Technologies

Disability inclusive, flood resilient cluster village [Bangladesh]

Création : 23 mars 2017 12:48
Mise à jour : 8 nov. 2021 16:29
Compilateur : Subir Saha
Rédacteurs : Subir Saha, Manuel Rothe
Examinateurs : Alexandra Gavilano, Joana Eichenberger

"Protibandhita Bandhob Bonna Sohisnu Gucca Gram"

technologies_2005 - Bangladesh

Voir les sections

Développer tout

État complet : 86%

1. Informations générales

1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Personne(s)-ressource(s) clé(s)

Spécialiste GDT:

Subir Saha

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Book project: where people and their land are safer - A Compendium of Good Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) (where people and their land are safer)

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Christoffel Blindenmission (CBM) - Suisse

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.4 Déclaration sur la durabilité de la Technologie décrite

Est-ce que la Technologie décrite ici pose problème par rapport à la dégradation des terres, de telle sorte qu'elle ne peut pas être déclarée comme étant une technologie de gestion durable des terres?

Non

Commentaires:

Not problematic with regard land degradation. It provides efficient and sustainable use of available land resources.

1.5 Référence au(x) Questionnaires sur les Approches de GDT (documentées au moyen de WOCAT)

Disability inclusive Disaster Risk Reduction [Bangladesh]

The disability inclusive approach is centered around the meaningful contribution and leadership of persons with disabilties during the entire project management cycle, from the planning stage to the evaluation of the impact of a project. It contributes to empowering them to overcome social exclusion and recognizes their needs and priorities …

Compilateur : Subir Saha
22 mars 2017 13:35

2. Description de la Technologie de GDT

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

The inclusive, flood-resilient cluster village provides safe housing, food security and income generation for multiple families, including persons with disabilities, in a highly flood prone area of Gaibandha District in northern Bangladesh. The land was raised above flood level and is protected by deep rooted fruit trees to prevent soil erosion and provide income for the land users.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

The inclusive, flood-resilient cluster village was introduced in a rural area with a high risk of recurring monsoon floods. The purpose of the technology is to provide safe housing, safe shelter for livestock, food security and income generation for ten families, including persons with disabilities.

The main components of the technology are:

1) The raising of a piece of land by seven feet (213cm), to three feet (91cm) above expected highest flood levels. Solid soil was banked up to encircle a 30'000 square feet (roughly 50x57m) piece of land and then the space within was filled up with sand collected from a nearby river bank. A one-foot layer of solid soil was added to cover the entire area.

2) The protection of the raised land from soil erosion during floods by planting a combination of deep-rooted fruit- and medicine trees around the border of the raised land. The trees include a number of different types of deep-rooted and light-rooted fruit trees and one type of medicine tree, Azadirachta Indica, locally known as "Neem". In addition, the slope of the border area was covered by grass turf to protect the soil from being washed out by rain. Two types of deep-rooted and flood resistant grasses were used. A drainage system was installed to facilitate water runoff.

3) The planting of a 150 square feet (14m2) commonly used homestead vegetable garden at the center of the cluster village. The cultivated vegetables include red spinach, jute leaf, basella leaf, spinach, radish, cabbage, okra, bottle-guts, cucumber and beans, allowing for a summer and a winter harvest. Together with the fruit trees, the vegetable garden provides food security during prolonged flooding. They also provide improved nutrition and income generating opportunities through selling of a part of the harvest in the market.

4) Making the village accessible for persons with disabilities through different accessibility measures, including the construction of a ramp, connecting the cluster village entrance with the road, and of accessible common Water-, Sanitation- and Hygiene (WASH) facilities, including a latrine, deep bore hole water source and water storage tank.

5) Installation of a solar panel to ensure uninterrupted, flood-resilient power supply. The level of power supply is sufficient to ensure coverage of electricity needs during flood season, when regular supply is around 15% below annual average.

The Cluster village was constructed as part of a disaster risk reduction project by CDD (Center for Disability in Development) from Bangladesh, with the support of CBM (Christoffel Blindenmission), an international development organization and funded by a donor from Germany. The main cost for inputs were provided to the land users by the project, including rent of construction machinery, paid labor, soil and construction material for the ramp and WASH facilities. The land users contributed labor and seedlings for the planning of the border trees and the homestead vegetable garden.

The main benefits of the technology from the perspective of land users are the protection it provides for houses and livestock, which would otherwise be in danger of loss during floods. The availability of food, water and electricity allows land users to remain in their homes during floods and avoid evacuation and the risk associated with it, including for example protection risks or the risk of theft. The flood protected vegetable gardens and fruit trees provide a year-round, sustainable source of food and income, providing food security and improved nutrition. The Neem tree provides medical and hygiene uses of the branches and leaves.

The cluster village is used as a safe space for the land users and other members of the community and their livestock during floods. Land users who are persons with disabilities or elderly benefit from the accessible infrastructure. With multiple families sharing land, the cluster villages provides optimal utilization of land resources. An additional benefit mentioned by land users is that the joint use by multiple families led to a more progressive social culture.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

Galerie Médias

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

Pays:

Bangladesh

Région/ Etat/ Province:

Gaibandha District

Autres spécifications du lieu:

Horipur Union, Sundargonj Sub district,

Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:

appliquée en des points spécifiques ou concentrée sur une petite surface

Commentaires:

Kani Charitabari, Horipur Union, Sundargonj sub district, Gaibandha District.

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Indiquez l'année de mise en œuvre:

2016

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

The technology was introduced as part of a disaster risk reduction project, implemented the Center for Disability in Development (CDD) with the support of Christoffel Blindemission (CBM) and with participation and leadership of the local community. The project was financially supported a group of donors from Germany.

3. Classification de la Technologie de GDT

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

réduire les risques de catastrophes
s'adapter au changement et aux extrêmes climatiques et à leurs impacts
créer un impact économique positif
créer un impact social positif

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Implantations, infrastructures

Habitats, buildings

Commentaires:

Number of growing seasons per year: 2 (Summer and winter)
Livestock density : Livestock are available in every household.

3.4 Approvisionnement en eau

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

mixte: pluvial-irrigué

3.5 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

Amélioration de la couverture végétale/ du sol
mesures en travers de la pente
Jardins/ potagers familiaux

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

pratiques végétales

V1: Couverture d’arbres et d’arbustes
V2: Herbes et plantes herbacées pérennes

structures physiques

S7: Collecte de l'eau/ approvisionnent en eau/ équipement d'irrigation
S8: Structures d'assainissement/ de gestion des eaux usées
S9: Abris pour plantes et animaux
S10: Mesures d'économie d'énergie

modes de gestion

M1: Changement du type d’utilisation des terres
M2: Changement du niveau de gestion / d'intensification
M6: Gestion des déchets (recyclage, réutilisation ou réduction)

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

érosion hydrique des sols

Wt: perte de la couche superficielle des sols (couche arable)/ érosion de surface
Wr: érosion des berges

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

prévenir la dégradation des terres
réduire la dégradation des terres

4. Spécifications techniques, activités, intrants et coûts de mise en œuvre

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

Spécifications techniques (associées au dessin technique):

The drawing shows the layout of the disability inclusive, flood resilient Cluster village. The components of the technology are:

Raised land/plinth: 1) Purchase of land of a total area of 18'000 square feet (ca. 40x40m). Land ownership transferred to joint ownership of 10 families. 2) Collect 15'000 cubic feet (425m3) of solid soil from different pieces of land in the community. The soil was donated by members of the community, who were either related to the land users of the cluster village or donated in support of the construction of a safe space which can be used by the community during floods. 3) Banking up of 3 feet (91cm) of solid soil along the borders of the land. 4) Filling of area with 140'000 cubic feet (3965m3) of sand, extracted from a nearby riverbank with a rented sand extraction machine, raising the land to 6 feet (183cm). 5) Covering the entire area with one additional foot of solid soil, rasing the land to 7 feet (213cm), which means 3 feet (91cm) above the maximum expected flood levels.

Soil protected through deep-rooted trees: 1) Planting of deep-rooted and light-rooted fruit trees, surrounding the entire border of the raised land. The trees include deep rooted fruit trees like mango, black berry, jack-fruit, guava, coconut and areca nut, light-rooted fruit trees like banana and Papaya, a deep-rooted medicine tree, locally called "Neem" and the light-rooted Dhol Kalmi tree (pink morning glory). The number of deep-rooted threes was 100, with a spacing of around 5 feet in between each. They were planted to cover the entire perimeter of the raised land. In between the deep-rooted trees, 60 light-rooted trees were planted. In front of the deep-rooted trees, 60 bamboo bushes were planted to provide additional protection from wind and rain. 2) Turfing of the entire slope surrounding the cluster village with two flood resistant grasses: Durva (Cynodon dactylon) and Catkin grass. 3) Installation of a central drainage system with 15 plastic pipes ensuring water runoff from the wastewater pond.

Road access through ramp: The connecting ramp of the cluster village is 90 feet length, 6 feet width. There are five landing point of this ramp with smooth slopping. The construction material includes class one brick, brick stone, cement, sand, polythene and red oxide color for color contrast, which is appropriate for low vision and visually impaired persons. There is a 5 inch border on both sides of the ramp for safe movement of a wheel chair user.

Accessible household water and sanitation facilities: Latrine and wash-room are constructed for every house in the cluster village, following universal design standards. Latrines are connected to the wash room and the main house through ramps. There is a railing on both sides of the latrine and the entrance is wider for access of a wheel chair users. Water system for the latrine and wash room is provided from a water tank on three pillars behind the latrine, which is also connected to the main house for provision of drinking water. The tank is filled by hand pump ('magic pump') which functions with minimal hand pressure. The WASH facilities are accessible and usable by everyone including persons with disabilities, pregnant women or aged persons.

Home vegetable gardens: Every household has an individual homestead vegetable gardens where land users cultivate seasonal vegetables year-round. Gardens vary in size between averaging about 1.5 decimal (60m2) in size and are surrounded by bamboo fencing. The land owners are using organic fertilizer/compost for the vegetable production of their choice. By using cow's manure and wastage they are producing the compost in the behind of their houses in a ditch.

Solar system: A mini solar system is installed on the roof for each house by using a small panel with a 12-volt battery . Each system has the capacity of providing power for light for 8 hours. An introduction to system maintenance was given to the land users by the provider of the solar system.

Auteur:

Shahidul Islam

Date:

09/11/2016

4.2 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Spécifiez la manière dont les coûts et les intrants ont été calculés:

par entité de la Technologie

Précisez l'unité:

Cluster village

Précisez les dimensions de l'unité de terrain (le cas échéant):

18'000 square feet piece of land

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

Bangladeshi Taka

Indiquez le taux de change des USD en devise locale, le cas échéant (p.ex. 1 USD = 79.9 réal brésilien): 1 USD = :

80,0

Indiquez le coût salarial moyen de la main d'œuvre par jour:

300

4.3 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Calendrier des activités (saisonnier)
1.	Selecting the place for cluster village construction	During rainy season in 2015
2.	Establish collaboration with 10 families who will become land users	December 2015
3.	Land Raising & Ramp construction	December 2015 to March 2016
4.	Reconstruction the existing houses of the land users on the raised land	April 2016, before onset of rainy season 2016
5.	Planting of deep- and light-rooted fruits trees, bamboo bushes and grass turfing along the boundery	February 2016 to March 2016
6.	Install accessible water & sanitation system	April-June 2016
7.	Establish home garden in front of each house	June-July 2016
8.	Install mini solar system for each house	Aug-sep 2016
9.	Prepare livestock shed for each house	October 2016

4.4 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Land raising, tree planting and turfing on slope	person days	290,0	300,0	87000,0	10,0
Main d'œuvre	Ramp construction	person days	115,0	350,0	40250,0	10,0
Main d'œuvre	House reconstruction and WASH facilities	person days	200,0	400,0	80000,0	10,0
Main d'œuvre	Solar system installation	person days	10,0	300,0	3000,0	10,0
Equipements	WASH equipment (latrine, magic pump, water tank, pipes, switch, pillars and other)	pieces	10,0	46658,0	466580,0
Equipements	Solar system	pieces	10,0	6300,0	63000,0
Matériel végétal	Deep rooted trees	pieces	100,0	40,0	4000,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Seed for vegetable	KG	5,0	1000,0	5000,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Sapling purchase	pieces	100,0	50,0	5000,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Light rooted tree	pieces	60,0	30,0	1800,0
Engrais et biocides	Organic fertilizer (compost)	KG	600,0	10,0	6000,0	100,0
Matériaux de construction	Rent for shallow machine for sand extraction	Daily rent	10,0	28800,0	288000,0
Matériaux de construction	Grass turfing	square feet	15000,0	10,0	150000,0
Matériaux de construction	Allowance for house reconstruction material	House	10,0	2000,0	20000,0
Matériaux de construction	Ramp construction	Piece	1,0	125750,0	125750,0
Autre	Project management (monitoring and support)	persons-days	180,0	2400,0	432000,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					1777380,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD)					22217,25

Si le coût n'est pas pris en charge à 100% par l'exploitant des terres, indiquez qui a financé le coût restant:

The project, human resource supported by CBM, CDD and a funded by private donor.

Commentaires:

Labor for tree plantation, home stead gardening & house reconstruction was contributed by the land users.

4.5 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Turfing: Repair leakages, replace grass etc.	before onset of rains
2.	Tree maintenance: Cutting branches, manure of roots etc.	Rainy season
3.	Vegetable gardening	Summer & Winter season
4.	Housing repairs	After harvesting season/ once in a year
5.	Water and Sanitation system servicing and repairs	After harvesting season/once in a year
6.	Solar system maintenance	Winter season/once in ayear
7.	Village group meeting for decision making and conflict resolution	Once in a month
8.	Organic composting/fertilizer production	Continuous

4.6 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	House repairs	person days	10,0	300,0	3000,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Ramp repairs	person days	10,0	300,0	3000,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Plingth raising and plantation	person days	30,0	300,0	9000,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Solar system servicing by technical experts	piece	10,0	500,0	5000,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Seed for vegetable gardening	KG	5,0	1000,0	5000,0
Matériaux de construction	Soil for slope maintenance	square feet	5000,0	10,0	50000,0
Matériaux de construction	Sand for slope maintenance	KG	5000,0	2,0	10000,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					85000,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD)					1062,5

Commentaires:

Land users are agreed to contribute 100% maintenance cost

4.7 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

Market fluctuation and scarcity of goods in the flood season.

5. Environnement naturel et humain

5.1 Climat

Précipitations annuelles

< 250 mm
251-500 mm
501-750 mm
751-1000 mm
1001-1500 mm
1501-2000 mm
2001-3000 mm
3001-4000 mm
> 4000 mm

Spécifications/ commentaires sur les précipitations:

Heavy rainfalls are one of the causes for flooding

Zone agro-climatique

humide

5.2 Topographie

Pentes moyennes:

plat (0-2 %)
faible (3-5%)
modéré (6-10%)
onduleux (11-15%)
vallonné (16-30%)
raide (31-60%)
très raide (>60%)

Reliefs:

plateaux/ plaines
crêtes
flancs/ pentes de montagne
flancs/ pentes de colline
piémonts/ glacis (bas de pente)
fonds de vallée/bas-fonds

Zones altitudinales:

0-100 m
101-500 m
501-1000 m
1001-1500 m
1501-2000 m
2001-2500 m
2501-3000 m
3001-4000 m
> 4000 m

Indiquez si la Technologie est spécifiquement appliquée dans des:

non pertinent

5.3 Sols

Profondeur moyenne du sol:

très superficiel (0-20 cm)
superficiel (21-50 cm)
modérément profond (51-80 cm)
profond (81-120 cm)
très profond (>120 cm)

Texture du sol (> 20 cm sous la surface):

grossier/ léger (sablonneux)

Matière organique de la couche arable:

abondant (>3%)

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Profondeur estimée de l’eau dans le sol:

> 50 m

Disponibilité de l’eau de surface:

moyenne

Qualité de l’eau (non traitée):

eau potable

La salinité de l'eau est-elle un problème? :

Non

La zone est-elle inondée?

Oui

Régularité:

fréquemment

5.5 Biodiversité

Diversité des espèces:

faible

Diversité des habitats:

faible

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Sédentaire ou nomade:

Sédentaire

Orientation du système de production:

exploitation mixte (de subsistance/ commerciale)

Revenus hors exploitation:

> 50% de tous les revenus

Niveau relatif de richesse:

pauvre

Individus ou groupes:

individu/ ménage
groupe/ communauté

Niveau de mécanisation:

travail manuel
traction animale

Genre:

femmes
hommes

Age des exploitants des terres:

jeunes
personnes d'âge moyen

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Age of land users includes children, youth, middle-aged as well as elderly.

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres utilisées par les exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

< 0,5 ha
0,5-1 ha
1-2 ha
2-5 ha
5-15 ha
15-50 ha
50-100 ha
100-500 ha
500-1 000 ha
1 000-10 000 ha
> 10 000 ha

Cette superficie est-elle considérée comme de petite, moyenne ou grande dimension (en se référant au contexte local)?

petite dimension

Commentaires:

Land users jointly own the land of the cluster village. They do not own any additional agricultural land and work as daily laborers and sharecropers.

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

groupe

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

individuel

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

individuel

Commentaires:

Land users own the land of the cluster village jointly, including a proportional share of land- and water use rights.

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

santé:

pauvre
modéré
bonne

éducation:

pauvre
modéré
bonne

assistance technique:

pauvre
modéré
bonne

emploi (par ex. hors exploitation):

pauvre
modéré
bonne

marchés:

pauvre
modéré
bonne

énergie:

pauvre
modéré
bonne

routes et transports:

pauvre
modéré
bonne

eau potable et assainissement:

pauvre
modéré
bonne

services financiers:

pauvre
modéré
bonne

6. Impacts et conclusions

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Commentaires/ spécifiez:

Energy supply was not available before installation of solar panel.

Demand for irrigation water increased because of vegetable garden.

Somewhat increased workload for maintenance of technology but decreased because of avoidance of damaged from floods.

Much improved situation for persons with disabiltiies who are part of the land users. All persons with disabiltiies in the wider community use the cluster village as a safe space during floods. Improved situation for all land users who are from marginalized parts of society (daily laborers and share croppers).

Impacts écologiques

Sols

perte en sol

en augmentation

en baisse

Commentaires/ spécifiez:

Soil erosion during floods decreased because of deep- and light-rooted border tree plantation.

Réduction des risques de catastrophe et des risques climatiques

impacts des inondations

en augmentation

en baisse

Commentaires/ spécifiez:

Raised land as safe space above flood level.

impacts de la sécheresse

en augmentation

en baisse

Commentaires/ spécifiez:

Drought impact in summer season decreased because of Irrigation.

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

available shelter and safe space

decreased

increased

Commentaires/ spécifiez:

Cluster village provides additional safe space/shelter for the wider community.

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	bien

Catastrophes hydrologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
inondation générale (rivière)	très bien

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Rentabilité à court terme:

positive

Rentabilité à long terme:

très positive

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Rentabilité à court terme:

légèrement positive

Rentabilité à long terme:

très positive

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

11-50%

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

Around 10-15% of households which equals roughly 70 households.

De tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle, ou aucune rémunération? :

0-10%

Commentaires:

The technology is replicated by households who receive assistance from local government for families at risk of flood damage.

6.6 Adaptation

La Technologie a-t-elle été récemment modifiée pour s'adapter à l'évolution des conditions?

Oui

Si oui, indiquez à quel changement la Technologie s'est adaptée:

évolution des marchés

Spécifiez l'adaptation de la Technologie (conception, matériaux/ espèces, etc.):

Peoples of cluster villages are selling vegetables and fruits in the local market and some of them are carrying the fruits in the distance market. They are becoming more interested to plant more fruit trees in the cluster village. If it is continue in future it would be a fruits and vegetable market in the cluster village. At the same time they started selling cows milk in the local market and its demand is increasing day to day.

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
Ownership of the land user's are there. Its a community driven initiative & disability inclusive in all respect. They are happy to give shelter to the other villagers during flood season. There is an opportunity to create an example of a model village in this area.

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Its an innovative program. Peoples participation and their contribution is the main asset. Universal accessibility of the cluster village communicating benefit to other villagers during rainy as well as flood season. This pilot program can be replicated to other riverine areas in Bangladesh.

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
The intensity of floods is difficult to predict. With average flood levels rising, land users still have to live with the risk of flood levels going beyond the level of their rised land.	More research on changing weather/climatic patterns and scientific measurement of expected flood levels.

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Government and Non government organizations extension services are not available in this area. Livelihood of the cluster village peoples depending on seasonal agriculture.	Income raising multiple activity need to be introduces. A small scale disability inclusive comprehensive project could be implemented here.

7. Références et liens

7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information

visites de terrain, enquêtes sur le terrain

interviews/entretiens avec les exploitants des terres

interviews/ entretiens avec les spécialistes/ experts de GDT

compilation à partir de rapports et d'autres documents existants

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

09/11/2016

Liens et modules

Réduire tout

Liens

Disability inclusive Disaster Risk Reduction [Bangladesh]

Compilateur : Subir Saha
22 mars 2017 13:35

Modules

Aucun module trouvé