1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

It is an embankment of soil with no gradient along the contour and stablized with grasses, tree/shrub plant species.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

The technology cosists of an embankment of soil accross the slope, cutoff drains constructed at a given interval, water ways for disposing runoff from the bunds and cutoff drains, vegetative measures and agronomic practices on cultivated lands. The structures are laid out at a gradient of 1% in order to safely drain excess water. The immidiate result expected is the control of soil erosion, well drained soils control land degradation, decrease slope length and angle and then sustain productivity. The mantainance is frequently done by removing the silt from the channel and repairing the broken part of the bunds and also stablize the bund by planting. The technology is suitable to high rainfall area where crop fields experience seasonal waterlogging. The surplus water needs to be drained by the help of graded channels of smaller gradients. The channels should be properly constructed in a way no channel scour or sediment deposition takes place. Cutoff drains need to be placed at given interval to reinforce the graded bunds. Waterways are paved with stone to avoid channel scour because of the higher gradients involved in waterway construction.

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

Pays:

Ethiopie

Région/ Etat/ Province:

Amhara

Autres spécifications du lieu:

Hulet Ejju Enese

Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:

• répartie uniformément sur une zone

Si la Technologie est uniformément répartie sur une zone, précisez la superficie couverte (en km2):

78,69

S'il n'existe pas d'informations exactes sur la superficie, indiquez les limites approximatives de la zone couverte:

• 10-100 km2

Commentaires:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 78.69 km2.

Soil bund is applied in combination with cutoff drain, water ways and plantations.

Map

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2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a moins de 10 ans (récemment)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

The technology was practiced by land users but not designed properly. It is the result of modifications of traditional technologies and adding some new elements improved techniques.

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• améliorer la production
• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Les divers types d'utilisation des terres au sein du même unité de terrain: :

Oui

Précisez l'utilisation mixte des terres (cultures/ pâturages/ arbres):

• Agro-sylvo-pastoralisme

Terres cultivées

• Cultures annuelles
• Plantations d’arbres ou de buissons

Cultures annuelles - Précisez les cultures:

• céréales - maïs
• cultures fourragères - graminées
• cultures fourragères - autres

• wheat, teff (cereal), vetiver (fodder crop)

Plantations d'arbres et d'arbustes - Précisez les cultures:

• manguier, mangostane, goyave
• papaye

• coffee

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 240 Longest growing period from month to month: Apr - Oct

Pâturages

Pâturage extensif:

• Pastoralisme de type semi-nomade

Type d'animal:

• bétail - laitier
• bétail - bovins à viande

Produits et services:

• viande
• lait

Forêts/ bois

Type d’arbres:

• Espèces d’Acacia
• Eucalyptus saligna (gommier bleu de Sydney)

Commentaires:

Major food crop annual cropping: Teff, maize, wheat
Grass species: local grasses, vetiver, elephant grass
Trees/ shrubs species: acacia, Eucalyptus saligna
Fruit trees / shrubs species: mango, guava, papaya, coffee

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): expansion of gullies, loss of top soil, fertility decline/poor land productivity and free grazing.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): decrease productivity, gullies expansion, unable to practice relay cropping.

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: on communal grazing lands

Grazingland comments: Livestock production is decreasing because of decreasing grazing land and its productivity.

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Teff-vetch, teff-wheat-maize-teff

3.4 Approvisionnement en eau

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• pluvial

Commentaires:

Water supply: Also mixed rainfed - irrigated and post-flooding

3.5 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• mesures en travers de la pente

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

érosion hydrique des sols

• Wt: perte de la couche superficielle des sols (couche arable)/ érosion de surface
• Wg: ravinement/ érosion en ravines

dégradation chimique des sols

• Cn: baisse de la fertilité des sols et réduction du niveau de matière organique (non causée par l’érosion)

Commentaires:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• prévenir la dégradation des terres
• réduire la dégradation des terres

Commentaires:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

Spécifications techniques (associées au dessin technique):

Amhara

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap

Secondary technical functions: improvement of ground cover, increase / maintain water stored in soil, water harvesting / increase water supply

Better crop cover
Material/ species: teff, wheat
Remarks: broad casting

Relay cropping
Material/ species: vetch
Remarks: broad casting

Contour planting / strip cropping
Material/ species: maize
Remarks: 40cm between rows & 20 cm between plants

Agronomic measure: removing less vegetation cover
Material/ species: wheat
Quantity/ density: 40%
Remarks: broad casting

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: cow dung, compost

Mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Material/ species: DAP, UREA
Remarks: 1 qt. DAP & 0.5 qt UREA

Rotations / fallows
Material/ species: on grass lands
Remarks: at least 1 year rotation

Contour ridging
Remarks: using BBM

Aligned: -graded strips
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 4000
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 20
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.25
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 10000
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1

Trees/ shrubs species: acacia, saligna,

Fruit trees / shrubs species: mango, guava, papaya

Perennial crops species: coffee

Grass species: local grasses, vetiver, elephant grass

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 6.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 4.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 1.00%

Waterway
Spacing between structures (m): 200
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.7
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 3
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 500
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.8
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 500

Bund/ bank: graded
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1-2.5
Spacing between structures (m): 20
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.3
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 150
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.75
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 150

Structural measure: diversion ditch / cut-off drain
Vertical interval between structures (m): 50
Spacing between structures (m): 500
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 250
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.8
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 250

Construction material (earth): soil dug out from the ditches and piled as embankment

Construction material (stone): stone is used for paving the water ways

Construction material (wood): used for constructing checkdams

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 6%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 4%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 1%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Other type of management: change of management / intensity level - protect the structure from breaching.

4.2 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

Birr

Indiquez le taux de change des USD en devise locale, le cas échéant (p.ex. 1 USD = 79.9 réal brésilien): 1 USD = :

8,6

4.3 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

4.4 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

Commentaires:

Duration of establishment phase: 24 month(s)

4.5 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

4.6 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

Commentaires:

The calculation is for 1 ha land in SWC area, where the first year construction of SWC technology with normal cropping (Teff) production and recurrent cost is calculated for the second year for the same plot of land and production system.

4.7 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

labour, slope

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

Altitudinal zone: 2001-2500 m a.s.l. (The SWC area is within this range)
Slopes on average: Also moderate (ranked 2) and hilly (ranked 3)

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil depth on average: Also deep (ranked 2) and shallow (ranked 3)
Soil texture: Medium (ranked 1, major component is clay loam) and fine/heavy (ranked 2)
Soil fertility: Medium (ranked 1, use of chemical fertilizer is increasing every year), low (ranked 2) and very low (ranked 3)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Medium (ranked 1), poor (ranked 2) and good (ranked 3)
Soil water storage capacity: High (ranked 1), low (ranked 2, ground water level is decreasing every year) and very low (ranked 3)

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 2% - 3%
35% of the land users are average wealthy and own 40% of the land (they take care of their land).
40% of the land users are poor and own 35% of the land (they construct SWC but no follow up).
25% of the land users are poor and own 25% of the land (some times they rent out their land for others).
Off-farm income specification: Farmers have so far not been engaged in any type off-farm activites in the area.
Level of mechanization: Animal traction (ranked 1, local plough) and manual work (ranked 2)
Marekt orientation: Subsistence (ranked 1) and mixed (ranked 2, some crops and livestock products)

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres utilisées par les exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• état

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• individuel

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Autres impacts écologiques

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

Commentaires:

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: survey results

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: In the SWC area more than 75% of the households adopted the technology. They include stone walls to reinforce soil bunds. Stone walls have the disadvantage of harbouring rodents and hence soil bunds are preferred.

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information