1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

HELVETAS (Swiss Intercooperation)

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

03/02/2013

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Trenches with soil bunds constructed in a tied manner along contour lines to trap surface runoff and sediments from degraded uplands

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

Contour Tied Trenches (CTT) were constructed to trap and retain surface runoff and sediments with the main objective of reducing flash flood risks from the Sou-rakhak watershed which was badly degraded due to overgrazing, excessive cutting of shrubs for fuel wood, rainfed cropping and recurring droughts. The technology was combined with other structural measures like soil bunds, check dams, water ponds, and plantation of fruit, non-fruit trees, fodder crops like alfalfa, Asafoetida and Cumin as cash crops. The watershed is also protected from grazing and shrub cutting by the participating communities. Community bakeries were constructed in the valleys and bio-briquette technology promoted for reducing shrub consump-tion/cutting.

Purpose of the Technology: Continuous Contour Trench (CCT) technology was applied to trap and retain surface runoff and sediments with the main objective of reducing flash flood risks from Sourakhak watershed and preventing damages due to flash floods in the valleys.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Feasibility studies were conducted and workers from three Community Develop-ment Councils (CDCs) of Roy-e Sang (Kahmard) implemented the construction works based on the technical proposals. The workers were organised by the Sourakhak watershed management committee and they got a daily wage of USD 5 for their labour inputs. About 670 families (276 person days/ha) participated in the construction of CTTs and other technologies.

One supervisor appointed by the communities and a watershed worker from HEL-VETAS Swiss Intercooperation side, both paid by the project, monitored the water-shed works with technical advice from the project staff. The work was carried out in phases and in 4 years (starting 2009) about 65,000 trenches were constructed. About 216 trenches were constructed per hectare and the construction cost was about 1450 USD/ha, which included 1380 USD for labour and 70 USD for tools. The International Swiss Re Award (2009), the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation and the participating families financially contributed to the watershed management works.

Natural / human environment: Sourakhak watershed has a semi-arid and temperate climate. The area receives up to 400 mm rainfall (annually) and snow during winter time. The watershed elevation ranges from 2000-3000 m amsl and soil type is sandy-loam to clay type. The land users who applied thsi technology are mostly smallholders. The uplnad areas where the technology was applied is owned by the state, but local communities have long term land use rights.

Sourakhak watershed has a semi-arid and temperate climate. The area receives up to maximum 400 mm rainfall annually in a normal year and snow during winter. About 80% of the rain falls from March to June, with most rain falling in the months of April and May. The watershed is located at an elevation ranging from 2000-3000 m (amsl) and the soil is sandy-loam to clay type. The land users who applied the CTTs are mostly smallholders (with less than 1 ha irrigated land) and they reside in the valley bottoms. The upland areas, where the CTT have been constructed, belong to the state but the local communities have land and water use rights. From a climate change perspective, CTTs will not be much affected by temperature changes or drought. Some trenches could break if there is an extreme rainfall event.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a moins de 10 ans (récemment)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

The project started in 2008.

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées
• réduire les risques de catastrophes

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Depleted soils, poor vegetative cover, deep gullies leading which trigger severe flash floods.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Severe flash floods from the degraded watershed.

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Mixed: Mo: Other

Si l'utilisation des terres a changé en raison de la mise en œuvre de la Technologie, indiquez l'utilisation des terres avant la mise en œuvre de la Technologie:

Grazing land: Ge: Extensive grazing land

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• pluvial

Nombre de période de croissance par an: :

• 1

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 180; Longest growing period from month to month: March to July

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• fermeture de zones (arrêt de tout usage, appui à la réhabilitation)
• mesures en travers de la pente
• dérivation et drainage de l'eau

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:

• répartie uniformément sur une zone

Si la Technologie est uniformément répartie sur une zone, indiquez la superficie couverte approximative:

• 1-10 km2

Commentaires:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 3 km2.

About 65,000 trenches each measuring 5 m in length x 0.7 m in depth and 0.7 m in width (in middle) were constructed manually.

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Bc: reduction of vegetation cover

Main causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (Shrubs used for fuel), overgrazing (Mainly by sheep and goats), governance / institutional (No management system either by the government or local communities)

Secondary causes of degradation: droughts (Slow recovery of natural vegetation), population pressure, war and conflicts (Cutting of Juniper trees)

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• restaurer/ réhabiliter des terres sévèrement dégradées

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

Technical specifications of Contour Tied Trench with soil bunds constructed at Sourakhak wa-tershed. Fruit and non-fruit trees have been planted at a few selected sites in the watershed as vegetative measures. The plant survival per cent was about 10% due to drought, rodent problem and poor adaptation of the tree saplings brought from a different natural environment. The sites are protected from grazing and shrub cutting leading to better land cover.

The trenches have the capacity to store about 159,250 cu.m of water. Kahmard receives up to 350 mm rainfall per year. Considering catchment area of 3 km2 the trenches can hold all the water if there was 50 mm rain at a time, which is rare.Trench size: 5 m (L), 1m at top and 0.4 m at bottom (W), 0.7 m (D)
Distance between trench in a row = 0.3-0.7 m and spacing between contours = 4-8 m depending on the slope (steeper slopes have less distance)

Soil bund size: 5.5 m (L), 0.7 m/0.4 m (W), 0.5 m (H)

The trenches have the capacity to store about 159,250 cu.m of water. Kahmard receives up to 350 mm rainfall per year. Considering catchment area of 3 km2 the trenches can hold all the water if there was 50 mm rainfall at a time, which is rare.

Location: Afghanistan. Kahmard/Bamyan

Date: 12/12/2012

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high (Initial stages. It is a new technology for most field staff.)

Technical knowledge required for land users: high (Initial stages. Land users have to learn first where to apply, how to apply and maintain this technology and also the method for preparing contour lines.)

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap

Secondary technical functions: reduction of slope length, increase of infiltration

Retention/infiltration ditch/pit, sediment/sand trap
Spacing between structures (m): 4-8
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.7
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.7
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 5
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.5
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.7
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 5.5

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Indiquez la monnaie utilisée pour le calcul des coûts:

• dollars US

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	construction of trenches	Structurel	summer and autumn

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Construction of trenches	persons/day/ha	276,0	5,0	1380,0	10,0
Equipements	Tools	ha	1,0	70,0	70,0	90,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					1450,0

Commentaires:

Duration of establishment phase: 36 month(s)

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Repair trenches	Structurel	Spring/once per year

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Repair trenches	persons/day/ha	1,0	5,0	5,0	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					5,0

Commentaires:

Machinery/ tools: Shovel

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

Labour

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil fertility is low - medium

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium - good

Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la qualité et la quantité d'eau:

Availability of surface water: During rainy seasons

Water quality (untreated): Not good but used for animal drinking water using traditional water harvesting structures

5.5 Biodiversité

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la biodiversité:

Gradually improving

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Women are not allowed to work in these areas due to local customs.

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

Relative level of wealth: rich, average, poor

10% of the land users are rich.
40% of the land users are average wealthy.
50% of the land users are poor.

Market orientation of production system: Income from selling sheep and goats and items from livestotck products like carpets.

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• état

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• communautaire (organisé)

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• communautaire (organisé)

Commentaires:

Land is used by families of three community development councils in Kahmard district as common land

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Type de changements/ extrêmes climatiques	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		augmente	bien

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes météorologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
pluie torrentielle locale	pas bien

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	bien

Autres conséquences liées au climat

Autres conséquences liées au climat

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
réduction de la période de croissance	bien

Commentaires:

Stabilize CTTs with vegetative and management measures. Trench size should be based on hydro-meteorological parameters considering possibility of an extreme event occurring.

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

Commentaires:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
Reduce flash floods risks
Helps in spring recharge How can they be sustained / enhanced? CTTs should be maintained and combined with vegetation measures for better infiltration.

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Reduce flash floods risks How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintenance and application of vegetative measures along with the trenches. For Instance planting of perennial forage species on the bunds like Alfalfa, Agropyron and Sainfoin..
CTTs considered better than staggered contour trench if the purpose is to control flash floods as it can trap more runoff and have less chances of damages How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintenance and correct implementation is necessary
Helps in the establishment of vegetation due to more soil moisture How can they be sustained / enhanced? Combine with conservation practices like mulching
Potential technology for reducing flash flood risks How can they be sustained / enhanced? More training and awareness about the limitations of this technology - where to apply and where not to apply

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Soil disturbed during digging and fine clay deposits in the trenches which reduces infiltration	Apply conservation trenches. Planting on the either ends of the trench and soil working to break the clay layering.
Establishment costs are high	Initial external support necessary. Linking relief to sustainable land management could be an option.
Loss of land for production due to trenching	ntegrate planting of trees and grasses.
Trenches break	CTTs must be of right size along the contour lines. Workers must be trained before implementation work and there must be proper supervision. The size of a trench and spacing between trenches should be based on hydro-met parameters. Also, avoid steep sandy (blue) and shallow rocky soil beds