1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

The Transboundary Agro-ecosystem Management Project for the Kagera River Basin (GEF-FAO / Kagera TAMP )

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - Italie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Bukoba district council (Bukoba district council) - Tanzanie

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

22/05/2012

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.5 Référence au(x) questionnaire(s) sur les Approches de GDT

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Traditional agroforestry system comprising mixture of banana, coffee, fruit trees, biannual crops, annual crops and timber trees which together optimize the use of soil, moisture and space.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

Buhaya agro forest system is a mix of annual and perennial crops together with trees and shrubs are densely planted on a restricted area usually 0.5 -2ha per household to increase crop yield, wood production and conserve soil and water. Buhaya agro forest system is applied on individual owned land specific at home steady. In this technology a plot of 1ha comprises of :
1. Perennial crops (coffee, banana, ) on average (10,000/36 coffee plants can be planted in one hector randomly in the alternating manner with banana, 10,000/25 banana stools) can be planted in 1ha randomly in the alternating manner with coffee.
2. Annual and biannual crops (eg. Maize, beans, cassava, sweet potatoes, yams etc) are planted in the between spaces. Maize and beans are planted twice in the short (Masika) and long rains (Vuli) where tubers are planted at any time throughout the year.
3. Trees and shrubs (eg. Makkhamia spps, Maesopsis and migorora). Trees are planted along the boundaries spaced at an average of 15m to act as wind break and timber production. Shrubs are planted at closed distance in between trees to act as live fence.
Buhaya agro forest system was practiced since early 1900. Application of farmyard manures and crop residue mulch are the supportive measures. The land owners keep small livestock/ few cattle under zero grazing to obtain manure for soil fertility improvem

Purpose of the Technology: The purposes for applying the technology is to control soil erosion and nutrient improvement.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The establishment of Buhaya agro forest system is done on a virgin land starting in the dry season July to September and it normally takes 2-5years by doing the following activities.
1. To prepare the land by cutting, removing/burning shrubs and grasses followed by land tillage. This is the difficult job and sometimes it can force the farmer to plant annual crops before planting perennial crops due to inadequate preparation time.
2. To dig holes of different size according to what crop is meant for in the alternating manner. This activity is done after harvesting annual crops in shot rainfalls (March to June).
3. To plant banana in July and August followed by coffee in September to November and March to May next year.
4. To plant trees along the boundaries followed by planting shrubs between the trees spacing to create a live fence.
5. To plant cassava, yams, pawpaw, avocados and mangoes. These are planted randomly and in a few quantity.
The maintenance of Buhaya agro forest system is the simple but tidies job requires all the year to be working in the garden. The required activities are
1. To weed the field as preparation for planting seasonal crops( i.e maize and beans) twice per year in dry seasons.
2. To remove unwanted banana suckers (desuckering) and harvested banana stems in order to maintain a required number of plants( mother, daughter and grand daughter) per stool. This requires a lot of time for assessing the plant health as well as spacing.
3. To plant and harvest maize and beans twice per year.
4. To prune coffee trees, harvest coffee cherry, dry, and market them once per year.
5. To replace harvested cassava and yams as required.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a plus de 50 ans (technologie traditionnelle)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• dans le cadre d'un système traditionnel (> 50 ans)

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

It is said that in 1939 after second world war there was a hunger in Bukoba which forced people to plant banana instead of the traditional cropping of sorghum and millet. During the British colonial people were forced to cultivate coffee; as well health services introduced by Christian missionaries increased the population growth which revealed pressure on land and forced to opt agro forest.

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• protéger un bassin versant/ des zones situées en aval - en combinaison avec d'autres technologies

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The major land use problem was soil erosion and excessive nutrient mining

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Limited suitable land for cropping in the area

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Mixed: Mf: Agroforestry

Si l'utilisation des terres a changé en raison de la mise en œuvre de la Technologie, indiquez l'utilisation des terres avant la mise en œuvre de la Technologie:

Cropland: Cp: Perennial (non-woody) cropping

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• pluvial

Nombre de période de croissance par an: :

• 2

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 120; Longest growing period from month to month: September to December; Second longest growing period in days: 65; Second longest growing period from month to month: March to May

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• agroforesterie

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:

• répartie uniformément sur une zone

Si la Technologie est uniformément répartie sur une zone, indiquez la superficie couverte approximative:

• 1-10 km2

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

Secondary measures: agronomic measures

Type of vegetative measures: scattered / dispersed

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (cultivation along the slopes versus across the slopes.), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Routeenly harvests without fertilization implies permanent removal of nutriets.), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (average rainfall 1,200mm on slopes), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (Sandstone parent material), education, access to knowledge and support services (Inadequate extension services)

Secondary causes of degradation: poverty / wealth (Limited household income to invest in sustainable land management), labour availability (Labour force dominated by the elderly)

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• prévenir la dégradation des terres
• réduire la dégradation des terres

Commentaires:

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

Overview of the Buhaya agroforestry system. Average of 5m spacing between banana plants then alternate with coffee after two stools. Cassava and yams scattered at the space after 6 to 10 stools. beans and maize are planted in the left space to make sure all soil surface is covered. Long trees (Maesopsis spps) spaced at 10m.

Location: Kyema village. Bukoba/Kagera/Tanzania

Date: 22 MAY 2012

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate (The importance of diversification for income stabilization.)

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (Trees can improve income generating and assure food security in the sense of food accessibility.)

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover, increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…)

Secondary technical functions: control of raindrop splash, control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, reduction in wind speed

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, F : fruit trees / shrubs, C : perennial crops, O : other

Trees/ shrubs species: Makhamia spp, Maesopsis eminii are planted

Fruit trees / shrubs species: Mangifera indica, Carica papaya, Persia americana are planted

Perennial crops species: Musa spp are planted

Change of land use type: Change from cropland (Annual and biannual crop production eg. millet, sorghum and beans) to Aggro forest.

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Indiquez la monnaie utilisée pour le calcul des coûts:

• dollars US

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	Land preparation	Modes de gestion	July to August
2.	Digging holes	Modes de gestion	Jan & Jul
3.	Planting banana and coffee	Modes de gestion	Jul to Sep
4.	Planting trees and shrubs	Modes de gestion	Feb & Sep
5.	Planting biannual crops	Modes de gestion	March, Apr, Oct, Nov &Dec

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Land preparation	persons/day/ha	333,3	1,25	416,63	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Digging holes	persons/day/ha	81,63	1,25	102,04	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Planting banana and coffee	persons/day/ha	33,33	1,25	41,66	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Planting trees, shrubs and biannual crops	persons/day/ha	158,6	1,25	198,25	100,0
Equipements	Axes	pieces/ha	5,55	3,128	17,36	100,0
Equipements	Machete	pieces/ha	5,55	1,877	10,42	100,0
Equipements	Hand hoes	pieces/ha	5,55	3,128	17,36	100,0
Equipements	Spades	pieces/ha	2,7	3,148	8,5	100,0
Matériel végétal	Banana suckers	pieces/ha	571,0	0,1875	107,06	100,0
Matériel végétal	Coffee seedlings	pieces/ha	357,0	0,3125	111,56	100,0
Matériel végétal	Mysopsis	pieces/ha	33,0	0,125	4,13	100,0
Matériel végétal	Migorora	pieces/ha	80,0	0,125	10,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Avocado	pieces/ha	11,0	3,167	34,84	100,0
Matériel végétal	Mangoes	pieces/ha	5,0	3,125	15,63	100,0
Matériel végétal	Cassava	pieces/ha	47,0	0,0317	1,49	100,0
Matériel végétal	Yams	pieces/ha	26,0	0,031	0,81
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					1097,74

Commentaires:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Weeding	Modes de gestion	Feb & Sep
2.	Desuckering	Modes de gestion	Jul to Sept
3.	Planting annual crops	Modes de gestion	March to Jul & Sep to Dec
4.	Punning, harvesting and drying coffee	Modes de gestion	May to October
5.	Cassava and yams harvesting.	Modes de gestion	Jan to Dec

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Weeding	persons/day/ha	200,0	1,25	250,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Desuckering	persons/day/ha	57,0	1,25	71,25	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Planting annual crops	persons/day/ha	50,0	1,25	62,5	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Prunning, harvesting and drying coffee	persons/day/ha	285,5	1,25	356,88	100,0
Matériel végétal	Seeds	pieces/ha	10,0	2,5	25,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Seedlings	pieces/ha	26,0	0,031	0,81	100,0
Matériel végétal	Cassava	pieces/ha	48,0	0,0317	1,52	100,0
Matériel végétal	Beans	pieces/ha	20,0	1,25	25,0	100,0
Autre	Labour: Cassava and yams harvesting	persons/day/ha	2,3	1,25	2,88	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					795,84

Commentaires:

The above cost was calculated as 1manday equivalent to 8 working hours with the following performances; ploughing 30m2, weeding 400m2, land clearing 10m2, de suckering 30 stools, Harvesting and pruning 3 coffee trees.

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

The most determinate factor affecting the cost is labour. This is because the technology is labour intensive, while labour force is inadequate.

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Indiquez si la Technologie est spécifiquement appliquée dans des:

• situations convexes

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

Slopes on average: 12.8%

Altitudinal zone: 1194m.a.s.l. taken by GPS

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil fertility is medium - low

Soil drainage / infiltration is good - medium

Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la qualité et la quantité d'eau:

Availability of surface water: Permanent water stream in plenty

Water quality (untreated): Tap water not found in the whole village

5.5 Biodiversité

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la biodiversité:

Butterflies, earthworm and ants readily available

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Men usually plays part in field establishment while women engaged in maintenance. Children participates in maintenance as well.

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

5% of the land users are rich and own 30% of the land.
75% of the land users are average wealthy and own 60% of the land.
20% of the land users are poor and own 10% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: The one who did not apply the technology depends on more than 85% of his income from off farm activities.

Market orientation of production system: Coffee is 100% for commecial the rest are for home consumption.

Level of mechanization: Land cultivation only at establishement, then weeding is done by bare hands and planting bu small hand hoes (vihosho)

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• individu, sans titre de propriété

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• communautaire (organisé)
• individuel

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• accès libre (non organisé)

Commentaires:

Water sources are mainly permanent streams found in different land ownership, but water uses are free.

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

Réduction des risques de catastrophe et des risques climatiques

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Type de changements/ extrêmes climatiques	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		augmente	bien

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes météorologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
pluie torrentielle locale	pas bien
tempête de vent locale	bien

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	bien

Catastrophes hydrologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
inondation générale (rivière)	pas bien

Autres conséquences liées au climat

Autres conséquences liées au climat

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
réduction de la période de croissance	bien

Commentaires:

use of new adapted varieties.

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• plus de 50%

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

387 households covering 75 percent of the stated area

Parmi tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle ou aucun paiement?

• 90-100%

Commentaires:

387 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: Almost 75% of the area is under agroforestry practices.

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The technique has been in place for centuries

The average farm size is 1 acre per households and all 607 households implemented this technology. Other technologies are practiced in different area within the village. Therefore the SLM technology area is approximately 15% of the total catchment area.

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
Diversification of production How can they be sustained / enhanced? Improved farmers knowledge and skills in agroforestry systems management
Reliable income from multiple crops. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Knowledge in farming as a business
Technology is traditional and widely accepted How can they be sustained / enhanced? Strengthen linkages to sources of improved technologies
Reduced workload How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto
Complimentarity of produced diverse crops How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
The technology is not complicated in terms of input requirements and application How can they be sustained / enhanced? Improved farmer linkage to sources of improved materials e.g. research
Inputs are locally and readily available How can they be sustained / enhanced? Facilitation of farmer own produced improved inputs
Maintenance costs decreases with increasing production period How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto
Markets are readily available How can they be sustained / enhanced? Feeder road maintenance should be given higher priority

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
High competition of nutrients among different species	Improved farmers knowledge and skills in agroforestry systems management

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Some tree species host pests	Improve farmers knowledge on tree pests prevention and cleaning
Limits farm mechanization	Improved farmers knowledge and skills on improved maintenance without mechanization

7.2 Références des publications disponibles

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Kagera TAMP project website

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

http://www.fao.org/nr/kagera/partners-contacts/tanzania/en/