1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - Suisse

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

CSE (CSE) - Sénégal

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

07/08/2009

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

A tropical homegarden of about 0.5 ha with a variety of exotic and indigenous tree species, planted or raised for fruit production, medicinal value and / or other services, intercropped with vegetables in the herbaceous layer.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

During the dry season, tomato, eggplant, chili, beans, cabbage, okra and bissap are cultivated, in the rainy season replaced with maïz. One part of the garden is cultivated with cassava, planted in the rainy season and harvested all year round. Main tree species are Prosopis juliflora, Citrus sp. and Eucalyptus camaldulensis. A hedge of mainly dead wood, alive Euphorbia balsamifera shrubs and few Eucalyptus camaldulensis trees is protecting the homegarden from roaming animals. It has the positive off-site effect of preventing the temporary pond beneath the plot from being filled up with sediments, as a consequence of wind erosion. Organic manure obtained from cattle faeces is used as a natural fertilizer.

Purpose of the Technology: The garden was established and is managed by a single land user and his family. Main objectives are to provide food security for his family, to make a wide range of fruits and vegetables available in a zone far from the next market and to improve income through diversification. As the plot is situated on a slope (7 %) and prone to water erosion during heavy rains, a further objective is to prevent the formation of gullies and ravines through better soil stabilization.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Trees planted in this plot were chosen upon seed or seedling availability in other peoples land as the land user planted whatever he could obtain. He constructed a fence of dead wood with the aim to turn it into a life fence of Eucalyptus camaldulensis trees later. A small retention basin was built to assure the storage of water tapped from the village borehole. However, because of breakdowns of the pump and the generally low outflow of the borehole, lack of water caused high mortality in the tree nursery of Eucalyptus camaldulensis seedlings. The fence therefore remains a mainly dead fence and is very weak in certain places. The main cost of the technology is the access to the borehole which costs the landuser 20'000 CFA (US-Dollar 45) per month. For the purchase of seeds for horticulture about 15'000 CFA (US-Dollar 33.50) are spent per year. The use of organic manure does not involve any costs as cattle is abundant in the area.

Natural / human environment: This SLM technology site is located in the sylvopastoral region of the Ferlo in the north of Sénégal. The agro-climatic zone is classified as semi-arid with mean annual precipitation of 300-400 mm. The main land use type in the area is extensive pastoralism followed by rainfed agriculture. Pastoralism is primarily practiced by transhumant Fula (Peulh) herders and further by Mauritanian Moor herders with herds of dromedaries. Vegetation cover in the area has largely been degraded due to cutting for domestic uses and cattle feeding, bushfires and overgrazing. The soil is exposed to wind erosion which carries away nutrients in the topsoil and therefore declines soil fertility. During intense rains in the rainy season, surface runoff is accelerated and leads to the formation of gullies and ravines.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a moins de 10 ans (récemment)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• grâce à l'innovation d'exploitants des terres

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• améliorer la production
• créer un impact économique positif
• créer un impact social positif

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): degradation of vegetation cover, wind erosion, increased surface runoff, formation of gullies and ravines, management of natural water sources (people using temporary ponds for laundry and body hygiene and at the same time as sources of drinking water)

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): surface runoff, formation of gullies and ravines, decrease of soil fertility, wind erosion, limited water access, presence of insect pests

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Commentaires:

Water supply: rainfed, mixed rainfed - irrigated

Nombre de période de croissance par an: :

• 1

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 120Longest growing period from month to month: Jul-Oct

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• agroforesterie
• brise-vent/ plantations abris
• système de rotation (rotation des cultures, jachères, agriculture itinérante)

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:

• répartie uniformément sur une zone

Si la Technologie est uniformément répartie sur une zone, indiquez la superficie couverte approximative:

• < 0,1 km2 (10 ha)

Commentaires:

The surface of this homegarden is about 0.5 ha

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main measures: vegetative measures

Secondary measures: agronomic measures

Type of agronomic measures: retaining more vegetation cover, manure / compost / residues

Type of vegetative measures: scattered / dispersed

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Bs: quality and species composition /diversity decline

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Et: loss of topsoil, Eo: offsite degradation effects

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (for domestic uses), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, overgrazing (by oversized cattle and dromadaires herds), poverty / wealth (poverty), education, access to knowledge and support services

Secondary causes of degradation: soil management (absence (or insufficient use) of inorganic and organic fertilizers)

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• réduire la dégradation des terres

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: (the landuser concerned does not have this level of knowledge)

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, improvement of ground cover, stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting, promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Secondary technical functions: increase in organic matter, reduction in wind speed, increase of biomass (quantity)

Retaining more vegetation cover
Material/ species: trees
Quantity/ density: 118 / ha

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: organic manure

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 118

Trees/ shrubs species: Citrus sp. (planted), Eucalyptus camaldulensis (planted), Azadirachta indica (planted), Tamarindus i

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

CFA

Indiquer le taux de change du dollars en monnaie locale (si pertinent): 1 USD= :

455,0

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	access to irrigation water for tree nursery	Végétale	per month

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	seeds or seedlings for horticulture	Végétale	once a year

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Matériel végétal	Seeds	ha	1,0	33,0	33,0	100,0
Autre	Irrigation water	ha	1,0	45,0	45,0	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					78,0

Commentaires:

Costs indicated apply to an agroforestry plot of 0.5 ha surface. No costs were involved with the initial planting of trees in the plot, as seedlings were either given by the extensive agent for "Water and Forest" or obtained from other landusers. Organic manure can be obtained for free due to the strong presence of cattle in the area. For the construction of the fence, dead wood was collected in the area.

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

rainfall regime: water for irrigation needed during dry season

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

Landforms: Valley floors (depression)
Slopes on average: Moderate (7%)

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil fertility: Very low
Topsoil organic matter: Low (carbon in the labile fraction: 0.09 g / kg soil)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Good
Soil water storage capacity: Low

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la qualité et la quantité d'eau:

Water quality (untreated): Poor drinking water (treatment required, ranked 1, groundwater during dry season) and for agricultural use only (irrigation, ranked 2, surface water from temporary ponds during rainy season)

5.5 Biodiversité

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la biodiversité:

Compared to other regions of the country

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: women can not aquire land to cultivate unless it is attributed to them by their husbands

Population density: < 10 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

22% of the land users are average wealthy.

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• état
• individu, sans titre de propriété

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• communautaire (organisé)

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• communautaire (organisé)

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

Réduction des risques de catastrophe et des risques climatiques

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Type de changements/ extrêmes climatiques	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		augmente	bien

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes météorologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
pluie torrentielle locale	pas bien
tempête de vent locale	pas connu

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	pas bien

Catastrophes hydrologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
inondation générale (rivière)	pas bien

Autres conséquences liées au climat

Autres conséquences liées au climat

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
réduction de la période de croissance	pas bien

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• cas isolés/ expérimentaux

Parmi tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle ou aucun paiement?

• 90-100%

Commentaires:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: many inhabitants of this village try to establish similar plots

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
increase of product diversification, availability of vegetables in village
increase of revenues How can they be sustained / enhanced? increase production and fight against soil fertility decline
increased food security
increased availability of plants used in traditional medicine
mitigation of gully formation How can they be sustained / enhanced? improve strenght of fence

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
increased woody plant diversity and density How can they be sustained / enhanced? maintain trees in plot
the fence reduces siltation of the village's most important temporary pond beneath the plot How can they be sustained / enhanced? improve the fence with live trees

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
outflow of village borehole too weak to maintain irrigation of seedlings in tree nursery and vegetables	better maintenance of borehole
high mortality in tree nursery because insufficience of water	improve access to water from borehole

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
use of chemical pesticides against soil insects which are believed to be a cause for decline in soil fertility	research to know more about cause of fertility decline or use of biological pesticides
degradation of soil properties because of inappropriate soil management in parts of the plot	training in soil management for landuser
removal of herbaceous cover to gain space for cultivation	training
no system applied to distribution of trees in the field	apply structural soil conservation measures, such as terraces etc.
gully formation because of slope and weak fence threatens future maintenance of plot