វិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ

Participatory Grassland and Rangeland Assessment (PRAGA) [ប្រទេសហ្សកហ្ស៊ី]

ការបង្កើត៖ 29 មិថុនា 2025, 18:41
បច្ចុប្បន្នភាព 15 ធ្នូ 2025, 12:17
អ្នកចងក្រង៖ Nicholas Euan Sharpe
អ្នកកែសម្រួល៖ –
អ្នកត្រួតពិនិត្យច្រើនទៀត៖ William Critchley, Rima Mekdaschi Studer

საძოვრებისა და მდელოების თანამონაწილეობითი შეფასება

approaches_7570 - ប្រទេសហ្សកហ្ស៊ី

ពិនិត្យមើលគ្រប់ផ្នែក

ពង្រីកមើលទាំងអស់

ភាពពេញលេញ៖ 94%

1. ព័ត៌មានទូទៅ

1.2 ព័ត៌មានលម្អិតពីបុគ្គលសំខាន់ៗ និងស្ថាប័នដែលចូលរួមក្នុងការវាយតម្លៃ និងចងក្រងឯកសារនៃវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ

បុគ្គលសំខាន់ម្នាក់ (ច្រើននាក់)

Project partners, land users, stakeholders of GCP/GEO/006/GFF, Regional Environmental Centre for the Caucasus (REC Caucasus) as article developer:

Nicholas Euan Sharpe

ឈ្មោះគម្រោងដែលបានចងក្រងឯកសារ/ វាយតម្លៃលើវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ (បើទាក់ទង)

Achieving Land Degradation Neutrality Targets of Georgia through Restoration and Sustainable Management of Degraded Pasturelands (GCP/GEO/006/GFF)

ឈ្មោះអង្គភាពមួយ (ច្រើន) ដែលបានចងក្រងឯកសារ/ វាយតម្លៃលើវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ (បើទាក់ទង)

Regional Environmental Centre for the Caucasus (REC Caucasus) - ប្រទេសហ្សកហ្ស៊ី

1.3 លក្ខខណ្ឌទាក់ទងទៅនឹងការប្រើប្រាស់ទិន្នន័យដែលបានចងក្រងតាមរយៈវ៉ូខេត

តើពេលណាដែលទិន្នន័យបានចងក្រង (នៅទីវាល)?

2019/2024

អ្នកចងក្រង និង(បុគ្គលសំខាន់ៗ)យល់ព្រមទទួលយកនូវលក្ខខណ្ឌនានាទាក់ទងទៅនឹងការប្រើប្រាស់ទិន្នន័យដែលបានចងក្រងតាមរយៈ វ៉ូខេត:

បាទ/ចា៎

2. ការពណ៌នាអំពីវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ SLM

2.1 ពណ៌នាសង្ខេបខ្លីពីវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ

The Participatory Rangelands and Grasslands Assessment Methodology (PRAGA) is a rapid, cost-effective framework for the integrated assessment of rangeland ecosystems, incorporating diverse data sources and participatory approaches. PRAGA facilitates stakeholder engagement through consultations and workshops, underpinned by community-based mapping of grazing areas, land use dynamics, and trend analyses.

2.2 ពណ៌នាលម្អិតពិវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ

ពណ៌នាលម្អិតពិវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ:

The PRAGA methodology is structured around three primary sources of information: (a) stakeholder inputs from Focus Group Discussions, Key Informant Interviews, and participatory mapping exercises; (b) field-based ecological and land-use surveys; and (c) remote sensing data (see: https://www.fao.org/family-farming/detail/en/c/1731318/). These are complemented by national topographic and thematic maps, cadastral records and land tenure documentation. In this project, the assessment outputs were integrated into an interactive, web-based platform, enabling users to visualize, manipulate, and analyse datasets related to land degradation (LD) and productivity dynamics. The tool accommodated a broad spectrum of stakeholder needs, facilitating decision-making across multiple scales and sectors.
The primary objective of PRAGA is to map spatial and temporal trends in ecological condition and LD, incorporating the knowledge, perceptions, and observations of local land users. Integrating such insights with biophysical data ensures that assessments reflect both ecological realities and stakeholder perspectives. After synthesis, this provides a decision-support tool for a broad range of stakeholders. Actions are guided by the LD response hierarchy—Avoid > Reduce > Reverse—with prioritization given to "Avoid" and "Reduce". This framework helps provide an optimal mix of actions, supporting the goal of land degradation neutrality (LDN) while ensuring no net loss of ecosystem function.
For Georgia, the methodology was adapted to the specific context, and the priorities of national and local stakeholders. These adaptations were implemented within the project “Achieving Land Degradation Neutrality Targets of Georgia through Restoration and Sustainable Management of Degraded Pasturelands (MSP),” which aimed to support Georgia in meeting its LDN targets through the restoration and sustainable management of degraded pasture ecosystems.
Implementation followed a specifically developed stepwise manual. This focused on capacity building for the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Agriculture of Georgia (MEPA), enabling them to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of decision-making processes within the project-developed Municipal Pasture Planning (MPP) approach.
Stakeholder engagement included a broad spectrum of actors: pasture users, representatives from national, municipal, and town-level administrations, technical staff, NGOs, conservation organizations, and neighbouring communities. All participants played an active role by contributing qualitative insights and field-based observations related to: a) the current condition of pastures, b) observed ecological changes and pasture evolution, c) the extent and severity of land degradation, including the mapping of both high-quality and degraded areas, d) perceived impacts of management practices on landscape health, e) recommendations for actions needed to conserve or improve rangeland conditions and f) identification of context-specific indicators to capture ecological and productivity trends.
Pastureland users have long expressed concern over the decline in quality and extent of communally managed grasslands. Their familiarity with the landscape enables them to accurately identify and map areas affected by degradation. This project empowered local communities and national stakeholders to define and prioritize context-specific indicators of land health and degradation. The resulting information was provided to the Municipal Pasture Working Groups, serving as a critical platform for articulating priorities and guiding public investment decisions aimed at combating land degradation. Given the history and pastoral resources currently found in Georgia’s rural areas, the project piloted the use of a Controlled Grazing technology as a means to more efficiently utilise grazing and animal impact as a tool to conserve and restore pasturelands and biodiversity at scale. PRAGA is well suited to serve as a feedback loop to determine trends and achievement towards these goals.

2.3 រូបភាពនៃវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ

វិចិត្រសាលប្រព័ន្ធផ្សព្វផ្សាយ

កំណត់សំគាល់ទូទៅរបស់រូបថត:

Stakeholder inputs not only enhanced the interpretation of remote sensing data but also fostered greater local engagement with land conditions through the participatory framework of the PRAGA methodology. This approach provided a platform for diverse stakeholder groups and land users to communicate priorities and observed trends, thereby strengthening collective investment in sustainable land management.

2.5 ប្រទេស/តំបន់/ទីតាំងកន្លែង ដែលវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយត្រូវបានអនុវត្តន៍

ប្រទេស:

ប្រទេសហ្សកហ្ស៊ី

តំបន់/រដ្ឋ/ខេត្ត:

Dmanisi, Gurjaani and Kazbegi Municipalities

បញ្ជាក់បន្ថែមពីលក្ខណៈនៃទីតាំង:

Ganakleba, Naniani, Sno

មតិយោបល់:

The project developed an adapted PRAGA methodology through a collaborative process involving the Georgian Ministry of Environmental Protection and Agriculture (MEPA), relevant NGOs, and national experts. A stepwise manual was produced to guide the application of the approach at the municipal level in the three pilot sites of Dmanisi, Gurjaani, and Kazbegi. The resulting datasets were integrated into an online platform built on the Trends.Earth framework, enabling multi-layered visualization and analysis of land degradation and ecological trends. The PRAGA assessment reports generated through this process are designed to support evidence-based decision-making within participatory Municipal Pasture Planning (MPP) approach established by the project, thereby facilitating direct engagement between land users and local authorities across the three municipalities.

2.6 កាលបរិច្ឆេទនៃការចាប់ផ្តើម និងបញ្ចប់នៃវិធីសាស្រ្តផ្សព្វផ្សាយនេះ

សូមបញ្ជាក់ឆ្នាំដែលបានបង្កើតឡើង:

2019

ឆ្នាំបញ្ចប់ (ប្រសិនបើវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយត្រូវបានឈប់ប្រើប្រាស់):

2025

មតិយោបល់:

The baselines were established in 2019, with stakeholder workshops and development of the adapted methodology which culminated in the stepwise manual. The manual was trialled in the 3 participant Municipalities in 2024 and 2025, with field surveys being conducted annually.

2.7 ប្រភេទនៃវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ

ផ្អែកលើគម្រោង/កម្មវិធី

2.8 គោលបំណង/ទិសដៅសំខាន់នៃវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ

The approach functions as a participatory baselining and monitoring system designed to quantify ecological health and land degradation by measuring the three United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Indicator 15.3.1 components: land cover change, land productivity (via Net Primary Production), and carbon stocks (through Soil Organic Carbon assessment). It also incorporates supplementary national and sub-national indicators as indicated in the Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) Conceptual Framework. The resulting data is institutionally integrated with Municipal Pasture Planning approach and disseminated to community-level actors implementing Controlled Grazing and other Sustainable Land Management (SLM) practices. Consequently, this system operates as an information feedback loop within a broader LDN response mechanism. If scaled nationally across all Georgian municipalities, it has the potential to serve as the official LDN Target monitoring and reporting framework, linking ground-level observations and interventions with municipal budgeting processes and enabling prioritised, stakeholder-supported investments to expand nature-based solutions.

Further details can be found in the referenced articles at the end of this document.

2.9 លក្ខខណ្ឌអនុញ្ញាត ឬរារាំងការអនុវត្តន៍បច្ចេកទេសដែលស្ថិតនៅក្រោមវិធីសាស្រ្តផ្សព្វផ្សាយ

សង្គម/វប្បធម៌/ និងតម្លៃនៃសាសនា

អំណោយផល

From both cultural and management perspectives, rural Georgians maintain a strong connection to their landscape and possess valuable knowledge of ecological processes and land degradation. The PRAGA methodology integrates this local insight by incorporating their perspectives on ecological dynamics, natural capital, and context-specific indicators to effectively monitor environmental change and degradation.

ភាពអាចរកបាននៃធនធានហិរញ្ញវត្ថុ និងសេវាកម្ម

អំណោយផល

Over the past 15 years, Georgia’s decentralization reforms have increased local governments’ access to financial resources, mainly through shared VAT revenues, more control over municipal property, and expanded local fees. These changes have improved the ability of many municipalities to plan budgets and provide services, though results vary widely by region.

រារាំង

Local governments in Georgia still depend heavily on central transfers, face unequal administrative capacity, and often lack the technical or financial expertise needed to fully manage newly devolved powers. Political reversals, slow implementation of promised reforms, and inconsistencies in transferring property and competencies have further hindered the decentralization process.

បរិបទនៃស្ថាប័ន

អំណោយផល

Georgia’s legal framework for local self-government gives municipalities formal responsibilities over land use and environmental management, which supports the creation of a land-degradation monitoring system. Recent decentralization reforms and increased municipal revenues provide a stronger resource base for building such capabilities. In addition, Georgia’s national environmental reporting obligations and expanding digital tools create opportunities for municipalities to integrate into broader, data-driven monitoring structures.

រារាំង

Many municipalities still lack the funding, technical capacity, and skilled staff needed to operate a robust land-degradation monitoring system. Responsibilities for land and natural resources remain fragmented across national agencies, making data access and coordination difficult. Political centralization and uneven municipal capabilities further limit long-term, locally driven environmental monitoring efforts.

ការសហការ/ការសម្របសម្រួលតួអង្គពាក់ព័ន្ធ

អំណោយផល

Georgia has formal coordination mechanisms—such as inter-ministerial councils and the Climate Change Council—that bring central ministries and municipalities into shared decision-making processes. Ongoing decentralization and UNDP-supported governance reforms have strengthened institutional linkages and improved communication between government levels. Expanding digital systems and data platforms further support smoother information sharing, which helps agencies coordinate more effectively across sectors and jurisdictions.

រារាំង

Interagency collaboration in Georgia is weakened by the temporary nature of many coordination bodies, which limits consistency and long-term cooperation. Local governments often lack the technical capacity and resources needed to participate effectively in complex national initiatives. Fragmented responsibilities across ministries and persistent centralization trends further complicate data sharing, decision-making, and coherent policy implementation.

ក្របខណ្ឌច្បាប់ (សិទ្ធិកាន់កាប់ដីធ្លី កម្មសិទ្ធីប្រើប្រាស់ដីនិងទឹក)

អំណោយផល

When implemented correctly, the PRAGA approach is non-invasive, nor does it depend on classified remote sensing data. Prior to any field sampling, appropriate access rights must be secured. Stakeholder engagements and participatory mapping exercises were conducted by experienced facilitators, with assurances of fair and equitable treatment upheld by the project’s implementing partners.

គោលនយោបាយ

អំណោយផល

The Ministry of Environmental Protection and Agriculture of Georgia (MEPA) — together with national and international experts and key stakeholders — has developed the National Policy Concept for Sustainable Pasture Management, laying out a comprehensive framework for pasture identification, zoning, classification and sustainable use, including common-use regimes, leasing arrangements, and regulated grazing. This policy concept is being formulated under the “Achieving Land Degradation Neutrality” project, supported by the FAO, REC Caucasus and CENN. The concept serves as the basis for a draft Law on Pasture Management, currently under discussion as of mid-2024, which aims to formalize pasture management regimes, protect biodiversity, prevent degradation, and support livestock-based livelihoods. The process signals that the Georgian Government is actively establishing a policy and legal environment intended to safeguard Georgian grasslands and uphold their associated livelihoods and heritage.

អភិបាលកិច្ចដី (ការសម្រេចចិត្ត ការអនុវត្ត និងការរឹតបន្តឹង)

អំណោយផល

Developing the National Pastureland Management Policy Concept and the forthcoming Law on Pasture Management will significantly clarify land rights, responsibilities, and access arrangements for Georgia’s pasture users. It would strengthen coordination among national and municipal institutions, establish evidence-based pasture planning, and improve transparency through better data and mapping systems. These reforms would reduce land-use conflicts, enhance accountability, and support sustainable livestock-based livelihoods. Overall, they would shift land governance toward a more coherent, transparent, and environmentally grounded system that protects both ecosystems and rural communities.

រារាំង

Current land governance in Georgia limits proper land management because it is fragmented, poorly coordinated, and weakly grounded in ecological data. Unclear tenure, incomplete monitoring systems, and weak enforcement create conditions where pasture degradation can proceed unchecked, making it difficult to achieve land degradation neutrality or evidence-based ecological management.

ចំណេះដឹងស្តីពី SLM និងការទទួលបានការគាំទ្រផ្នែកបច្ចេកទេស

រារាំង

The implementation of PRAGA requires a team of well-trained specialists, typically coordinated by a well-resourced organization, often in partnership with government or official agencies, to oversee data collection, analysis, and reporting. This multidisciplinary team would generally include botanists or ecological monitoring experts, remote sensing analysts, statisticians, and professional facilitators. Certain components, such as laboratory analysis of soil samples and graphic design for publications, may require outsourcing to external service providers.

ទំហំការងារ ភាពអាចរកបាននៃកម្លាំងពលកម្ម

អំណោយផល

The analyses required by PRAGA are straightforward and replicable by most professionals within their respective fields.

ផ្សេងៗ

រារាំង

Collecting data on the scale and intensity of land degradation is inherently valuable for guiding decision-makers in navigating complex environmental and socio-economic contexts. However, publicly mapping land degradation can be politically sensitive, as it may expose contested land use issues or governance challenges. Such sensitivities can impede the adoption and implementation of land degradation mapping protocols and associated management interventions.

3. ការចូលរួម និងតួនាទីរបស់ភាគីពាក់ព័ន្ធ

3.1 អ្នកពាក់ព័ន្ធដែលបានចូលរួមក្នុងវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ និងតួនាទីរបស់ពួកគេ

អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីក្នុងតំបន់/សហគមន៍

Pasture and grassland users (private, de jure and de facto tenure situations), local livestock owners and producers, local villagers

Define the state of degradation of land, define contextually relevant indicators for determining land degradation, participate in mapping sessions and locate areas on maps, participate in monitoring feedback sessions as required in the Municipal Pasture Planning.

អង្គការសហគមន៍មូលដ្ឋាន

Community resource management groups and/or conservation groups, special interest groups, both formal and informal

អ្នកឯកទេសគ្រប់គ្រងដីប្រកបដោយចីរភាព/ទីប្រឹក្សាបច្ចេកទេសកសិកម្ម

Ministerial and Governmental Agencies, Agricultural Extension Workers, Land Management specialist

អ្នកស្រាវជ្រាវ

Academic and State-funded research institutions

Define the state of degradation of land, define contextually relevant indicators for determining land degradation, speak to ecological trends and data layers of interest that could be incorporated into remote sensing requirements

អង្គការក្រៅរដ្ឋាភិបាល

National and regional NGO

Define the state of degradation of land, define contextually relevant indicators for determining land degradation, provide support to PRAGA sponsored events and outreach programmes to ensure all relevant stakeholders can participate and have their voice shared.

វិស័យឯកជន

Private sector livestock producers, livestock sector and value chain representatives

Define the state of degradation of land, define contextually relevant indicators for determining land degradation, review PRAGA reports and analyse how their decisions affect land management processes within their local product value sheds.

រដ្ឋាភិបាលថ្នាក់មូលដ្ឋាន

Local administrations and officials

Define the state of degradation of land, define contextually relevant indicators for determining land degradation, review PRAGA reports and analyse how their policies affect land management processes within their mandated boundaries. Actively organise and participate in monitoring feedback sessions as required in the Municipal Pasture Planning.

រដ្ឋាភិបាលថ្នាក់ជាតិ (អ្នករៀបចំផែនការ អ្នកសម្រេចចិត្ត)

Ministry of Environmental Protection and Agriculture of Georgia, State Agency on Land Sustainable Management and Land Use monitoring (NASLM)

Funding and supervision of the implementation of the Participatory Assessment of Land Degradation and Sustainable Land Management in Grasslands and Pastoral Systems (PRAGA), in addition to the publication the results to support Municipal Pastureland Planning sessions. Maintain online tools for reviewing PRAGA data if deemed useful, or explore alternative platforms to share and engage the public on this information and Georgia’s progress toward Land Degradation Neutrality.

ប្រសិនមានភាគីពាក់ព័ន្ធច្រើនចូលរួមសូមចង្អុលបង្ហាញភ្នាក់ងារដែលនាំមុខគេ:

Ministry of Environmental Protection and Agriculture of Georgia

3.2 ការចូលរួមរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីក្នុងតំបន់/ សហគមន៍ក្នុងតំបន់ក្នុងដំណាក់កាលផ្សេងគ្នានៃវិធីសាស្រ្តផ្សព្វផ្សាយ

	ការចូលរួមរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីក្នុងតំបន់/សហគមន៍ក្នុងតំបន់	សូមបញ្ជាក់នរណាត្រូវបានចូលរួម ព្រមទាំងពណ៌នាសកម្មភាពទាំងនោះ
ការចាប់ផ្តើម/ការលើកទឹកចិត្ត	អន្តរកម្ម	Both de jure and de facto users of communally managed grasslands demonstrated strong concern and actively voiced their observations regarding land degradation processes affecting Georgian pastures. The PRAGA methodology effectively captures these local insights, integrating them into a participatory monitoring system that informs decision-making at local, regional, and national levels. This system is specifically designed to support the monitoring of Georgia’s Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) targets related to grasslands.
ការរៀបចំផែនការ	អន្តរកម្ម	The PRAGA methodology utilizes participatory mapping and facilitated stakeholder interventions to identify hotspots of land degradation as well as areas of high biodiversity value and sustainable land management (SLM). This locally sourced information is crucial for guiding field monitoring efforts and calibrating remote sensing analyses.
ការអនុវត្តន៍	ការគាំទ្រពីខាងក្រៅ	Implementation and funding of the PRAGA approach are generally provided by projects or government agencies. Given the scale of the methodology—particularly the remote sensing component—as demonstrated in the Georgian case, it is unlikely that a community would benefit from implementing PRAGA independently using its own resources. For community-level monitoring, other tools and protocols better suited to smaller scales are typically more appropriate.
ការត្រួតពិនិត្យ និងវាយតម្លៃ	អន្តរកម្ម	In Georgia, the PRAGA methodology was integrated as the monitoring and evaluation component of a broader Decision Support System (DSS) designed to underpin local pasture-level planning and municipal pasture planning protocols. Local land users, being the most intimately connected to the landscape, are well positioned to implement Sustainable Land Management (SLM) practices that address degradation identified through PRAGA’s participatory approach. If scaled nationally, this DSS could establish a comprehensive linkage between grassroots stakeholders and ministerial authorities, fostering coordinated land degradation management across all levels.

3.3 គំនូសបំព្រួញ (ប្រសិនបើមាន)

ការពណ៌នា:

Simplified overview of how PRAGA (or other LDN/land based monitoring systems) information supports the application of the LDN Conceptual Framework and how these results link to planning process and application of selected SLM technologies, such as Controlled Grazing (Regional Environmental Centre for the Caucasus, 2025).

3.4 ការសម្រេចចិត្តលើការជ្រើសរើសបច្ចេកទេស SLM

សូមបញ្ជាក់តើអ្នកណាជាអ្នកបានសម្រេចចិត្តក្នុងការជ្រើសរើសបច្ចេកទេសដើម្បីយកមកអនុវត្តន៍:

គ្រប់ភាគីពាក់ព័ន្ធទាំងអស់ដែលជាផ្នែកនៃវិធីសាស្រ្តផ្សព្វផ្សាយដោយមានការចូលរួម

ចូរពន្យល់:

PRAGA is a monitoring tool and supports the correct application of Controlled Grazing and other SLM technologies or practices, by providing data on soil surface conditions and pasture health and productivity.

សូមបញ្ជាក់ តើការសម្រេចធ្វើឡើងដោយផ្អែកលើអ្វីជាមូលដ្ឋាន:

វាយតម្លៃទៅលើចំណេះដឹងស្តីអំពី SLM ដែលបានចងក្រងជាឯកសារបានត្រឹមត្រូវ (ផ្អែកលើភស្តុតាងជាមូលដ្ឋានដើម្បីសម្រេចចិត្ត)
បទពិសោធន៍ និងគំនិតផ្ទាល់ខ្លួន(ពុំមានចងក្រងជាឯកសារ)

Results from PRAGA application at pasture unit and Municipal scales

4. ជំនួយបច្ចេកទេស ការកសាងសមត្ថភាព និងការគ្រប់គ្រងចំណេះដឹង

4.1 ការកសាងសមត្ថភាព/ បណ្តុះបណ្តាល

តើវគ្គបណ្តុះបណ្តាលបានផ្តល់ឱ្យអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី/អ្នកពាក់ព័ន្ធផ្សេងៗទៀតដែរឬទេ?

បាទ/ចា៎

សូមបញ្ជាក់តើអ្នកណាត្រូវបានបណ្តុះបណ្តាល:

អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
បុគ្គលិកចុះទីវាល/អ្នកផ្តល់ប្រឹក្សាយោបល់

State Agency on Land Sustainable Management and Land Use monitoring (NASLM).

ប្រសិនទាក់ទង សូមបញ្ជាក់ ភេទ អាយុ ស្ថានភាពគ្រួសារ ជនជាតិដើមភាគតិច។ល។:

Training was conducted at multiple levels. First, internal sessions were held to brief workstream team leaders and technicians in the State Agency on Land Sustainable Management and Land Use monitoring (NASLM) about the technical and methodological requirements of PRAGA. These included calibration exercises for the field survey process and detailed discussions with GIS specialists on the selection and integration of data layers into the Trends.Earth platform. Second, targeted training was provided to facilitators responsible for leading stakeholder monitoring and evaluation sessions, with a focus on PRAGA’s specific mapping requirements.

Additionally, stakeholders received an introductory session on participatory mapping and the overall objectives of the PRAGA methodology. This session outlined how participatory mapping is used to identify areas of land degradation, biodiversity hotspots, SLM practices, and the intensity of land use and degradation across mapped areas.

ទម្រង់នៃការបណ្តុះបណ្តាល:

អនុវត្តន៍ជាមួយការងារ
វគ្គបណ្តុះបណ្តាល

ទម្រង់នៃការបណ្តុះបណ្តាល:

Specialised sessions and workshops

ប្រធានបទបណ្តុះបណ្តាល:

Training Focus Areas by Stakeholder Group

1. Field Survey Monitors

Site selection protocols

Calibration of survey scoring methods

Data entry procedures using project-specific spreadsheets

2. GIS Experts / State Agency on Land Sustainable Management and Land Use monitoring (NASLM)

GIS requirements aligned with the Good Practice Guidance (GPG) and supported by local datasets and analysis

Integration of participatory mapping outputs and field survey data into spatial analysis workflows

3. PRAGA Facilitators
a) Overview of the PRAGA methodology and its operational framework
b) Techniques for leading effective participatory mapping sessions
c) Processes for data collection, documentation, and reporting

4. Stakeholder Groups (e.g., land users, community representatives, local officials)
a) Introduction to PRAGA and its objectives
b) Role of participatory mapping in identifying land degradation and SLM practices
c) Explanation of LDN indicators and identification of relevant, locally appropriate indicators

មតិយោបល់:

Effective implementation of the PRAGA methodology requires coordination across several distinct workstreams, as well as the capacity to process and translate collected data into user-friendly reports and interactive outputs. These deliverables are essential for supporting the Municipal Pasture Planning approach developed under the GCP/GEO/006/GFF project.

4.2 សេវាផ្តល់ប្រឹក្សាយោបល់

តើអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីបានទទួលនូវសេវាផ្តល់ប្រឹក្សាដែរ ឬទេ?

បាទ/ចា៎

At Municipal offices and events

ពណ៌នា/ពន្យល់:

Georgia's Rural Development Agency (RDA) and Ministry of Environmental Protection and Agriculture of Georgia (MEPA) provide agricultural extension services, while publicly subsidized technical assistance via the State Technical Assistance Program target cooperatives, associations or groups rather than individual smallholders, which may exclude small farms or transhumance herders.

4.3 ការពង្រឹងសមត្ថភាពស្ថាប័ន (ការអភិរឌ្ឍន៍អង្គភាព)

តើស្ថាប័នទាំងអស់ត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើង ឬពង្រឹងសមត្ថភាពតាមរយៈវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយដែរ ឬទេ?

បាទ/ច៎ា បានខ្លាំង

សូមបញ្ជាក់ថាតើស្ថាប័នត្រូវបានពង្រឹង ឬបង្កើតឡើងនៅត្រឹមកម្រិតណា(ច្រើន)?

ថ្នាក់មូលដ្ឋាន
កម្រិតថ្នាក់តំបន់
កម្រិតថ្នាក់ជាតិ

ចូពណ៌នាពីស្ថាប័ន តួនាទី និងទំនួលខុសត្រូវ សមាជិក ។ល។:

Through the PRAGA approach, local pasture users are empowered to voice concerns related to land degradation, invasive species encroachment, and land management practices. They can also spatially identify these issues on maps, providing first-hand insights into the extent, severity, and nature of changes in land health and use. This locally sourced information is systematically captured and integrated into ongoing assessment and monitoring feedback loops.

At the municipal level, local experts and administrators contribute additional knowledge on land use drivers and emerging trends, which are also mapped to ensure alignment with stakeholder perspectives.

At the National level, institution strengthening was achieved through a series of trainings to the NASLM specialists in order to strengthen NASLM capacity to support implementation of UNCCD requirements set out in the LDN principles and LDN oriented sustainable land management.

These participatory inputs are then compared and analysed alongside remote sensing data and field survey results. The combined findings are synthesized into a municipal-scale report, which can be visualized through an interactive online mapping tool based on Trends.Earth. This tool supports evidence-based decision-making within the Municipal Pasture Planning sessions.

សូមបញ្ជាក់ប្រភេទនៃការគាំទ្រ:

ការកសាងសមត្ថភាព/ បណ្តុះបណ្តាល

សូមផ្តល់ព័ត៌មានបន្ថែមទៀតឱ្យបានលម្អិត:

PRAGA requires investment in funding, training, and equipment; however, it remains a cost- and resource-efficient approach for monitoring land health trends across areas of up to 500,000 hectares. It is considered most effective for landscapes ranging between 5,000 and 120,000 hectares in size.

4.4 ការត្រួតពិនិត្យ និងវាយតម្លៃ

តើការត្រួតពិនិត្យ និងវាយតម្លៃគឺជាផ្នែកមួយនៃវិធីសាស្ត្រដែរឬទេ?

បាទ/ចា៎

មតិយោបល់:

This adapted PRAGA approach serves as the monitoring and reporting component within a broader planning and management framework designed to support the Sustainable Land Management (SLM) technology of Controlled Grazing. The overarching objective is to leverage Georgia’s livestock sector to contribute to the achievement of the country’s Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) targets and support the restoration of degraded grasslands. The data collected and analysed through PRAGA is compiled into detailed reports and delivered to the Municipal Pasture Working Groups established under the project “Achieving Land Degradation Neutrality Targets of Georgia through Restoration and Sustainable Management of Degraded Pasturelands” (GCP/GEO/006/GFF).

ប្រសិន បាទ/ច៎ា តើឯកសារនេះបានបង្កើតឡើងក្នុងគោលបំណងប្រើប្រាស់សម្រាប់ការត្រួតពិនិត្យ និងវាយតម្លៃដែរឬទេ?

បាទ/ចា៎

មតិយោបល់:

Development of WOCAT articles was identified as part of the deliverables for the project 'Achieving Land Degradation Neutrality Targets of Georgia through Restoration and Sustainable Management of Degraded Pasturelands (GCP/GEO/006/GFF)', as a means to contribute lesson learnt and offer methods and approaches that can be adapted to other national contexts.

4.5 ការស្រាវជ្រាវ

តើការស្រាវជ្រាវ គឺជាផ្នែកមួយនៃវិធីសាស្រ្តដែរឬទេ?

ទេ

5. ថវិកា និងសម្ភារៈឧបត្ថម្ភពីខាងក្រៅ

5.1 ថវិកាប្រចាំឆ្នាំសម្រាប់ផ្សព្វផ្សាយ SLM

ប្រសិនបើចំនួនពិតប្រាកដនៃថវិកាប្រចាំឆ្នាំមិនត្រូវបានដឹងច្បាស់ សូមប្រាប់ពីចន្លោះនៃថវិកានោះ:

10,000-100,000

មតិយោបល់ (ឧ. ប្រភពសំខាន់នៃមូលនិធិ/ម្ចាស់ជំនួយចំបង):

Obviously costs range greatly as each context will have very different variables influencing costs. However, small areas of 5,000 ha can have costs of approximately $4.70 USD / ha, and decrease as area increases, with larger sites of above 100,000 ha being monitored or baselined for approximately $0.50 USD / ha.
Cost can also be expected to increase if capacity building and training of field monitors and facilitators is required.

5.2 ការគាំទ្រផ្នែកហិរញ្ញវត្ថុ / សម្ភារៈដែលបានផ្តល់ទៅឱ្យអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី

តើអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីបានទទួលការគាំទ្រផ្នែកហិរញ្ញវត្ថ/សម្ភារៈសម្រាប់ការអនុវត្តន៍បច្ចេកទេសដែរឬទេ:

បាទ/ចា៎

ប្រសិនបាទ/ច៎ា សូមបញ្ជាក់ប្រភេទ(ច្រើន)នៃការគាំទ្រ លក្ខខណ្ឌ និងអ្នកផ្តល់ឱ្យ(ច្រើន):

In the case of the Controlled Grazing technology pilots funded by the GCP/GEO/006/GFF project, a full list of materials and other forms of financial support is detailed and available in the published WOCAT article.

5.3 សូមបញ្ជាក់ពីធាតុចូលត្រូវបានផ្តល់បដិភាគ (រួមទាំងកម្លាំងពលកម្ម)

កម្លាំងពលកម្ម

កម្រិតទំហំប៉ុណ្ណា	សូមបញ្ជាក់ពីការបដិភាគ
ផ្តល់ហិរញ្ញវត្ថុទាំងស្រុង	All field labour, facilitation of PRAGA sessions, GIS expertise and mapping outputs, as well as the development of the online mapping application, were funded by the GCP/GEO/006/GFF project.

សម្ភារៈ

សូមបញ្ជាក់ ធាតុចូលណាខ្លះដែលបានផ្តល់បដិភាគ	កម្រិតទំហំប៉ុណ្ណា	សូមបញ្ជាក់ពីការបដិភាគ


Monitoring field kit	ផ្តល់ហិរញ្ញវត្ថុទាំងស្រុង	Basic field equipment for monitoring was supplied, including GPS, plant identification manuals and off-road vehicles.

មតិយោបល់:

Participatory mapping and map validation workshops involved key stakeholders such as land users, town and municipal administrators, community representatives, and special interest groups. While participants were not compensated for their contributions, food and refreshments were provided during the sessions, funded by the GCP/GEO/006/GFF project.

5.4 ឥណទាន

តើឥណទានដែលបានផ្តល់នៅក្រោមវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយសម្រាប់សកម្មភាព SLM នេះយ៉ាងដូចម្តេច?

ទេ

5.5 ការលើកទឹកចិត្ត ឬវិធីសាស្ត្រដ៏ទៃទៀត

តើមានការលើកទឹកចិត្តផ្សេងទៀត ឬឧបករណ៍ប្រើប្រាស់ដើម្បីលើកកម្ពស់ការអនុវត្តន៍បច្ចេកទេស SLM?

បាទ/ចា៎

បើបាទ/ចា៎ សូមបញ្ជាក់:

Strengthening land tenure rights for land users and communities who demonstrate effective land management—verified through annual PRAGA assessments or other ecological monitoring methods—was a key project deliverable. This was successfully achieved at pilot sites, providing a scalable model for national-level implementation and an additional benefit for participant communities.

6. ការវិភាគរកផលប៉ះពាល់ និងសេចក្តីសន្និដ្ឋាន

6.1 ផលប៉ះពាល់នៃវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ

តើវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយបានផ្តល់សិទ្ធិអំណាចដល់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី ធ្វើឱ្យប្រសើរឡើងនូវការចួលរួមអ្នកពាក់ព័ន្ធ?

ទេ
បាទ/ច៎ា បន្តិចបន្តួច
បាទ/ច៎ា ជាមធ្យម
បាទ/ច៎ា បានខ្លាំង

The majority of Georgia’s grazing lands are state-owned, with land use often occurring under de facto tenure arrangements. Consequently, there are currently no established mechanisms for open dialogue regarding the condition and health of these grasslands or for discussing management needs and solutions to ensure their conservation and the sustainability of the livelihoods they support.

តើវិធីសាស្រ្តផ្សព្វផ្សាយនេះអនុញ្ញាតឱ្យធ្វើការសម្រេចចិត្ដដោយផ្អែកលើភស្តុតាងជាមូលដ្ឋានដែរ ឬទេ?

ទេ
បាទ/ច៎ា បន្តិចបន្តួច
បាទ/ច៎ា ជាមធ្យម
បាទ/ច៎ា បានខ្លាំង

The approach provided a wide range of information that was able to be graphically represented through maps and graphs, showcasing the state of land degradation balance at the Municipal scale. This was supported through land user participatory mapping sessions that often showed strong correlations between land user interpretations of land degradation and those identified through remote sensing and field surveys.

តើវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយជួយអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីដើម្បីអនុវត្តន៍ និងថែទាំបច្ចេកទេស SLM?

ទេ
បាទ/ច៎ា បន្តិចបន្តួច
បាទ/ច៎ា ជាមធ្យម
បាទ/ច៎ា បានខ្លាំង

Ecological monitoring systems can be vital tools to reveal trends and inform decision-making. In the case of the pilot sites where Controlled Grazing was implemented, PRAGA was used to baseline and track progress towards improved pasture productivity and soil cover. It scaled well for different land use types and sizes.

តើវិធីសាស្រ្តផ្សព្វផ្សាយនេះធ្វើឱ្យប្រសើរឡើងនូវការសម្របសម្រួលនិងការអនុវត្តចំណាយរបស់ SLMមានប្រសិទ្ធិភាពបែបណា? :

ទេ
បាទ/ច៎ា បន្តិចបន្តួច
បាទ/ច៎ា ជាមធ្យម
បាទ/ច៎ា បានខ្លាំង

It did in its capacity to provide data on the results of the Controlled Grazing trials, as well at the Municipal scale.

តើវិធីសាស្រ្តផ្សព្វផ្សាយនេះប្រមូលផ្តុំ / ធ្វើឱ្យប្រសើរឡើងនូវការទទួលបានធនធានហិរញ្ញវត្ថុសម្រាប់ការអនុវត្ត SLM?

ទេ
បាទ/ច៎ា បន្តិចបន្តួច
បាទ/ច៎ា ជាមធ្យម
បាទ/ច៎ា បានខ្លាំង

No, and given the scale of monitoring conducted in the three participating municipalities—ranging from 84,000 to 120,000 hectares—numerous communities and land user groups were involved across diverse land tenure arrangements, potentially complicating access to financial resources and fiscal accountability.

តើវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយនេះធ្វើឱ្យចំណេះដឹងប្រសើឡើង និងសមត្ថភាពរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីក្នុងការអនុវត្តន៏ SLM?

ទេ
បាទ/ច៎ា បន្តិចបន្តួច
បាទ/ច៎ា ជាមធ្យម
បាទ/ច៎ា បានខ្លាំង

The approach provided a model for a feedback loop by which land users can understand landscape trends in land health and analyse how their management decisions are leading to the monitoring results. This allows for subsequent conversations on how to best address land degradation drivers and map potential solutions given resources available.

តើវីធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយនេះពង្រឹងចំណេះដឹង និងកសាងសមត្ថភាពរបស់អ្នកពាក់ព័ន្ធឬទេ?

ទេ
បាទ/ច៎ា បន្តិចបន្តួច
បាទ/ច៎ា ជាមធ្យម
បាទ/ច៎ា បានខ្លាំង

Yes, the work undertaken created a valuable platform for diverse stakeholder groups to discuss land degradation and the challenges affecting Georgia’s pasturelands. Through participatory mapping, ecological monitoring and collaborative data analysis, stakeholders were actively engaged in identifying problems and sharing local knowledge. These interactive discussions generated lively exchange and fostered a shared understanding of the pressures facing pasture ecosystems. This collective recognition of challenges formed an essential foundation for the policy support and decision-making processes advanced through the project.

តើវីធីសាស្ត្រនេះបានជួយកសាង/ពង្រឹងស្ថាប័ន កិច្ចសហប្រតិបត្តិការរវាងអ្នកពាក់ព័ន្ធដែរ ឬទេ?

ទេ
បាទ/ច៎ា បន្តិចបន្តួច
បាទ/ច៎ា ជាមធ្យម
បាទ/ច៎ា បានខ្លាំង

Yes, the PRAGA approach strengthened institutions and fostered collaboration by bringing together diverse stakeholders, principally land users who previously had limited opportunities to voice concerns or collectively engage in solutions, in addition to municipal authorities and community representatives.

តើវីធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយនេះបានកាត់បន្ថយជំលោះឬទេ?

ទេ
បាទ/ច៎ា បន្តិចបន្តួច
បាទ/ច៎ា ជាមធ្យម
បាទ/ច៎ា បានខ្លាំង

Yes, the PRAGA approach can help mitigate conflicts by creating an inclusive platform where diverse stakeholders openly share their perspectives on land use, degradation, and management, as well as information and data that show trends rather than absolutes.

តើវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយនេះផ្តល់សិទ្ធិអំណាចដល់សង្គមនិងសេដ្ឋកិច្ចដែលក្រុមមិនទទួលបានផលប្រយោជន៍?

ទេ
បាទ/ច៎ា បន្តិចបន្តួច
បាទ/ច៎ា ជាមធ្យម
បាទ/ច៎ា បានខ្លាំង

Yes, the PRAGA approach empowered socially and economically disadvantaged groups, primarily small-scale livestock owners who rely on communal grasslands for grazing. By involving these stakeholders directly in monitoring and mapping pasture health and degradation, PRAGA gave them a platform to voice their concerns and influence decision-making. Their inclusion helps ensure that landscape health and pasture productivity, which are vital for their livelihoods, are prioritized in sustainable land management efforts.

តើវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ បានធ្វើឱ្យប្រសើរឡើងសមភាពយេនឌ័រ និងផ្តល់សិទិ្ធអំណាចដល់ស្ត្រី និងក្មេងស្រី?

ទេ
បាទ/ច៎ា បន្តិចបន្តួច
បាទ/ច៎ា ជាមធ្យម
បាទ/ច៎ា បានខ្លាំង

The PRAGA approach is developed to facilitate gender equality in reporting on land degradation issues and providing space for women and girls by actively participate in monitoring, mapping, and decision-making processes related to land management. In the case of Georgia, this was achieved and professionals and producers of both genders actively partook in project activities.

តើវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយបានលើកទឹកចិត្តដល់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីដែលជាយុវជន/ក្មេងជំនាន់ក្រោយឱ្យចូលរួមក្នុង SLM ?

ទេ
បាទ/ច៎ា បន្តិចបន្តួច
បាទ/ច៎ា ជាមធ្យម
បាទ/ច៎ា បានខ្លាំង

As with gender, the PRAGA approach provides a equal platform for voicing opinions. Their was a reasonable degree of youth participation in the mapping events, though it should be said that the majority of participants and professionals that participated in project activities, such as PRAGA sessions, were middle aged or older.

តើវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយបានឱ្យប្រសើរឡើងនូវបញ្ហាកាន់កាប់ដីធ្លី/សិទ្ធិអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដែលរារាំងដល់ការអនុវត្ត SLM?

ទេ
បាទ/ច៎ា បន្តិចបន្តួច
បាទ/ច៎ា ជាមធ្យម
បាទ/ច៎ា បានខ្លាំង

An ecological monitoring system like PRAGA can identify which land tenure situations demonstrate the highest rates of productivity and effective Sustainable Land Management (SLM). However, it would be inaccurate to claim that monitoring alone directly improves land tenure or land use rights. In the communities involved in this project, it was the combination of legal and technical support that played a crucial role in securing communal pastures by officially registering them under the Georgian National Cadastre as township property. This formal recognition provided land tenure security, which in turn significantly boosted local motivation to improve access and adopt SLM technologies such as Controlled Grazing, water harvesting, and woody weed eradication.

តើវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយនាំឱ្យប្រសើរឡើងនូវសន្តិសុខស្បៀង/ធ្វើឱ្យប្រសើរឡើងនូវអាហាររូបត្ថម្ភ?

ទេ
បាទ/ច៎ា បន្តិចបន្តួច
បាទ/ច៎ា ជាមធ្យម
បាទ/ច៎ា បានខ្លាំង

The PRAGA approach indirectly contributes to improved food security and nutrition by promoting the sustainable management of pasturelands, which supports healthier and more productive grasslands. For instance, the rates of bare soil on grasslands is often linked to management decisions, and management that improved on pasture productivity was seen to provide for higher milking rates. Therefore, the link was made between monitoring, management and outcomes.

តើវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយធ្វើឱ្យប្រើសើរឡើងនូវការស្វែងរកទីផ្សារ?

ទេ
បាទ/ច៎ា បន្តិចបន្តួច
បាទ/ច៎ា ជាមធ្យម
បាទ/ច៎ា បានខ្លាំង

The PRAGA approach used by the project did not link ecological monitoring results with potential market incentives or premiums. Neither were any claims, either formal or informal, associated with the monitoring results.

តើវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយនេះនាំឱ្យមានភាពប្រសើរឡើងក្នុងការទទួលបានទឹក និងអនាម័យ?

ទេ
បាទ/ច៎ា បន្តិចបន្តួច
បាទ/ច៎ា ជាមធ្យម
បាទ/ច៎ា បានខ្លាំង

It sought to monitor ecological health of Georgian pasturelands, and was not specifically focused on water access and sanitation.

តើវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយនេះនាំឱ្យមានកាប្រើប្រាស់ប្រកបដោយចីរភាព/ប្រភពនៃថាមពលកាន់តែប្រើសើរឡើង?

ទេ
បាទ/ច៎ា បន្តិចបន្តួច
បាទ/ច៎ា ជាមធ្យម
បាទ/ច៎ា បានខ្លាំង

No, the PRAGA approach did not directly lead to more sustainable use or sources of energy. Its primary focus is on land degradation monitoring and sustainable land management in pasture and grassland systems. While improved land management may have indirect environmental benefits, promoting sustainable energy use was not a core objective or outcome of the approach.

តើវិធីសាស្ត្របានធ្វើឱ្យប្រសើរឡើងនូវការកសាងសមត្ថភាពរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីដើម្បីបន្សុំាទៅនឹងការប្រែប្រួលអាកាសធាតុ/អាកាសធាតុក្តៅហែង និងកាត់បន្ថាយគ្រោះមហន្តរាយទាក់ទឹងនឹងអាកាសធាតុ?

ទេ
បាទ/ច៎ា បន្តិចបន្តួច
បាទ/ច៎ា ជាមធ្យម
បាទ/ច៎ា បានខ្លាំង

Ecological monitoring at the field level requires a presence and close look at the results of management and the effects of management at the soil surface. This is not something that producers typically do and the process can be extremely effective. When monitoring becomes part of a scheduled and structured routine which include photo and data records, knowledge is gained which permits increased adaptability and resilience when faced with change.

តើវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយនេះនាំឱ្យមានការងារ ឱកាសរកប្រាក់ចំណូល?

ទេ
បាទ/ច៎ា បន្តិចបន្តួច
បាទ/ច៎ា ជាមធ្យម
បាទ/ច៎ា បានខ្លាំង

Yes, the PRAGA approach was shown to have the potential to create employment and income opportunities, particularly if implemented at the Municipal level. Its implementation would require a skilled workforce—including GIS specialists, statisticians, field biologists or botanists, certified facilitators, and government staff—to conduct data collection, analysis, reporting, and coordination with municipalities. These roles contribute to building a national monitoring system aligned with Georgia’s voluntary LDN targets, while also generating high-quality, stable employment in the environmental and land management sectors.

6.2 ការលើកទឹកចិត្តចម្បងៗរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីសម្រាប់ការអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេស SLM

បង្កើនផលិតកម្ម

Improved pasture quality and quantity were key motivators for stakeholder participation and the adoption of Sustainable Land Management (SLM) technologies during the project. The field monitoring component of PRAGA was used at the pilot sites where Controlled Grazing was implemented to provide data for management and track project impact. Of special relevance to land users was data on the percentage of bare soil, presence of weed species and pasture palatability.

ការកាត់បន្ថយការធ្លាក់ចុះគុណភាពដី

The vast majority of stakeholders expressed serious concern over the condition of their community pasturelands. Large areas were dominated by low-quality grasses and forage species, alongside increasing encroachment by woody weeds. Infestations of Paliurus spina-christi were particularly problematic, posing significant ecological challenges and proving costly to remove. The Controlled Grazing technology was used as a means to control weed encroachment and maintain pasture health and fertility, while the PRAGA monitoring approach tracked progress towards these objectives and the pasture unit and municipal scales.

ពង្រឹងស្មារតីផ្នែកបរិស្ថាន

The PRAGA approach was observed to environmental consciousness by directly engaging land users, local communities, and decision-makers in assessing and monitoring the condition of their landscapes and the extent and degree of land degradation of pasturelands. Through participatory mapping, field surveys, and discussion of ecological trends, stakeholders gain a clearer understanding of the causes and consequences of management practices.

លើកកម្ពស់ចំណេះដឹង និងជំនាញ SLM

Livestock herds using community pastures typically belong to two sub-groups: smallholder households with 1 to 3 dairy cattle, primarily for household consumption and occasional income, and larger-scale, more professional producers with greater capacity and motivation to adopt SLM technologies, such as Controlled Grazing. Despite differences in scale, both groups recognize the urgent need to improve pasture management due to the long-term decline in pasture extent and quality, as well as the growing impacts of climate change.

6.3 សកម្មភាពផ្សព្វផ្សាយដែលប្រកបដោយចីរភាព

តើអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីអាចធ្វើឱ្យមានចីរភាពនូវអ្វីដែលត្រូវបានអនុវត្តន៍តាមរយៈវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយដែរឬទេ(ដោយពុំមានការគាំទ្រពីអ្នកខាងក្រៅ)?

ទេ

ប្រសិន ទេ ឬមិនប្រាកដសូមបញ្ជាក់ និងពន្យល់:

Effective implementation of the full PRAGA approach requires a well-funded coordinating entity with access to local datasets and the necessary technical expertise. This includes the involvement of GIS specialists to manage spatial data, skilled facilitators to lead participatory mapping sessions, and well-trained field monitors with a solid understanding of local pasture species. Reliable transportation, ideally with off-road capability, is also essential to reach remote monitoring sites. In addition, formal clearance from local administrators is required to access and conduct monitoring activities on state-owned lands. Together, these components ensure the accuracy, credibility, and smooth operation of the PRAGA methodology.
That said, the PRAGA field survey sheets are well adapted for use at the pasture unit scale for land managers, and together with a structured system of well sited and timed photos, it is capable of informing the application of the Controlled Grazing technology.

6.4 ភាពខ្លាំង/ គុណសម្បត្តិនៃវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ

ភាពខ្លាំង/ គុណសម្បត្តិ/ ឱកាស ទស្សនៈរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
PRAGA’s strengths lie in its participatory nature, giving local users a direct voice to express concerns about land degradation and management strategies and tools.
It empowers them to map and describe changes in their landscapes, tapping into their detailed knowledge of local conditions. This inclusive approach fosters ownership and accountability, while linking their observations to decision-making processes.
Additionally, PRAGA helps users better understand ecological trends and supports the sustainable management of pastures, which directly impacts their livelihoods.
Structured system of feedback and recommendations on investments focused on addressing land management, degradation and infrastructure through adequate use of community pasturelands at a Municipal scale. These recommendations are presented to the Municipal Pasture Planning sessions which includes a range of stakeholders, including representatives of local land users.

ភាពខ្លាំង/ គុណសម្បត្តិ/ ឱកាស ទស្សនៈរបស់បុគ្គលសំខាន់ៗ
The methodology met expectations and objectives, in that it was capable of correctly identifying areas of degradation and increased ecological productivity in a highly cost-effective manner.
The methodology captured a variety of data trends across the entirety of the Municipalities where it was applied and has well-designed mechanisms for sharing the results and information through a simple to use online application based on TrendsEarth.
Areas where Land cover imagery and Public Cadastral records did not agree provided an opportunity to understand where the Public registry was incorrect or had not been updated to reflect current land use categories.
If this approach were scaled to cover the entire country of Georgia, it seems reasonable that it could provide a mechanism for reporting to the UNCCD on Georgia’s compliance with its National LDN Targets.
Integration of this approach is an important step in making Georgia’s LDN Target #1 Integrate LDN principles into national policies, strategies and planning documents a reality, which would contribute significantly to the GCP/GEO/006/GFF project’s objectives.

6.5 ភាពខ្សោយ/ គុណវិបត្តិនៃវិធីសាស្ត្រ និងរកដំណោះស្រាយ

ភាពខ្សោយ/ គុណវិបត្តិ/ ហានិភ័យ ទស្សនៈរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី	តើបច្ចេកទេសទាំងនោះបានដោះស្រាយបញ្ហាដូចម្តេច?
The approach depends heavily on external funding and institutional support, which can make it uncertain or unsustainable in the long term from the users’ viewpoint.	To reduce dependence on external funding and support, developing partnerships with local government and institutions can help institutionalize PRAGA, or basic concepts and components, within existing frameworks. Exploring opportunities for community co-funding or cost-sharing can enhance sustainability. Building local capacity and leadership will gradually reduce reliance on external technical experts.
From the land users’ perspective, PRAGA’s disadvantages may include the need for ongoing time and effort to participate in mapping and monitoring activities, which can be challenging for those with limited resources or other pressing daily responsibilities.	To mitigate the time and effort burden on land users, participatory activities should be scheduled at convenient times to minimize disruption. Providing incentives such as refreshments, travel reimbursements, or small stipends can encourage participation, and simplifying data collection processes can reduce complexity and time demands.
There may also be concerns about how their input is used or whether it will lead to real change, potentially causing frustration if feedback doesn’t translate into improved management or support.	To address concerns about impact and follow-up, it is important to establish clear communication channels that regularly update land users on how their input is being used. Involving land users in decision-making processes can increase their sense of ownership and trust. Additionally, demonstrating tangible outcomes from the monitoring activities, such as visible improvements or targeted investments, helps build confidence in the process.
Some users might feel excluded if they lack training or confidence to engage fully in the technical aspects of the process.	Ensuring inclusion and capacity building involves providing training sessions tailored to different literacy and technical skill levels, so all users can engage meaningfully. Utilizing local facilitators who are trusted by the community encourages participation and builds confidence. It is also essential to ensure gender and social inclusion so marginalized groups feel empowered to contribute.

ភាពខ្សោយ/ គុណវិបត្តិ/ ហានិភ័យក្នុងទស្សនៈរបស់បុគ្គលសំខាន់ៗ	តើបច្ចេកទេសទាំងនោះបានដោះស្រាយបញ្ហាដូចម្តេច?
There is a clear relation to the number of field sites assessed and the quality of the resulting data. The number of sites must be considered from an economic, as well as a logistical and social (trained human resources) perspectives. Experience in other Central Asian and European contexts has shown that the funding entity and amount is largely the principal driver that determines the scope and range of the field work campaign to be conducted.	Adequate funding to ensure statistically relevant, random field sampling campaigns
There is a high risk that the PRAGA approach described here and the ensuing Municipal Pasture Working Groups established through this project will not continue or be scaled to cover all municipalities in Georgia. This is largely due to potential cost of scaling this to a national level which would need to be included in national budgets and potential institutional complexity of keeping the Municipal Pasture Working Groups (the principal focus of the annual PRAGA reports) functional across Georgia's 69 Municipalities.	Continue to demonstrate the value / cost-benefits of large scale ecological monitoring systems, that include well developed pathways for this information to inform on-ground activities and decisions by land users.
Another risk is a simplification of the PRAGA approach to only consider readily available desktop datasets, such as satellite imagery and data, without systems to integrate field data with local perceptions and experiences of land degradation. Interaction and engagement with local land users is	Continue to demonstrate the importance of participatory processes that involve land users as land users and locals are highly knowledgeable about ecological trends and are ultimately required for SLM solutions to be correctly implemented and maintained.

7. ឯកសារយោង និងវេបសាយ

7.1 វិធីសាស្ត្រ/ ប្រភពនៃព័ត៌មាន

តាមការចុះទីវាល ការស្រាវជ្រាវនៅទីវាល

Field sample baselines per Municipality were set in 2019 at 4 monitoring sites and repeated annually until 2025, totalling 24 field work sampling sessions (4 sites x 6 years = 24)

ការសម្ភាសន៍ជាមួយអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី

As a participatory approach, PRAGA interviews with land users were conducted during baselining and annual field surveys, participatory mapping workshops and PRAGA report and map validation exercises. It is estimated that approximately 100 people per Municipality were interviewed, giving a project total for PRAGA of 300 people.

ការសម្ភាសន៍ជាមួយអ្នកជំនាញ/ ឯកទេស

Local administrations and agricultural extension agents, in addition to Ministerial officials/technicians and representatives from relevant NGOs were all consulted as part of the PRAGA interview process in participatory workshops.

ការចងក្រងពីរបាកការណ៍ និងឯកសារផ្សេងៗទៀតដែលមាន

The PRAGA approach is designed to integrate existing reports, maps, and documentation wherever possible. By drawing on national datasets, cadastral information, land use records, and previous ecological assessments, PRAGA strengthens its analysis and avoids duplicating efforts. This integration ensures that local knowledge is complemented by official data sources, providing a more accurate and context-specific understanding of land degradation and sustainable land management (SLM) practices. It also helps align PRAGA outputs with national monitoring frameworks and reporting obligations, such as those related to SDG Indicator 15.3.1 and Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) targets.

7.2 ឯកសារយោងដែលបានចេញផ្សាយ

ចំណងជើង អ្នកនិពន្ធ ឆ្នាំ ISBN:

FAO and IUCN. 2022. Participatory rangeland and grassland assessment (PRAGA) methodology. First edition. Rome, FAO and Gland, IUCN

មានប្រភពមកពីណា? ថ្លៃដើមប៉ុន្មាន?

FAO Knowledge Repository, free of charge

ចំណងជើង អ្នកនិពន្ធ ឆ្នាំ ISBN:

Sharpe, N., Mwangi, P., Isakov, I. and Onyango, V. 2022. Application of the participatory rangeland and grassland assessment (PRAGA) methodology in Kyrgyzstan – Baseline analysis, remote sensing, field assessment and validation report. Rome, FAO

មានប្រភពមកពីណា? ថ្លៃដើមប៉ុន្មាន?

FAO Knowledge Repository, free of charge

ចំណងជើង អ្នកនិពន្ធ ឆ្នាំ ISBN:

Onyango, V., Masumbuko, B., Somda, J., Nianogo, A. and Davies, J. 2022. Sustainable land management in rangeland and grasslands. Working paper. Rome, FAO and Gland, Switzerland, IUCN

មានប្រភពមកពីណា? ថ្លៃដើមប៉ុន្មាន?

FAO Knowledge Repository, free of charge

ចំណងជើង អ្នកនិពន្ធ ឆ្នាំ ISBN:

Onyango, V., Davies, J., Sharpe, N., Maiga, S.I., Ogali, C., Perez-Rocha, J. and Isakov, A. 2021. Land degradation neutrality: A rationale for using participatory approaches to monitor and assess rangeland health. Rome, FAO and IUCN

មានប្រភពមកពីណា? ថ្លៃដើមប៉ុន្មាន?

FAO Knowledge Repository, free of charge

7.3 ចូលទៅទាញយកឯកសារពាក់ព័ន្ធដែលមានលើបណ្តាញអ៊ិនធឺណែត

ចំណងជើង/ ពណ៌នា:

Participatory rangeland and grassland assessment (PRAGA) methodology. First edition.

វេបសាយ:

https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/1e082d6c-bf65-46c5-80ba-ff3f5ec1548a

ចំណងជើង/ ពណ៌នា:

Sustainable land management in rangeland and grasslands Working paper.

វេបសាយ:

https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/8c90bdc0-071c-43ad-842d-12ec8e38ce14?utm=

ចំណងជើង/ ពណ៌នា:

Land degradation neutrality A rationale for using participatory approaches to monitor and assess rangeland health

វេបសាយ:

https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/57c52d95-6f46-4824-8938-88013046d560

ចំណងជើង/ ពណ៌នា:

Application of the participatory rangeland and grassland assessment (PRAGA) methodology in Kyrgyzstan – Baseline analysis, remote sensing, field assessment and validation report, Sharpe et al., 2022

វេបសាយ:

https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/4f3c8468-4685-4bf5-a377-284acb62baff/content

ចំណងជើង/ ពណ៌នា:

Terminal evaluation of the project "Participatory assessment of land degradation and sustainable land management in grassland and pastoral systems"

វេបសាយ:

https://www.unevaluation.org/member_publications/terminal-evaluation-project-participatory-assessment-land-degradation-and-0