1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

09/07/2014

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.4 Déclaration sur la durabilité de la Technologie décrite

Est-ce que la Technologie décrite ici pose problème par rapport à la dégradation des terres, de telle sorte qu'elle ne peut pas être déclarée comme étant une technologie de gestion durable des terres?

Non

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Home gardens, containing tree, shrub, herbs, vine, tuber layers as well as poultry, produce food for household consumption as well as an additional income.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

Home gardens are a traditional setting in Cambodia, where they appear around nearly each house. All the seven layers of production occur, with a tree canopy, lower trees, shrubs, herbs, a soil cover, roots and tubers as well as a climbing layer, but not all layers can be found in each garden. The overlapping production allows a high productivity on a small area, and the trees/canopy provide a comfortable microclimate for both humans and livestock. The products of the home gardens are consumed by the family, surplus is given to neighbours or sold, and provide an additional income. One or more of the crops are produced in bigger amounts to serve as a cash crop. It can be coconuts close to the city, mangoes that are processed, sugarcane or vegetables like winged beans for the market, bamboo for handicrafts or constructions. Poultry is free ranging in the home gardens, thus when short annual plants like water spinach are planted they are protected with bamboo or net fences. The poultry, mostly chicken, but as well ducks, Muscovy ducks, and others, forages in the waste and eats bugs and worms.

The home gardens are planted to produce food, to provide additional income source and assure a comfortable microclimate. Medicinal plants, as well as plants for handicrafts like bamboo, are grown in the home gardens. Due to a lack of labour availability on the farms, the gardens are only poorly maintained. Some NGOs try to implement the production of more annual crops in the home gardens, but fail due to this constraint and the fact that leafy vegetables are collected from the wild during the wet season.

When a new house is built, canopy trees like coconuts or sugar palms are planted, sometimes following a square pattern, with other trees in between. In other gardens, no pattern can be found, as trees are planted more randomly, or left growing on their own. The seedlings growing in and around trash piles are transplanted to more suitable places, sometimes seedlings from grafted varieties are bought from the market.
Mainly annual crops, like yam, are fertilized with cow manure or compost before the sowing. Due to a lack of irrigation water, most farmers only grow annuals during the wet season. During the dry season, the vegetables are bought from other provinces or countries.

The analysed area is flat (slope < 2%), tropic (dry and wet season), and the soils are mostly sandy or loamy. The soils on the fields contain little organic matter (low soil fertility, acidification, small amount of cattle, area has been deforested a long time ago) and the groundwater table is rather high (2 m below soil level during the dry season, on the surface during the wet season).
Due to climate change, the rainfalls are more erratic, temperatures rise and droughts are more recurrent. Rice is the predominant crop grown in the area, since it serves as staple food (mix subsistence and commercial activities). Rice is often grown in monocultures and harvested once a year. Once the rice is harvested (dry season), some farmer release cattle to the paddy fields to eat the straw and weeds.

As an addition to rice, most land users grow vegetable and fruits in home gardens (subsistence) and complement their income by producing handicrafts or through off-farm income / remittances from family members working in other places. Gathering of wild food (plants, animals, and mushrooms) is also of importance for the diet. The increasing migration rate (the young generation leaves the villages to work in the cities, garment industry or abroad) results in a decrease of available labour force in the area that has detrimental effects on the agricultural activities. Furthermore, the civil war in the 1970s (Khmer Rouge) led to the loss of agricultural knowledge that different NGOs try to re-establish.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a plus de 50 ans (technologie traditionnelle)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• dans le cadre d'un système traditionnel (> 50 ans)

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

There have always been home gardens. There is a lot of research carried out, with species and varieties spreading among farmers. Some NGOs also try to implement the production of more annual vegetables in the home gardens, but they are abandoned as soon as the NGOs leave.

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• améliorer la production
• créer un impact économique positif

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Overgrazing, low soil fertility, sandy soils, monocultures, soil left bare after ploughing, wind and dust storms, climate change.
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Lack of water in the dry season, low soil fertility.
Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Cash and food crops depend highly on personal preferences.

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• mixte: pluvial-irrigué

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 210, Longest growing period from month to month: June to December

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• agroforesterie
• apiculture, aquaculture, élevage de volailles, de lapins, du ver à soie, etc.
• Jardins/ potagers familiaux

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:

• répartie uniformément sur une zone

Si la Technologie est uniformément répartie sur une zone, indiquez la superficie couverte approximative:

• 10-100 km2

Commentaires:

There is a smooth transition between home gardens and orchards, as well as between home gardens and commercial garden. Thus a quantification of the area is difficult. But around 10 % of the village areas are used as home gardens.

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

Type of vegetative measures: scattered / dispersed

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Soil left bare after ploughing), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Monocultures of annual crops (rice))
Secondary causes of degradation: overgrazing (Uncontrolled grazing on fallow fields), change in temperature (More hot days, climate change), wind storms / dust storms (Human induced dust storms, wind storms due to climate change.), droughts (Climate change), labour availability (High migration rates), education, access to knowledge and support services (Agricultural knowledge lost during the Khmer Rouge Regime.), war and conflicts (Agricultural knowledge lost during the Khmer Rouge Regime.)

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• prévenir la dégradation des terres
• réduire la dégradation des terres

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

Example of a homegarden with different layers. Coconut palms present the top layer, different vines grow on trellises, bananas and a dwarf papaya form an intermediate layer, pumpkins form the soil cover and Canna represents the edible roots. Many edible wild plants would grow by themselves between the planted ones, and would also be consumed.

Kampong Chhnang
Date: 2014

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate
Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (Each garden is different.)
Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover, increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase of biomass (quantity), promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder), spatial arrangement and diversification of land use
Secondary technical functions: water harvesting / increase water supply, improvement of water quality, buffering / filtering water, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting, reduction in wind speed

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, F : fruit trees / shrubs, C : perennial crops
Number of plants per (ha): n/a

Fruit trees / shrubs species: Sugar palm, coconut, mango, custard apple, bananas, limes.
Perennial crops species: Lemon grass, bamboo.
Other species: Eggplants, winged beans, yard long beans, pumpkins, cucumbers.

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	Planting of the selected trees and other plants.	Végétale	Whole year

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Labour		1,0	10,0	10,0	100,0
Equipements	Tools		1,0	20,0	20,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	seeds		1,0	5,0	5,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	seedlings		1,0	45,0	45,0	100,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					80,0

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Harvesting	Végétale	Depends on the size of the garden and the crops.
2.	Planting and fertilizing	Végétale	Depends on the farmers' preference for a given crop

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	labour		1,0	60,0	60,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	seeds		1,0	3,0	3,0	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					63,0

Commentaires:

Machinery/ tools: Depending on the planted crops a knife, hatchet, spate and hoe.
The costs were calculated for 2014 for an “average” home garden that is newly established on a cleared land. It is not based on one case study, but on discussions with many farmers.

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

The labour is the most expensive in the home gardens. This is problematic as the labour availability is decreasing due to high migration rates.

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Home gardens are used in the whole of Kampong Chhnang Province, even in urban areas.

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la qualité et la quantité d'eau:

Ground water table: during dry season
Availability of surface water: during dry season
Water quality: People use it for drinking after filtering or boiling.

5.5 Biodiversité

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la biodiversité:

Only degraded forests are in the area

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 0.5% - 1%
Off-farm income specification: Handicraft, remittances and factory work
Different crops are used as cash crops.

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• communauté/ village
• individu, sans titre de propriété

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• communautaire (organisé)
• individuel

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• accès libre (non organisé)

Commentaires:

Land users have a title that is not recognized by the state

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

Réduction des risques de catastrophe et des risques climatiques

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Type de changements/ extrêmes climatiques	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		augmente	bien

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes météorologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
pluie torrentielle locale	bien
tempête de vent locale	pas connu

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	bien

Catastrophes hydrologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
inondation générale (rivière)	pas connu

Autres conséquences liées au climat

Autres conséquences liées au climat

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
réduction de la période de croissance	bien

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• plus de 50%

Parmi tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle ou aucun paiement?

• 90-100%

Commentaires:

Nearly every farm has at least a small patch of land with some fruits/trees/vegetables
100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support. As almost every farm has a small home garden the number of farmer families could not be specified. Nearly everybody already has a small home garden. Species and varieties are spontaneously spreading between farms

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
To produce fruits and vegetables for home consumption
Many types of fruits and vegetables can be produced on a small area of land, for home consumption and to sell the surplus
The home gardens are close to the houses, all the members of the family can help, and it is possible to look at the house at the same time

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Increased food security and health
Diversification of income sources
Improvement of the soil fertility where farmers use compost

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Lack of water for irrigation	Build household ponds
Insects are attracted to the crops, and spread when crops are grown together	Use integrated pest management
Prices sometimes drop for seasonal crops, like mangoes, and farmers cannot sell the crop	Process the fruits (e.g. drying) so they can be preserved

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Lack of good varieties and selection, lack of knowledge about grafting fruit trees	Organize seed exchange, organize grafting and seed saving trainings
Lack of knowledge about fertilization, not all farmers know about the benefits of compost or manure. Leaves are often burned in the home gardens	Provide composting and mulching training

7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information

7.2 Références des publications disponibles

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Kumar & Nair (Ed.). 2006. Tropical Homegardens. A time tested example of sustainable agroforestry. Dordrecht: Springer

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

http://library.uniteddiversity.coop/Permaculture/Agroforestry/Tropical_Homegardens-A_Time_Tested_Example_of_Sustainable_Agroforestry.pdf