1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Scaling-up SLM practices by smallholder farmers (IFAD)

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Royal University of Agriculture (RUA) - Cambodge

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

22/05/2017

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.4 Déclaration sur la durabilité de la Technologie décrite

Est-ce que la Technologie décrite ici pose problème par rapport à la dégradation des terres, de telle sorte qu'elle ne peut pas être déclarée comme étant une technologie de gestion durable des terres?

Non

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Crop diversification is the practice of simultaneously cultivating two or multiple varieties of crops in a given area whilst at the same time applying crop rotation and/or intercropping. In this case study the land user has been practicing crop diversification with eleven different crop varieties.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

Crop diversification entails simultaneously growing two or multiple varieties of crops in a particular place with the application of crop rotation techniques and/or intercropping. The selection of the crop varieties will depend on the purpose of the land user. In general, a diversity of crops will provide a range of benefits such as food security, nutritional diversity, income generation, soil conservation, pest and disease control as well as adaptation to climate change (CGIAR, 2017, Makate et al, 2016, MoEYS& VVOB Cambodia, 2013).

Mrs. Prum Thon has been cultivating a diversity of crops with the application of rotation techniques​for about 10 years, which involves exchanging an entire crop in a particular row. This means that cultivation can take place throughout the year without having to leave the land fallow. At the time of the interview eleven different crops​ had been cultivated including spring onions, anise basil, Cambodian mint, bok​​​​ choy, choy sum, escarole, mint, long beans, cucumbers, bitter melons and lettuce. Almost all of these crops have an average lifespan of three months, except for the anise basil which can grow for one or two years depending on the way it is cultivated. After she has harvested a particular crop, she will then rotate this crop row with a new distinctive crop species. For instance after having harvested spring onions she will then plant mint in that row, and in the row where she was previously growing mint, she will rotate that with either spring onions or cucumbers.

The practice of crop diversification whilst at the same time rotating the crop in each of the rows aims to achieve the following main objectives:

Crop diversification enables the farmer to generate a daily income to offset her daily expenses which thereby becomes a means of improving her livelihood. Growing a diversity of crops can also enable her to meet a variety of market demands and generate a high daily income. If a farmer grows only one crop specie she can usually earn about 15,000 Riel per day, but if she plants four crop species such as anise basil, bok choy, long beans and cucumbers she can increase her income to about 20,000 Riel per day, However if she grows one more specie such as lettuce or grows eleven different crops, she would be able to increase her income up to 40,000 or 80,000 Riel per day. The practice of crop diversification enables her to generate an income on a daily basis.

Crop diversification with the rotation of the crop in each row after the harvest could assist in reducing soil degradation. According to her experience and observations each crop absorbs different nutrients from the soil. If one row is repeatedly used to cultivate spring onions, they tend not to flourish so well and the roots have a tendency to decay. However if they are rotated with another crop and the spring onions are then grown in another row, they are able to thrive and the roots and stems are less likely to spoil. Crop diversification also has other functions as the cover crops help to reduce soil degradation through expose to sunlight, maintain soil moisture, make the soil less compact and​ add beneficial micro-organisms to the soil. In addition crop diversification can control pests especially the practice of growing companion plants such as herbs or spring onions as this can prevent crops from being damaged by pests.

The use of this technology assists in improving livelihoods, reduces migration because she does not need to move in order to find a job in another location, and enables her to generate a daily income. In addition this technology is able to reduce the risk of crop failure resulting from damage by pests and insects.Furthermore it reduces the risks associated with changes in market demand as the farmer produces a diversity of crops and also it prevents and reduces soil degradation. In order to effectively use this technology there needs to be sufficient water supply such as a river, stream, well or pond.This enables the land user to grow crops throughout the year round and reduces damage of crops as the result of unpredictable adverse climate conditions such as changes in rainfall, or the occurrence of drought.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a entre 10-50 ans

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• grâce à l'innovation d'exploitants des terres
• au cours d'expérimentations / de recherches
• par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

Through her experience and training from Cambodian Center for Study and Development in Agriculture (CEDAC).

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• améliorer la production
• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées
• créer un impact économique positif

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Si l'utilisation des terres a changé en raison de la mise en œuvre de la Technologie, indiquez l'utilisation des terres avant la mise en œuvre de la Technologie:

Degraded forest land.

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• mixte: pluvial-irrigué

Commentaires:

There is one open well and a pond for crop irrigation during drought.

Nombre de période de croissance par an: :

• 3

Précisez:

Crop rotation throughout the whole year. The land is alway coverd by corps (no fallow period).

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• système de rotation (rotation des cultures, jachères, agriculture itinérante)
• gestion intégrée de la fertilité des sols
• lutte intégrée contre les ravageurs et les maladies (incluant l'agriculture biologique)

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:

• répartie uniformément sur une zone

Si la Technologie est uniformément répartie sur une zone, indiquez la superficie couverte approximative:

• < 0,1 km2 (10 ha)

Commentaires:

It is spread over an area of 2700 square meters.

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

The farmer grows specific companion plants on the same plot with the aim of improving the plant growth and the pest control.

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• prévenir la dégradation des terres
• réduire la dégradation des terres

Commentaires:

At the first time when she cultivated the land the soil was fertile. At that time she grew only cassava but she realized soon that if she grows always the same crop, the soil will be less fertile from year to year.

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

The total area on which the technology has been applied amounts to 2700 square meters (27 meters x 100 meters). Each of the diverse crop species such as spring onions, anise basil, bok choy, choy sum, escarole, Cambodian mint, long beans, bitter melons and lettuce have been divided into separate blocks.

The spring onion crop has been divided into 5 blocks out of which the first block measures 8.50 m x 8.50 m = 72.25 square meters and it contains a total of five rows. The length of each row is 8.50 m and width is 1.4 m and space between each row is 4 centimeters. The second block measures 14.60 m x 13 m= 189.3 square meters and it has been divided into two rows. Each row is 14.60 m in length and has a width of 1.4 m with a space of 4cm between the two rows. The third block measures 9.60 m x 3.90 m= 37.44 square meters and it contains 6 rows. Each of the rows is 9.60 m x 1.4 m and the space between each of the rows is 4 cm. The fourth block measures 6.35 m x 4.55 m= 28.89 square meters and it is divided into 4 rows. Each of the rows is 6.35 m in length and 1.4 m in width, and the space between each of the rows is 4 cm. The fifth block measures 11.60 m x 14.70 m = 170.52 square meters and it contains 6 rows. Each of the rows is 11.60 m in length, and 1.5 m in width and the space between each of the rows is 4 cm.

The block in which the anise basil is grown is 14.60 meters in length and 1.4 meters in width with a 4 cm space between the 3 rows. The block of cucumbers is divided into 6 rows with the length of each row being 10 meters and the width being0.5 meters. Each row rises to a height of about 1.5 cm and within the row the space between each cucumber clump is 0.5 cm. In the block of the long beans there are 6 rows with each row being 10 meters in length and 0.5 meters in width. Additionally the height of each row is 1.5 cm and space between each clump of long beans is 2 cm.

The nursery containing escarole, choy sum and lettuce is 14.60 meters x 13.50 meters and its roof has a height of 2 meters. There are two cement rings which also have a cement base that have been constructed for water storage. Each cement ring is 1 meter in height and 1 meter in diameter. Furthermore there is also one open well and a pond which provide water for domestic supply and the irrigation of crops.

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Spécifiez la manière dont les coûts et les intrants ont été calculés:

• par superficie de la Technologie

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

KHR

Indiquer le taux de change du dollars en monnaie locale (si pertinent): 1 USD= :

4000,0

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	Dig open well	Structurel	During dry season
2.	Dig pond	Structurel	During dry season
3.	Plough the soil two times and dry the soil by sunlight	Agronomique	After harvest
4.	Buy crop seeds	Agronomique	At the beginning of soil preparation
5.	Prepare pipe lines into cement rings	Structurel	At the beginning of soil preparation
6.	Buy net to cover the roof of the nursery house	Autres mesures	At the beginning of soil preparation
7.	Buy materials such as spit, handled basket, hoe ect	Autres mesures	At the beginning of soil preparation

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Plough the soil for the first and second time	person-day	11,0	15000,0	165000,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Clear land for growing 11 different crops	person-day	15,0	15000,0	225000,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Dig the open well and put the cement ring	person-day	84,0	15000,0	1260000,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Dig pond	person-day	133,0	15000,0	1995000,0	100,0
Equipements	Bamboo sticks	Piece	50,0	1500,0	75000,0	100,0
Equipements	Hoe	Piece	2,0	17000,0	34000,0	100,0
Equipements	Spit	Piece	2,0	1300,0	2600,0	100,0
Equipements	Handle basket to carry soil	Pair	1,0	6000,0	6000,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Spring onion	Kilogram	10,0	1000,0	10000,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Bok choy	Can	12,0	1500,0	18000,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Escarole	Package	2,0	10000,0	20000,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Choy Sum	Can	5,0	1500,0	7500,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Anise basile	Package	1,0	15000,0	15000,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Mint	Kilogram	3,0	4000,0	12000,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Cambodian mint	Kilogram	2,0	2500,0	5000,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Long bean	Kilogram	1,0	60000,0	60000,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	Buy cow manure for the use of one year	Two wheel handle tractor	10,0	70000,0	700000,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	Buy chicken manure for the use of one year	Bag	20,0	4000,0	80000,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	Buy soil of termite mounds	Two wheel handle tractor	10,0	40000,0	400000,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	Buy botanical pesticides	Liter	6,0	4000,0	24000,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	Rice husk	Bag	30,0	1500,0	45000,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	Buy Bat manure for soil preparation	Bag	5,0	70000,0	350000,0	100,0
Matériaux de construction	Water Pumping Machine	Piece	2,0	880000,0	1760000,0	100,0
Matériaux de construction	Cement rings which also have a cement base that have been constructed for water storage to irrigate crops.	Piece	2,0	70000,0	140000,0	100,0
Matériaux de construction	Net for making the roof to prevent sunlight and water.	Set	2,0	220000,0	440000,0	100,0
Autre	Cucumber	Can	1,0	40000,0	40000,0	100,0
Autre	Lettuce	Package	5,0	15000,0	75000,0	100,0
Autre	Bitter melon	Package	2,0	5000,0	10000,0	100,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					7974100,0

Commentaires:

Generally, the rate for digging a pond in Cambodia is USD 50 per hour if the contractor does not obtain the soil, but if he does the cost of digging the pond will be less. Cost calculations of this technology are based on crop cycles (the average lifespan of crop being three months with a diversity of eleven crops). The farmer uses her own labor force to implement this technology without hiring any external labor. In reference to the costs indicated in the table above, there may be minor errors compared to the actual costs because the land user did not make exact records, and the costs that were provided are only estimates.

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Watering	Agronomique	Two times per day or three times per day depend on the weather.
2.	Apply cow manure	Agronomique	When dig the soil near the crop root.
3.	Apply bat manure	Agronomique	When dig the soil near the crop root.
4.	Weeding	Agronomique	Once a week
5.	Spraying pesticides	Agronomique	When there is insects.

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	When weeding, dig the soil near the crop root and apply fertilizer for elevent diversify of crops.	Person-day	12,0	15000,0	180000,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Spray pesticides	Person-day	3,0	15000,0	45000,0	100,0
Equipements	Diesel	liter	10,0	3000,0	30000,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	Liquid fertilizer made of bat manure buying from fertilizer company.	liter	1,0	70000,0	70000,0	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					325000,0

Commentaires:

The estimated maintenance costs base on one crop cycle of 3 months. It is not calculatee for the whole year. The land user does not hire wageworker as she is doing the work by herself and by the support of her husband.

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

Cow manure, chicken manure, rice husk, botanical pesticides has to be bought. Digging the pond and buying the water pumping machine are the most important factors affecting the costs. However these equipments are longlasting.

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Indiquez si la Technologie est spécifiquement appliquée dans des:

• non pertinent

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

PH=6

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

La salinité de l'eau est-elle un problème? :

Non

La zone est-elle inondée?

Non

5.5 Biodiversité

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

In this technology only two persons are involved in the technology (husband and wife). The interviewee is the wife is 50 years old. She finished grade 8.

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• individu, avec titre de propriété

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• individuel

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• individuel

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Type de changements/ extrêmes climatiques	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		décroît	bien
températures saisonnières	saison des pluies/ humide	décroît	bien
températures saisonnières	saison sèche	augmente	bien
précipitations annuelles		décroît	bien
précipitations saisonnières	saison des pluies/ humide	décroît	bien

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	bien

Catastrophes biologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
maladies épidémiques	modérément
infestation par des insectes/ vers	bien

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• 10-50%

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

7 families

Parmi tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle ou aucun paiement?

• 90-100%

6.6 Adaptation

La Technologie a-t-elle été récemment modifiée pour s'adapter à l'évolution des conditions?

Non

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
Provides a daily income.
The quality of the soil is better through crop rotation and the exchange of crops in the rows. Additionally cow manure and soil from the termite mound can be used as fertilizer.
The actual work can be done by oneself which involves physical exercise and is good for one’s health.

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Grow a diversity of crops which reduces the risk of production failure from damaging from insects, disease and market.
The farmer is able to generate a daily income, thereby improving her livelihood and it gives her the means to cope with her daily expenses.
Crop rotation could reduce soil degradation.
Reduces migration as now she has her own job and as this technology improves her livelihood.

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
During some months it is not possible to grow herbage vegetables.	Can grow other crops such as anise basil.
She has to water the crops only by herself which is very exhausting	Must try harder.

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Farmer spends a lot of time for watering the crops.	Could change and start using a sprinkler or drip irrigation system in order to reduce labor.
Must properly record expenses and income so as to verify the net income.	Provide training in recording income and expenses.

7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information

7.3 Liens vers les informations pertinentes disponibles en ligne

Titre/ description:

CGIAR. (2017). Crop diversification strategies for Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. Retrieved December 11, 2017, from

URL:

https://ccafs.cgiar.org/blog/crop-diversification-strategies-cambodia-laos-and-vietnam#.Wi4Hu1WWbIU

Titre/ description:

Makate, C., Wang, R., Makate, M., & Mango, N. (2016). Crop diversification and livelihoods of smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe: adaptive management for environmental change. SpringerPlus, 5(1), 1135.Retrieved December 11, 2017, from

URL:

https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2802-4

Titre/ description:

MAFF. (2006). Technology stardardize: Home gardening. In Khmer. (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries). Phnom Penh. Retrieved December 11, 2017, from

URL:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B3kkBprEzhDoMWtPeXZUNE4teTQ/preview

Titre/ description:

MoEYS & VVOB Cambodia. (2013). Teaching Methodology for Agricultural Life Skills Education for Teacher Training Centers:Part 3 Organic gardening (1st editio). Phnom Penh: Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. Retrieved December 11, 2017, from

URL:

http://www.vvob.be/cambodia/sites/default/files/content_manual_part_3_organic_gardening.pdf