumn.
Once sown, the resulting vineyard was divided into alternating rows with three treatments: bare soil with traditional tilling, rows covered with Secale and rows covered with Brachypodium.
The maintenance activities consist of no tillage in winter and conservation of natural cover crops until spring.

Natural / human environment: The area is at an altitude of 800 m, in a semiarid Mediterranean climate where the recorded annual rainfall is below 400 mm and the average annual temperature is 14 ºC, with very hot and occasionally stormy summers and very cold winters. It rains primarily in spring and autumn.
The farmland is predominantly dry, especially where olives and vines are planted. Oaks (holm, Portuguese and hermes) can be found in nearby wild areas and in abandoned terrains. The study focused on the area of Campo Real in the southeast of Madrid, in the centre of Spain. The vineyard covers an area of some 2 ha of rolling hills and is located on top of limestone marl.
The farmer is the owner of the land where the technology was implemented as well as he owns other plots. The land user is one of the few organic producers in the region.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a moins de 10 ans (récemment)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• au cours d'expérimentations / de recherches
• par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

Projects FP 06-DR3-VID IMIDRA and RTA2007-86 INIA, Bodegas y Viñedos Gosálbez-Ortí.

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Erosion and low soil organic matter content.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Water scarcity, climatic extreme events, low agricultural income.

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• pluvial

Nombre de période de croissance par an: :

• 1

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 75Longest growing period from month to month: February-April (Secale cereale)Second longest growing period in days: 90Second longest growing period from month to month: February-June (B distachyon)

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• Amélioration de la couverture végétale/ du sol

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Commentaires:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.02 m2.

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main measures: agronomic measures

Type of agronomic measures: better crop cover, contour planting / strip cropping, cover cropping, mulching, manure / compost / residues, breaking crust / sealed surface, minimum tillage

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Pc: compaction, Pk: sealing and crusting, Bl: loss of soil life

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Bare soil by traditional tillage in sloping lands), deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Lack of vegetation increases soil erodibility), disturbance of water cycle (infiltration / runoff) (Increase the annual rate of rain infiltration due to high vegetation cover), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (Extreme events- storms), droughts

Secondary causes of degradation: other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (Slope between 10 to 15%), land tenure (Uncertainties on future land tenure implies overexploitation of land in the short run)

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• prévenir la dégradation des terres
• réduire la dégradation des terres

Commentaires:

Main goals: prevention of land degradation

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

Cover crops are sown in the middle of the strips of the lines of vineyard.(Bare soil under the vines: 50 cm wide; cropped strips: 2 m wide)

Location: Campo Real. Madrid, Spain

Date: 2008

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate (Selection of cover crops and management.
Botanical and agronomic knowledge required.)

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (Use of appropriate machinery.)

Main technical functions: control of raindrop splash, control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, improvement of ground cover, increase of surface roughness, improvement of surface structure (crusting, sealing), improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase in organic matter, increase of infiltration, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting, increase of biomass (quantity), promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Secondary technical functions: increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase / maintain water stored in soil, increase of groundwater level / recharge of groundwater

Better crop cover
Material/ species: Secale cereale
Quantity/ density: 70 kg/ha
Remarks: decrease soil erosion and it does not compete for water.

Contour planting / strip cropping
Material/ species: Vineyard plus cereals
Remarks: bare soil under the vines: 50 cm wide; cropped strips: 2 m wide

Cover cropping
Material/ species: Brachypodium distachyon
Quantity/ density: 40 kg/ha
Remarks: best coverage and SOM increase, but reduces the grape production too much due to water competition

Mulching
Material/ species: Straw of Secale cereale
Remarks: Conservation of cut rye on site

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: Secale cereale and Brachypodium distachyon
Remarks: roots and residues (straw) left in soil increase SOM

Breaking crust / sealed surface
Remarks: cover crops avoid soil crusting

Minimum tillage
Material/ species: up to 15 cm soil depth
Quantity/ density: 15 cm
Remarks: before sowing

Vegetative measure: in the middle of the lines of vines
Vegetative material: G : grass

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Fruit trees / shrubs species: Grapes (50cm) /grass see G (cover crops) (2m)

Grass species: rye (Secale cereale) and bromus (Brachypodium distachyon) (2m)

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

euro

Indiquer le taux de change du dollars en monnaie locale (si pertinent): 1 USD= :

1,34

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	Buy secale cereale seed, 70 kg per ha	Agronomique
2.	Buy B. distachyon seed, 40 kg per ha	Agronomique

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Labour	ha	1,0	140,7	140,7	100,0
Equipements	Machine use	ha	1,0	51,46	51,46	100,0
Matériel végétal	Seeds	ha	1,0	354,43	354,43
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					546,59

Commentaires:

Duration of establishment phase: 6 month(s)
Life span of the product: B. distachyon seed, 4-5 years
Life span of the product: Secale cereale seed, 1 year

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Minimum tillage and seeding in one go (Secale cereale)	Agronomique	Annually in late autumn or winter
2.	Seeding (B distachyon)	Agronomique	Every 5 years
3.	Mowing Secale cereale 1 ha	Agronomique	Once a year

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Labour	ha	1,0	140,7	140,7	100,0
Equipements	Machine use	ha	1,0	51,46	51,46	100,0
Matériel végétal	Seeds	ha	1,0	113,23	113,23
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					305,39

Commentaires:

Machinery/ tools: tractor, brushcutter

Grass strips per hectare in 2008.

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

Labour and price of B. distachyon seeds as it is not a commercial seed.

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Indiquez si la Technologie est spécifiquement appliquée dans des:

• situations concaves

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

Slopes on average: Rolling (10-14%)

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil texture is medium (sandy loam)
Soil fertility is medium
Topsoil organic matter is medium (1.3%)
Soil drainage/infiltration is medium
Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la qualité et la quantité d'eau:

Ground water table: No data avalilable
Availability of surface of water: During the maximum water requirements of vines (June-July) water is not available usually.

5.5 Biodiversité

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly Leaders / privileged
Difference in the involvement of women and men: Traditionally vineyard sector in Spain is driven by men.
Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: negative
Off-farm income specification: This information is not available.
Market orientation is commercial/market (wine).

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• individu, avec titre de propriété

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• individuel

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• individuel

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Type de changements/ extrêmes climatiques	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		augmente	bien

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes météorologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
pluie torrentielle locale	bien
tempête de vent locale	pas connu

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	bien

Catastrophes hydrologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
inondation générale (rivière)	pas bien

Autres conséquences liées au climat

Autres conséquences liées au climat

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
réduction de la période de croissance	bien

Commentaires:

The species were chosen to be tolerant to drought and poor soil conditions

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Commentaires:

This particular land user is an organic farmer and he is willing to change his manangament practices but tradtional farmers in the region have a very negative vision of this kind of SLM techs.

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

1

Commentaires:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

1 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
Increase in wine quality How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintaining this SLM practice along the time
Prevention of erosion How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintaining this SLM practice along the time
Decrease in intensity and frequency of tillage How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintaining this SLM practice along the time

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Increase of soil organic matter How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintaining this SLM practice along the time
Prevention of runoff and soil erosion (change of bare (tilled) soil by cover crops) How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintaining this SLM practice along the time
Increase in biodiversity How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintaining this SLM practice along the time
Increase in wine quality (related to the content of sugar and polyphenols), as proved by some authors (Dry et al., 2001) How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintaining this SLM practice along the time
The costs are reduced through reduced use of tractor (decreased intensity of tillage) How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintaining this SLM practice along the time

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Lack of knowledge or training to adopt this technologies	Awareness raising campaigns

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Soil moisture decreases during certain months	Mowing the cover in spring
High costs of the most effective seed (8.04$/kg) (B. distachyon)	Using other similar and cheaper seeds

7.2 Références des publications disponibles

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

M.J. Marques , S. García-Muñoz , G. Muñoz-Organero , R. Bienes. 2009. Soil conservation beneath grass cover in hillside vineyards under mediterranean climatic conditions. Land Degradation and Development. 21: 122-131.

Ruiz-Colmenero, S; Bienes R.; Marques MJ. 2011. Soil and water conservation dilemmas associated with the use of green cover in steep vineyards. Soil & Tillage Research 117, 211-223.

Bienes R., Marques MJ, Ruiz Colmenero M 2012. Cereales, viñedos y olivares. El manejo tradicional del suelo y sus consecuencias en la erosión hídrica. La erosión y la hidrología en campos de cultivo en España. Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 38(1), 49-74.

Ruiz-Colmenero, M., Bienes, R., Eldridge, D.J. and Marqués, M.J. 2013. Vegetation cover reduces erosion and enhances soil organic carbon in a vineyard in the central Spain. Catena. 104, 153-160.