1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Community-based sustainable land and forest management in Afghanistan

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

FAO Afghanistan (FAO Afghanistan) - Afghanistan

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.4 Déclaration sur la durabilité de la Technologie décrite

Est-ce que la Technologie décrite ici pose problème par rapport à la dégradation des terres, de telle sorte qu'elle ne peut pas être déclarée comme étant une technologie de gestion durable des terres?

Non

Commentaires:

No, the technology described here is not problematic with regard to land degradation. In fact, it promotes sustainable land management by enhancing soil health, preventing erosion, and supporting afforestation efforts. This technology contributes to the restoration and conservation of forest ecosystems.

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Water exploitation is a major issue in Afghanistan, and this technology helps to irrigate an afforestation/agroforestry area (demonstration plot) using surface water (rivers) and solar-powered submersible pump. The construction of reservoirs at the demo plot site ensures efficient water storage and use for irrigation purposes without relying on groundwater. A well-designed pipe irrigation scheme is implemented to distribute water evenly across the site, supporting plant irrigation and growth.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

Water exploitation is a critical issue in Afghanistan, and the project aims to address this challenge through innovative and sustainable technology. The technology involves the use of solar panels and submersible water pumps to efficiently lift water from a nearby river to constructed reservoirs, which is then distributed by gravity with the help of a pipe system to irrigate planted saplings in the afforested and agroforestry area. For afforestation, Pinus eldarica (Afghan pine) was planted due to its adaptability and soil stabilization properties. Additionally, citrus and persimmon trees are introduced for agroforestry, combining tree cultivation with agricultural benefits. This integrated technology promotes biodiversity, soil health, and sustainable land use, making the site a model/ demonstration site for afforestation and agroforestry practices. This is a significant advancement in the local area, utilizing clean energy to promote sustainable land & forest management and environmental restoration. The project is implemented on communal land, covering 50.25 hectares of land.
The primary purpose of this technology is to create an efficient irrigation system that extracts and transports water to support afforestation and agroforestry activities. By doing so, it aims to restore forest cover, mitigate environmental challenges such as land degradation, and promote long-term ecological and socio-economic sustainability. The technology includes key components such as solar panels, water pumps (submersible), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes, water reservoirs, and saplings. Additionally, it requires labor, technical assistance, capacity-building programs, and construction materials for its establishment and maintenance.
The benefits of this technology are substantial. It has successfully irrigated previously barren land, achieving an impressive 85% survival rate for the saplings that were planted in the plot, while preventing land degradation and improving soil health. Without this technology, survival rates would drop to zero due to the arid conditions. Furthermore, the project has enhanced the capacities of local farmers/community members, enabling them to replicate and demonstrate the technology within their community. This has fostered a sense of ownership and empowerment among land users.
Land users have expressed both appreciation and concerns regarding the technology. On the positive side, they value its efficiency and reliability, as the solar panels provide a consistent water supply, especially during the hot/sunny season, leading to increased greenery and healthier trees. The cost-effectiveness of solar energy, with its low operational costs compared to traditional diesel pumps, has also been a significant advantage. Additionally, the environmentally friendly nature of the technology aligns with their desire for sustainable practices. The capacity-building programs provided by organizations like FAO have further empowered users to manage the system effectively.
However, some challenges have been noted. The initial investment costs for purchasing, installing and construction of the technology are high, making it difficult for smallholder farmers to replicate. Technical issues, such as inverter failures or battery malfunctions during extreme weather conditions (e.g., cloudy weather), can disrupt operations. Additionally, not all community members are equally informed about the technology’s benefits, highlighting the need for increased outreach and engagement efforts to ensure broader adoption and understanding.
In summary, this solar-powered irrigation technology represents a groundbreaking innovation in the area, combining clean energy with sustainable land management practices. While it has demonstrated significant environmental and agricultural benefits, addressing the challenges of initial costs, technical reliability, and community engagement will be crucial for its long-term success and scalability.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.4 Vidéos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Indiquez l'année de mise en œuvre:

2022

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

GEF-06 Community based Sustainable Land and Forest Management in Afghanistan

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• améliorer la production
• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées
• s'adapter au changement et aux extrêmes climatiques et à leurs impacts
• créer un impact économique positif

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Les divers types d'utilisation des terres au sein du même unité de terrain: :

Oui

Précisez l'utilisation mixte des terres (cultures/ pâturages/ arbres):

• Agroforesterie

3.3 Est-ce que l’utilisation des terres a changé en raison de la mise en œuvre de la Technologie ?

Est-ce que l’utilisation des terres a changé en raison de la mise en œuvre de la Technologie ?

• Oui (Veuillez remplir les questions ci-après au regard de l’utilisation des terres avant la mise en œuvre de la Technologie)

Les divers types d'utilisation des terres au sein du même unité de terrain: :

Non

Commentaires:

5 decades ago the area was a forest, but due to war, smuggling and drought the area become barren land.

3.4 Approvisionnement en eau

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• mixte: pluvial-irrigué

Commentaires:

The saplings planted in the area have been supplementary irrigated. Prior to the implementation of this technology, the land was barren, and seasonal rains led to soil erosion.

3.5 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• gestion des plantations forestières
• Amélioration de la couverture végétale/ du sol
• technologies d'efficacité énergétique

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

The project has successfully implemented afforestation by planting forest trees and promoting agroforestry through the cultivation of fruit trees. To improve irrigation management, the project installed a 1-inch underground pipeline system with connected taps, enabling the attachment of flexible hoses. This efficient setup ensures optimal watering of saplings while significantly reducing water waste. By implementing this approach, the project has enhanced vegetative cover and successfully planted approximately 32,000 saplings. Additionally, the project constructed 14 rotating mounting structures for solar panels, installed 134 solar panels, established pipe schemes for manual irrigation of saplings, and constructed 6 water reservoirs with different capacities. The integration of trees at optimal spacing, combined with regular cultural practices, has further supported the project's goals.

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

The planting pits are specially designed for planting of saplings. Additionally, farmers construct small barriers near plants (eye-brows and trenches), known as micro-catchments, to collect and retain water. It is important to note that these micro-catchments are distinct structures, separate from pits and reservoirs, and are specifically built to support water retention for plants. The enhanced vegetation cover and the establishment of micro-catchments for water collection significantly reduce soil erosion. Soil improvement and enrichment, as well as habitat enhancement, are supported through these practices. Additionally, they contribute to groundwater recharge and help control runoff.

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• prévenir la dégradation des terres
• restaurer/ réhabiliter des terres sévèrement dégradées

Commentaires:

The human-induced causes of land degradation include deforestation, overgrazing of livestock, and unsustainable agricultural practices. In response, following the implementation of a specific technology, local communities established regulations rooted in their customs and traditions to protect the site, which is quarantined for five years. These regulations prohibit herders from grazing animals, cutting trees, engaging in unsustainable agricultural practices, and uprooting bushes for fuelwood. Additionally, the community has constructed rainwater harvesting structures, such as eyebrows and trenches, across the site to address natural causes of land degradation through runoff by enhancing water infiltration. As a result, the site is now effectively protected from both human-induced and natural land degradation.

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Spécifiez la manière dont les coûts et les intrants ont été calculés:

• par superficie de la Technologie

Indiquez la monnaie utilisée pour le calcul des coûts:

• dollars américains

4.3 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Calendrier des activités (saisonnier)
1.	Awareness and mobilization of the community	Aug-2021
2.	Survey and site selection followed by feasibility study	Sep to Oct-2021
3.	Stakeholder consultation	Aug-2021 till Sep-2022
4.	Preparation of technical design, drawings, and Bill of Quantities (BoQ).	Nov to Dec-2021
5.	Initiation of procurement process for required tools and equipment	Jan to Feb-2022
6.	Excavation and construction of water reservoirs, setting up pipe system and installation of solar panels for irrigation.	Mar to Sep-2022
7.	Capacity building of the target communities	Aug- 2021 till date
8.	Practical interventions: production or purchase of saplings, digging planting pits, transplatation and irrigation of saplings and establishment of micro-catchments	Feb to Mar-2023

Commentaires:

The awareness-raising session on Sustainable Land Management (SLM) and Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) was successfully held to improve understanding of land and forest management practices and conservation efforts. Community members were actively mobilized to support the project, aiding in the completion of construction and installation work.

4.4 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Unskilled labor for planting of saplings	Man/day	450,0	5,0	2250,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Skilled labor for installation of irrigation system and constuction of reservoirs	Man/day	50,0	10,0	500,0
Equipements	Water Pump 2 inch - 10HP/7500w	Number	4,0	450,0	1800,0
Equipements	Solar Panel minimum size 400W and 270W	Number	132,0	82,0	10824,0
Equipements	DC to AC Inverter 7.5-11KW	Number	4,0	450,0	1800,0
Equipements	Polyethylene Pipes 2 Inch and 1.5 Inch with all elbows, joints, connectors and valves after 30 meter for both sides to connect pipes.	Meter	4300,0	2,75	11825,0
Equipements	Rotating PV panels mounting structure (manual)	Number	28,0	270,0	7560,0
Equipements	DC and AC current wire	Meter	1800,0	2,5	4500,0
Equipements	Distribution board	Number	2,0	70,0	140,0
Equipements	Flexon 1 inch rubberize pipes	Meter	5500,0	1,4	7700,0
Matériel végétal	Saplings procured & transported	Sapling	32000,0	0,775	24800,0
Matériel végétal	Planting tools	lump sum	1,0	500,0	500,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	Organic fertilizers for transplanted saplings added through community	Kg	16000,0	0,1	1600,0	100,0
Matériaux de construction	Ssix (6) reservoirs constructed by a construction company (cement, stone, sand excavation and etc..	lump sum	1,0	35000,0	35000,0
Autre	Patrolling, irrigating and quarantine of the site	lump sum	1,0	1000,0	1000,0	100,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					111799,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD)					111799,0

Si le coût n'est pas pris en charge à 100% par l'exploitant des terres, indiquez qui a financé le coût restant:

The remining cost were covered by the project.

Commentaires:

The first two 2-inch submersible pumps draw water from the river to supply the first reservoir. From there, two additional 2-inch submersible pumps transfer water from the first reservoir to the central reservoir. The water then flows to the other four reservoirs through gravity.

4.5 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Cleaning of sedimentation of reservoirs	Spring/annually
2.	Patrolling	All seasons/regular
3.	Repairing solar system & water pump (submersible)	Ad hoc /Annually
4.	Plot maintenance (Pest-diseases control, mulching, weeding,).	Spring & Automn/annually
5.	Replacement of failed saplings	Feb/two times (1st & 2nd year)
6.	Repairing micro-catchments	Spring/annually

4.6 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Labor for cleaning of sedimentation of reservoirs	Man/day	60,0	5,0	300,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Labor for patrolling	Man/day	360,0	5,0	1800,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Labor for repairing micro-catchments	Man/day	20,0	5,0	100,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Manage the solar system operations	Man/day	360,0	2,77	997,2	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Labor for weeding and mulching	Man/day	30,0	5,0	150,0	100,0
Equipements	Pump submersible, PVC pipe, fittings	lumpsum	3,0	500,0	1500,0	100,0
Equipements	Shovels	lumpsum	1,0	140,0	140,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	saplings	Sapling	2000,0	0,6	1200,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	Organic fertilizers (cows dungs)	Kg	16000,0	0,1	1600,0	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					7787,2
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD)					7787,2

Commentaires:

The community has hired an individual to manage the solar system operations. This person is responsible for both operating the solar system for lifting water and overseeing the distribution of water for irrigation purposes among community members.

4.7 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

All equipement is imported and of high cost.
Natural hazards, floods and windstorms will increase the costs of repairs and replacement

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Indiquez si la Technologie est spécifiquement appliquée dans des:

• situations concaves

5.3 Sols

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

La salinité de l'eau est-elle un problème? :

Non

La zone est-elle inondée?

Oui

Régularité:

fréquemment

5.5 Biodiversité

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres utilisées par les exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• communauté/ village
• individu, avec titre de propriété

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• communautaire (organisé)
• individuel

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• communautaire (organisé)
• individuel

Est-ce que les droits d'utilisation des terres sont fondés sur un système juridique traditionnel?

Oui

Précisez:

In Afghanistan, the traditional land use system involves the equitable distribution of deserts and barren land among the local residents. The decisions made by the elders are respected and adhered to by all members of the community.

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

Réduction des risques de catastrophe et des risques climatiques

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Augmentation ou diminution	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		augmente	modérément
précipitations annuelles		augmente	modérément
précipitations saisonnières	printemps	augmente	modérément

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes météorologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
tempête de vent locale	modérément

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• 1-10%

De tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle, ou aucune rémunération? :

• 0-10%

Commentaires:

The community economic condition is not good. So, without receiving incentives they are not able to adopt such technology easily.

6.6 Adaptation

La Technologie a-t-elle été récemment modifiée pour s'adapter à l'évolution des conditions?

Non

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
Improved water availability with minimized fuel cost and decreased pollution as well as minimum operational cost
Opportunities/ potential for upscaling of the technology
Use of clean energy to contribute to mitigate climate change
Reduce greenhouse emission through carbon sequestration

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
The technology is very efficient and can be adopted by land users. Also it helps in promoting clean energy and hence reducing greenhouse emission also through carbon sequestration. It contributes to adaptation tp climate change.
The area has been successfully afforested, restoring its natural beauty and original landscape.
The vegetation cover on the previously degraded land has been significantly enhanced.
This technology with its approach for implementation represents an effective solution for the restoration of degraded soils.

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Inadequate maintenance and repair services of the technology	Linkage to the service provider and maintenance services. National wide technology transfer
Solar water lifting relies on fully sunny days for operation, which can sometimes be a limitation, especially when weather conditions are cloudy or during periods of low sunlight. This can result in insufficient water being lifted to meet the irrigation needs of the site.	Backup charging system/battery system

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Solar water lifting depends on sunny days for operation, which can sometimes fall short of meeting irrigation needs during cloudy periods.	Combining solar power with backup energy (like batteries or grid connection)

7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information