1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

People and Resource Dynamics Project, Nepal (PARDYP)

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) - Népal

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

District Soil Conservation Office (DSCO) - Népal

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

07/02/2003

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Hillside forward-sloping terracing and stabilisation using structural and vegetative measures

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

This technology addresses the soil erosion and water runoff problems associated with traditional outward-sloping terraces by reshaping the land into a series of level or gently sloping platforms across the slope. This technology is a variant of sloping land agricultural technology (SALT) or contour hedgerow technology. Nitrogen-fixing hedgerow species and quality fodder grass species, which bind the soil, are cultivated along terrace riser margins to improve terrace stability. This also enhances soil fertility and increases fodder availability. The plants are grown in either single or multiple layers. The practice is applied under rainfed conditions and is culturally acceptable and affordable. After establishment, the technology also addresses the problems of fodder scarcity making it easier and less time consuming for women and
girls to gather fodder.
The hedgerow and grass species are established between January and June. Complete establishment of this technology may take one year. The first step in creating the terraces is to build retaining walls using cement bags filled with soil which are then supported with bamboo cuttings along the contour (= future terrace risers). This divides the land into the planned terrace sections. The length and width of the terraces depends on the size and shape of the original field. Secondly, the soil is excavated from the upper part of the terraces and is used to build up the lower part above and behind the terrace riser wall to create a level bed. The fertile top soil must be kept aside and later spread over the newly terraced fields. The final step is to plant grass and hedgerow species on the outermost margins of the terrace above the risers.
Maintenance involves slicing the terrace risers once or twice a year with a spade, and smoothing off rills that appear on the surface of terraces after the premonsoon and monsoon periods. Hedgerows should be cut regularly but not more than twice a year, normally to a height of about 50 cm. Grasses should be cut about once to twice a month depending on their rate of growth.
The technology is applied under humid subtropical climate conditions (1300 mm annual rainfall with about 80% of it falling in the monsoon months of June - September). The case study area has hill slopes of 16-30% that are mostly highly erodible red soils (FAO classification: luvisols).

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a plus de 50 ans (technologie traditionnelle)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

It is a combination of traditional knowledge and practice along with new scientific research findings from within the region and elsewhere, e.g., N-fixing fodder species related information from Phillipines.

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The major land use problem in the area documented is the small per capita cropping landholding size. The fields are mostly rainfed and have low soil fertility and acidity problems and are susceptible to erosion. The high intensity of rainfall leads to considerable soil loss (rill and gully erosion) at the beginning of rainy seasons.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): The production of the cultivable land is declining. Management of slopes is inappropriate, the farmers experience serious constraints in terms of adopting better farming options, e.g., cash crops (due to fertility / erosion and soil moisture problems).

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Rice Premonsoon and monsoon( March- Novevember ) or Maize intercropped with Beans (April to August) ,Wheat and Potato ( September to January/ February) ,Tomato (January/February- April )

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• pluvial

Nombre de période de croissance par an: :

• 3

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 150; Longest growing period from month to month: Jun - Oct; Second longest growing period in days: 120; Second longest growing period from month to month: Nov - Feb

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• mesures en travers de la pente
• dérivation et drainage de l'eau

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:

• répartie uniformément sur une zone

Si la Technologie est uniformément répartie sur une zone, indiquez la superficie couverte approximative:

• < 0,1 km2 (10 ha)

Commentaires:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.0126 km2.

The technology has been evaluated on the bases of village as a unit. Therefore the values calculated in terms of land use percentages is on the bases of village( Kubinde) data.

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wg: gully erosion / gullying

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Ha: aridification

Main causes of degradation: other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (Soil erosion due to high intensity rainfall during rainy season and uneven distribution of rainfall during lean season.), education, access to knowledge and support services (lack of knowledge - with regards to SWC measures)

Secondary causes of degradation: other human induced causes (specify) (agricultural causes - lack of improved farming options), poverty / wealth (lack of captial - realted to inmproved seeds, technologies etc.)

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• réduire la dégradation des terres

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

Schematric view after intervention
[terracing and vegetative measures]
Riser slope: 75 degree
Terrace slope: ~ 2 degree

Location: Kubinde

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length

Secondary technical functions: increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, increase in soil fertility

Vegetative measure: on risers
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 2500
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1.5
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 3 to 4
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.25

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, G : grass

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, G : grass

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, G : grass

Trees/ shrubs species: Sunhemp(Crotalaria juncea),Tephrosia (Tephrosia candida) and Flemingia (Flemingia microphylla)

Grass species: Napier(Pennisetum purpureum),Molasses (Melinis minutiflora) and Stylo(Stylosanthes guianensis)

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 5.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 5.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 75.00%

Terrace: bench level
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1.5
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 3-4
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 10-15

Construction material (earth): Cement bag filled with soil, Bamboo nets were used to make risers.

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 30%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 5%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Indiquez la monnaie utilisée pour le calcul des coûts:

• dollars US

Indiquer le taux de change du dollars en monnaie locale (si pertinent): 1 USD= :

-1,0

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	Area estimation ( for vegetative measures)	Végétale	before rainy seasonn/lean period (February)
2.	Selection of fodder grass species	Végétale	Before rainy season (Feb)
3.	Planting of grasses and hedgerow species on the outward margins	Végétale	During rainy season.
4.	Establishment of riser, using cement bags (filled with soil) and bamboo culms for terrace stabilisation	Structurel	Beginning of rainy season(May)
5.	Terrace leveling:The length and width of the terraces depends on the size and shape of the field. Excavate soil from the upper part of the terrace field and use it to build up the lower part behind the terrace riser wallt creat a level plateform/bed.	Structurel	Beginning of rainy season(May)

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Labour	ha	1,0	970,0	970,0	50,0
Equipements	Total costs	ha	1,0	92,0	92,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Seeds	ha	1,0	25,0	25,0
Matériel végétal	Seedlings	ha	1,0	30,0	30,0
Matériel végétal	Bamboo	culms	80,0	1,0	80,0	50,0
Matériaux de construction	Cement bags	ha	1,0	80,0	80,0	50,0
Autre	Supervision charge	ha	1,0	10,5	10,5
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					1287,5

Commentaires:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Hedgerow/grass maintenance: Hedgerows are cut regularly but not	Végétale	Grass is cut once or twice a month.
2.	(Re)plantation of hedge species if necessary	Végétale	Before monsoon /1*/year
3.	Surface and riser maintenance: smooth the surface/rills on the	Structurel	after pre monsoon and after monsoon/2 */ year ,Jun

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Labour	ha	1,0	310,0	310,0	100,0
Equipements	Tools total costs	ha	1,0	20,0	20,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Seeds	ha	1,0	6,0	6,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Seedlings	ha	1,0	6,0	6,0	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					342,0

Commentaires:

Machinery/ tools: Spade, Shovel, spade

All costs and amounts... are very roughly estimated by the technicians and authors.
Costs for structural measures are calculated considering the volume of excavated earth. 1 cubic meter excavated earth = 0.69 USD (labour cost). For vegetative measures it is normally based on daily wage = 1.4 USD as in 2006.
Labour cost is the major expenditure in the initial stage.
costs for tools for establishment are representative for the situation when tools for implementation of the SWC technology are not available (normally they are since the technology does not require very specific tools).

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

In case of projects interested in promoting this technology in the region, the labour cost is the major expenditure in the initial stage.The labour charges are decided by the district soil conservation office.

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil texture (topsoil): Clay loam

Soil fertility is low

Soil drainage / infiltration is good but when rigid surface, then low infiltration

Soil water storage capacity is low - medium

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la qualité et la quantité d'eau:

Availability of surface water: Sloping land , water available at downstream

Water quality (untreated): More in rainy season (June- September), less in April/May; source: natural spring

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

2% of the land users are rich and own 10% of the land.
3% of the land users are average wealthy and own 15% of the land (off farm employment).
95% of the land users are poor and own 75% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: In most farm households off-farm income plays at least a minor and increasingly a major role. Occasional opportunities for off-farm income present themselves in the form of daily

Market orientation of production system: For subsistence there is: Rice, maize and wheat. Potato and tomato are for market or subsitence as well.

Level of mechanization: Land preparaion, planting,weeding and harvest is manual labour, but land preparation can also happen with animal traction.

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• individu, avec titre de propriété

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• individuel

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Sols

Autres impacts écologiques

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Type de changements/ extrêmes climatiques	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		augmente	bien

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes météorologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
pluie torrentielle locale	pas bien
tempête de vent locale	bien

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	pas bien

Catastrophes hydrologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
inondation générale (rivière)	pas bien

Autres conséquences liées au climat

Autres conséquences liées au climat

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
réduction de la période de croissance	bien

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Commentaires:

The initial investment is high, but can be recovered within a short period
due to yield increment and cash crop production.

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• plus de 50%

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

16 households in an area of 0.0126 sq km

Parmi tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle ou aucun paiement?

• 50-90%

Commentaires:

6 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

10 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: survey results

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The number of farmers applying the technology is increasing without further incentives being provided. Others have shown increasing interest in the technology without implementing it due to lack of incentives.

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
The price of land increased considerably from NRs 30,000 in 2001 (for 1 ropani – 508.5 sq. m) to between NRs 100, 000 and NRs 150,000 per ropani after the technology was established How can they be sustained / enhanced? The price would increase further if irrigation facilities were installed
Pedicels of Tephosia and Sunhemp can be used for firewood.
Instead of planting only maize a farmer started planting rice (primary crop) and cash crops like potato / tomato (secondary crops).

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
The area of levelled terraces nearly doubled in Kubinde village from 2001 to 2003, which is an indicator of increased awareness of the benefi ts of soil and water conservation. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Experience sharing would help expand the area under improved terraces.
Land productivity increased, maize, potato and bean production increased, vegetables and rice production started. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Irrigation facility could increase the production capacity of the terraces.
Availability of grass/fodder (nitrogen fixing) increased. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Planting horticultural fruits could increase farm incomes and so it should be promoted and more nitrogen fi xing species (preferably local) should be tried out

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
In the fi rst year of implementation, maize production was reduced due to soil amendment	a phenomenon which is likely to occur with new terrace formation

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Presently the vegetative technology is confined to terrace margins	it should be extended to the risers also.

7.2 Références des publications disponibles

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

ICIMOD (2002) Hydro-meteorological Year Book of Jhikhu Khola Watershed. Kathmandu: ICIMOD

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

ICIMOD

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Mathema, P.; Singh, B.K. (2003) Soil ErosionStudies in Nepal: Results and Implications. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal, Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Mathema, P. (2003) Watershed Managementin South Asia. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal, Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management