1.2 ព័ត៌មានលម្អិតពីបុគ្គលសំខាន់ៗ និងស្ថាប័នដែលចូលរួមក្នុងការវាយតម្លៃ និងចងក្រងឯកសារនៃវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ

ឈ្មោះគម្រោងដែលបានចងក្រងឯកសារ/ វាយតម្លៃលើវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ (បើទាក់ទង)

FAO-Action Against Desertification

ឈ្មោះគម្រោងដែលបានចងក្រងឯកសារ/ វាយតម្លៃលើវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ (បើទាក់ទង)

Book project: Guidelines to Rangeland Management in Sub-Saharan Africa (Rangeland Management)

ឈ្មោះអង្គភាពមួយ (ច្រើន) ដែលបានចងក្រងឯកសារ/ វាយតម្លៃលើវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ (បើទាក់ទង)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - ប្រទេសអ៊ីតាលី

1.3 លក្ខខណ្ឌទាក់ទងទៅនឹងការប្រើប្រាស់ទិន្នន័យដែលបានចងក្រងតាមរយៈវ៉ូខេត

អ្នកចងក្រង និង(បុគ្គលសំខាន់ៗ)យល់ព្រមទទួលយកនូវលក្ខខណ្ឌនានាទាក់ទងទៅនឹងការប្រើប្រាស់ទិន្នន័យដែលបានចងក្រងតាមរយៈ​ វ៉ូខេត:

បាទ/ចា៎

2.1 ពណ៌នាសង្ខេបខ្លីពីវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has been using a participatory approach to implement large-scale restoration of degraded land in the Sahel. Communities have been central to the programme. In the framework of the Great Green Wall initiative, adapted and useful native tree species, shrubs, and fodder grasses are planted in agro-sylvo-pastoral land. This is response to community needs and preferences while ensuring that the species and varieties are all ecologically suitable.

2.2 ពណ៌នាលម្អិតពិវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ

ពណ៌នាលម្អិតពិវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ:

The approach is implemented under FAO's Action against Desertification (AAD) programme in the Great Green Wall for the Sahara and the Sahel Initiative (GGWSSI). This is Africa's flagship initiative to combat the effects of climate change and desertification, and to address food insecurity and poverty. It brings together more than 20 African countries with international agencies, research institutes, civil society and grassroots organizations. Through the GGWSSI, the vision is a mosaic of sustainable land use practices and productive landscapes stretching across North Africa, the Sahel and the Horn.
Community participation in the Great Green Wall restoration initiative is through a people-centred approach to rangeland management that puts communities at the heart of efforts. It focusses on plant species that support their livelihoods. Specifically these are a selection of well-adapted indigenous trees, shrubs and fodder grasses with proven resilience to drought and usefulness in restoration. Village communities decide on which areas to plant and on the species that they can utilise for food, for fodder, and for medicines. There are also plants that produce economically valuable goods for local, national and even international markets, such as gum arabic (from Acacia senegal) for example.
Technically, AAD supports the implementation of land restoration activities through provision of equipment, and by strengthening the technical and functional capacities of individuals, communities, and organizations in restoration techniques and sustainable land management.
The three main objectives of this approach are:
a) Poverty alleviation;
b) Ending hunger; and
c) Improving resilience to climate change.
The restoration approach is based on a five-step model:
• Communities: needs and requirements for restoration are determined through in-depth consultations with communities.
• Research: good quality seed is made available for the propagation of economically viable, locally adapted and biodiverse vegetation.
• Operational procedure: efficient operational restoration processes are ensured, including land preparation and management, assisted natural regeneration and planting.
• Monitoring: field performance of species are evaluated, as well as communal activities such as maintenance and management of restored areas.
• Capacity development: village technicians’ capacities are upgraded in forest seed collecting and nursery techniques, planting, maintenance and management of restored areas, and development of plant products, marketing, and local business management.

2.3 រូបភាពនៃវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ

2.4 វីឌីអូនៃវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ

2.5 ប្រទេស/តំបន់/ទីតាំងកន្លែង ដែលវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយត្រូវបានអនុវត្តន៍

2.6 កាលបរិច្ឆេទនៃការចាប់ផ្តើម និងបញ្ចប់នៃវិធីសាស្រ្តផ្សព្វផ្សាយនេះ

2.7 ប្រភេទនៃវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ

• ផ្អែកលើគម្រោង/កម្មវិធី

2.8 គោលបំណង/ទិសដៅសំខាន់នៃវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ

Key elements and aims of this approach include:
• Planting the right species in the right place.
• Promoting the use of quality native forest and fodder seeds for restoration.
• Ensuring that a wide range of useful plant species is made available.
• Managing natural regeneration of species and planted areas through village management committees.
• Updating a species database for gene-pool traceability, monitoring, reporting and for future uses of data and information.

2.9 លក្ខខណ្ឌអនុញ្ញាត ឬរារាំងការអនុវត្តន៍បច្ចេកទេសដែលស្ថិតនៅក្រោមវិធីសាស្រ្តផ្សព្វផ្សាយ

3.1 អ្នកពាក់ព័ន្ធដែលបានចូលរួមក្នុងវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ និងតួនាទីរបស់ពួកគេ

3.2 ការចូលរួមរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីក្នុងតំបន់/ សហគមន៍ក្នុងតំបន់ក្នុងដំណាក់កាលផ្សេងគ្នានៃវិធីសាស្រ្តផ្សព្វផ្សាយ

	ការចូលរួមរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីក្នុងតំបន់/សហគមន៍ក្នុងតំបន់	សូមបញ្ជាក់នរណាត្រូវបានចូលរួម ព្រមទាំងពណ៌នាសកម្មភាពទាំងនោះ
ការចាប់ផ្តើម/ការលើកទឹកចិត្ត	អន្តរកម្ម	Communities’ local knowledge, needs and aspirations were the backbone of the project. Communities were extensively consulted on species identification and prioritization based on needs, including speed of production, personal knowledge and aspirations. This was through questionnaires and village workshops. Commitment and buy-in from the community was also a prerequisite for activities to start, as they had to commit to contribute land and in-kind labour. Selection of villages for restoration was based on, amongst other things, motivation and commitment by communities to participate in restoration activities, and community-based structures and organizations.
ការរៀបចំផែនការ	អន្តរកម្ម	Extensive planning was done with communities before implementation, e.g. to agree on planting times, use of traditional techniques and land preparation.
ការអនុវត្តន៍	អន្តរកម្ម	Implementation was done actively with communities who volunteered traditional knowledge as well as labour to the activities. This built on the initial procedures where species were selected and prioritized; planning of activities; and later labour in preparation of land, setting-up nurseries and transplanting.
ការត្រួតពិនិត្យ និងវាយតម្លៃ	អន្តរកម្ម	Monitoring and field data collection of survival and growth of seedlings were carried out by trained village technicians in collaboration with the communities and technical institutions.

3.3 គំនូសបំព្រួញ (ប្រសិនបើមាន)

3.4 ការសម្រេចចិត្តលើការជ្រើសរើសបច្ចេកទេស SLM

សូមបញ្ជាក់តើអ្នកណាជាអ្នកបានសម្រេចចិត្តក្នុងការជ្រើសរើសបច្ចេកទេសដើម្បីយកមកអនុវត្តន៍:

• គ្រប់ភាគីពាក់ព័ន្ធទាំងអស់ដែលជាផ្នែកនៃវិធីសាស្រ្តផ្សព្វផ្សាយដោយមានការចូលរួម

ចូរពន្យល់:

This is a local initiative that uses traditional ecological knowledge and multi-purpose plant species (of known benefits to the local communities) for restoration.
Community participation, lifestyles and preferences and a careful analysis of ecological landscapes are carefully considered and then matched to suitable interventions. This similar approach has been applied by other projects in the GGWSSI region however although has not often been formally disseminated to wider audiences.

សូមបញ្ជាក់ តើការសម្រេចធ្វើឡើងដោយផ្អែកលើអ្វីជាមូលដ្ឋាន:

• វាយតម្លៃទៅលើចំណេះដឹងស្តីអំពី SLM ដែលបានចងក្រងជាឯកសារបានត្រឹមត្រូវ (ផ្អែកលើភស្តុតាងជាមូលដ្ឋានដើម្បីសម្រេចចិត្ត)
• លទ្ធផលបានពីការស្រាវជ្រាវ
• បទពិសោធន៍ និងគំនិតផ្ទាល់ខ្លួន(ពុំមានចងក្រងជាឯកសារ)

4.1 ការកសាងសមត្ថភាព/ បណ្តុះបណ្តាល

តើវគ្គបណ្តុះបណ្តាលបានផ្តល់ឱ្យអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី/អ្នកពាក់ព័ន្ធផ្សេងៗទៀតដែរឬទេ?

បាទ/ចា៎

សូមបញ្ជាក់តើអ្នកណាត្រូវបានបណ្តុះបណ្តាល:

• អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
• បុគ្គលិកចុះទីវាល/អ្នកផ្តល់ប្រឹក្សាយោបល់

ប្រសិនទាក់ទង សូមបញ្ជាក់ ភេទ អាយុ ស្ថានភាពគ្រួសារ ជនជាតិដើមភាគតិច។ល។:

100 small-scale farmers were trained in 2017, in Natural Assisted Regeneration techniques and 40 farmers were trained in forest and fodder seed collection and the production of seedlings in village nurseries and in the management of planted sites.

ទម្រង់នៃការបណ្តុះបណ្តាល:

• វគ្គបណ្តុះបណ្តាល

ប្រធានបទបណ្តុះបណ្តាល:

Technical training was provided to villages through formal modules in how to collect quality seeds in defined seed zones. The training was provided by the national forest seed centres. The training was in seedling production and participatory forest management. Other areas covered included; added-value and the development of plant products (non-timber forest products), marketing and local business management to support income generation.

មតិយោបល់:

Apart from the restoration technical areas covered above, additional areas of training included; improving adult literacy, family health and nutritional standards. This was done together with specialized rural sector developers.

4.2 សេវាផ្តល់ប្រឹក្សាយោបល់

តើអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីបានទទួលនូវសេវាផ្តល់ប្រឹក្សាដែរ ឬទេ?

បាទ/ចា៎

សូមបញ្ជាក់ប្រសិនបើសេវាកម្មប្រឹក្សាយោបល់ត្រូវបានផ្តល់ឱ្យ:

• នៅលើដីរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
• នៅមជ្ឈមណ្ឌលជាអចិន្ត្រៃ

• workshops

ពណ៌នា/ពន្យល់:

To re-introduce plants for large-scale restoration, effective use of seeds of wild species demands sufficient biological and technical knowledge about a large number of species to allow for collection, storage and germination of seeds and establishment of seedlings. In this approach therefore, use was made of the technical know-how of RBG Kew and their partnership with forest seed centres that guided collection of quality seeds.

4.3 ការពង្រឹងសមត្ថភាពស្ថាប័ន (ការអភិរឌ្ឍន៍អង្គភាព)

តើស្ថាប័នទាំងអស់ត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើង ឬពង្រឹងសមត្ថភាពតាមរយៈវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយដែរ ឬទេ?

• បាទ/ច៎ា បានខ្លាំង

សូមបញ្ជាក់ថាតើស្ថាប័នត្រូវបានពង្រឹង ឬបង្កើតឡើងនៅត្រឹមកម្រិតណា(ច្រើន)?

• ថ្នាក់មូលដ្ឋាន
• កម្រិតថ្នាក់តំបន់
• កម្រិតថ្នាក់ជាតិ

ចូពណ៌នាពីស្ថាប័ន តួនាទី និងទំនួលខុសត្រូវ សមាជិក ។ល។:

Institutions: National government; NGOs, CBOs.
Support to the national government which is the national agency for the GGW is the entry point. Through them and based on national objectives, the project progresses to a decentralized level. At the national level, capacities have been improved on monitoring and evaluation techniques; seed identification and selection and handling.
Local level: these are the implementing partners and work on the ground. Their capacities have been improved on seed selection and restoration techniques, and on data collection
Regional level: more collaboration, coordination and knowledge sharing on the GGW initiatives as well as peer-to-peer learning.

សូមបញ្ជាក់ប្រភេទនៃការគាំទ្រ:

• ហិរញ្ញវត្ថុ
• ការកសាងសមត្ថភាព/ បណ្តុះបណ្តាល
• សម្ភារៈ

សូមផ្តល់ព័ត៌មានបន្ថែមទៀតឱ្យបានលម្អិត:

Equipment: mainly for land preparation for planting and non-timber forest product processing.

4.4 ការត្រួតពិនិត្យ និងវាយតម្លៃ

តើការត្រួតពិនិត្យ និងវាយតម្លៃគឺជាផ្នែកមួយនៃវិធីសាស្ត្រដែរឬទេ?

បាទ/ចា៎

មតិយោបល់:

Regular monitoring is carried out by village communities involved in the restoration exercise. The activities include assessing seedling survival and growth, and the area planted.

ប្រសិន បាទ/ច៎ា តើឯកសារនេះបានបង្កើតឡើងក្នុងគោលបំណងប្រើប្រាស់សម្រាប់ការត្រួតពិនិត្យ និងវាយតម្លៃដែរឬទេ?

ទេ

4.5 ការស្រាវជ្រាវ

តើការស្រាវជ្រាវ គឺជាផ្នែកមួយនៃវិធីសាស្រ្តដែរឬទេ?

បាទ/ចា៎

បញ្ជាក់ប្រធានបទ:

• សង្គមវិទ្យា
• សេដ្ឋកិច្ច/ទីផ្សារ
• បរិស្ថានវិទ្យា

សូមផ្តល់ព័ត៌មានបន្ថែមទៀតឱ្យបានលម្អិត និងចង្អុលបង្ហាញនរណាដែលបានធ្វើការស្រាវជ្រាវ:

Through a questionnaire, communities define their needs and preferences for species, and the objectives of land restoration in their selected agro-sylvo-pastoral degraded lands. Results of this consultation are fed back to them after analyses by the project team (researchers, plant experts, seed centres) for the feasibility, suitability and availability of the requested species. This creates common agreement on interventions, priorities and implementation plans, with roles and responsibilities from the communities as well as from the technical teams.
1. Sociology: prior research was done on social diversity of village communities in areas such as gender, age, and professions to decide on village selection, but also to ensure balance.
2. Economics/marketing: this was multi-faceted - on the one hand looking at community economic needs and priorities, but also on how to add value to non-timber forest products. The plant-use data received from respondents were classified according to the Economic Botany Data Collection.
These helped in deciding and prioritizing species according to community needs.
3. Ecology: the GGW initiative is typically aimed at drylands with challenges of aridity. Thus the ecology was studied to identify suitable plant species that would thrive under these conditions - in combination with traditional SLM/ water harvesting technologies that have been developed to overcome moisture deficits.
The selected species was further examined in laboratories to check their suitability for dryland environments and thereafter to ensure good quality and genetically diverse seeds are used.

5.1 ថវិកាប្រចាំឆ្នាំសម្រាប់ផ្សព្វផ្សាយ SLM

ប្រសិនបើចំនួនពិតប្រាកដនៃថវិកាប្រចាំឆ្នាំមិនត្រូវបានដឹងច្បាស់ សូមប្រាប់ពីចន្លោះនៃថវិកានោះ:

• 100,000-1,000,000

មតិយោបល់ (ឧ. ប្រភពសំខាន់នៃមូលនិធិ/ម្ចាស់ជំនួយចំបង):

Action Against Desertification is implemented by FAO and partners with funding from the European Union in the framework of the 10th European Development Fund (EDF). The GGWI under AAD in Niger is funded up to around 1.5m USD for the four years of the project.

5.2 ការគាំទ្រផ្នែកហិរញ្ញវត្ថុ / សម្ភារៈដែលបានផ្តល់ទៅឱ្យអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី

តើអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីបានទទួលការគាំទ្រផ្នែកហិរញ្ញវត្ថ/សម្ភារៈសម្រាប់ការអនុវត្តន៍បច្ចេកទេសដែរឬទេ:

បាទ/ចា៎

ប្រសិនបាទ/ច៎ា សូមបញ្ជាក់ប្រភេទ(ច្រើន)នៃការគាំទ្រ លក្ខខណ្ឌ និងអ្នកផ្តល់ឱ្យ(ច្រើន):

Finances are needed for purchasing equipment; seeds were also provided; seed testing was carried out to establish appropriate type/species of those chosen by the communities.

5.3 សូមបញ្ជាក់ពីធាតុចូលត្រូវបានផ្តល់បដិភាគ (រួមទាំងកម្លាំងពលកម្ម)

• កម្លាំងពលកម្ម

• សម្ភារៈ

• កសិកម្ម

• ការសាងសង

ប្រសិនបើកម្លាំងពលកម្មធ្វើដោយអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី តើវាជាធាតុចូលដ៏សំខាន់មួយដែរ ឬទេ:

• ផ្តល់ជារង្វាន់តាមរយៈការគាំទ្រជាសម្ភារៈ

មតិយោបល់:

In partnership with WFP there was collaboration on food for assets and incentives from the project such as trainings on preparation of vegetable gardens..

5.4 ឥណទាន

តើឥណទានដែលបានផ្តល់នៅក្រោមវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយសម្រាប់សកម្មភាព SLM នេះយ៉ាងដូចម្តេច?

ទេ

5.5 ការលើកទឹកចិត្ត ឬវិធីសាស្ត្រដ៏ទៃទៀត

តើមានការលើកទឹកចិត្តផ្សេងទៀត ឬឧបករណ៍ប្រើប្រាស់ដើម្បីលើកកម្ពស់ការអនុវត្តន៍បច្ចេកទេស SLM?

បាទ/ចា៎

បើបាទ/ចា៎ សូមបញ្ជាក់:

Functional capacity building village communities for example in management of restoration sites and development of forest products

6.1 ផលប៉ះពាល់នៃវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ

6.2 ការលើកទឹកចិត្តចម្បងៗរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីសម្រាប់ការអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេស SLM

6.3 សកម្មភាពផ្សព្វផ្សាយដែលប្រកបដោយចីរភាព

តើអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីអាចធ្វើឱ្យមានចីរភាពនូវអ្វីដែលត្រូវបានអនុវត្តន៍តាមរយៈវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយដែរឬទេ(ដោយពុំមានការគាំទ្រពីអ្នកខាងក្រៅ)?

• បាទ/ចា៎

ប្រសិនបាទ/ច៎ា សូមរៀបរាប់ថាធ្វើយ៉ាងម៉េច:

The capacity being developed should help farmers continue without external intervention e.g. training in collecting planting material, planting techniques and in managing the plots enables continuity, and the capacities developed stay within the community – for example: the trained village technicians.

6.4 ភាពខ្លាំង/ គុណសម្បត្តិនៃវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ

ភាពខ្លាំង/ គុណសម្បត្តិ/ ឱកាស ទស្សនៈរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
Builds on existing knowledge such as the use of zaï (pit planting).
Income generation e.g. from selling of seeds to governments and other land users.
Helping achieve communities specifics objectives such as increasing tree cover.

ភាពខ្លាំង/ គុណសម្បត្តិ/ ឱកាស​ ទស្សនៈរបស់បុគ្គលសំខាន់ៗ
The consultation process and the mutual trust built over time, which helps people “buy into” the programme and feel ownership of the activities on the ground.
The technical and scientific feedback answers to priorities and preoccupation of land users in terms of restoration objectives.
The involvement of people in monitoring and management of their planted sites as they contribute their lands and labour.

6.5 ភាពខ្សោយ/ គុណវិបត្តិនៃវិធីសាស្ត្រ និងរកដំណោះស្រាយ

ភាពខ្សោយ/ គុណវិបត្តិ/ ហានិភ័យ ទស្សនៈរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី	តើបច្ចេកទេសទាំងនោះបានដោះស្រាយបញ្ហាដូចម្តេច?
Inability to adequately influence donor plans.	Frequent consultations.

ភាពខ្សោយ/ គុណវិបត្តិ/ ហានិភ័យក្នុងទស្សនៈរបស់បុគ្គលសំខាន់ៗ	តើបច្ចេកទេសទាំងនោះបានដោះស្រាយបញ្ហាដូចម្តេច?
Inability to address all the needs of the beneficiaries: for example demand for water supply in dry seasons while the project focusses on rainfed restoration.	Increased dialogue on interventions across sectors, such as with donors for a more systematic and integrated approach.
Lack of flexibility in implementation to consider some of the upcoming demands of communities.

7.1 វិធីសាស្ត្រ/ ប្រភពនៃព័ត៌មាន

7.2 ឯកសារយោងដែលបានចេញផ្សាយ

ចំណងជើង អ្នកនិពន្ធ ឆ្នាំ ISBN:

FAO. 2015. Global guidelines for the restoration of degraded forests and landscapes in drylands: building resilience and benefitting livelihoods. Forestry Paper No. 175. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

មានប្រភពមកពីណា? ថ្លៃដើមប៉ុន្មាន?

UN-FAO

ចំណងជើង អ្នកនិពន្ធ ឆ្នាំ ISBN:

Community participation at the heart of Africa’s Great Green Wall Restoration model. Authors: M. Sacande, N. Berahmouni and S. Hargreaves. In Unasylva. Volume 66 2015/3

មានប្រភពមកពីណា? ថ្លៃដើមប៉ុន្មាន?

UN-FAO

7.3 ចូលទៅទាញយកឯកសារពាក់ព័ន្ធដែលមានលើបណ្តាញអ៊ិនធឺណែត

ចំណងជើង/ ពណ៌នា:

Action Against Desertification (FAO)

វេបសាយ:

http://www.fao.org/in-action/action-against-desertification/en/

ចំណងជើង/ ពណ៌នា:

Building Africa’s Great Green Wall: Restoring degraded drylands for stronger and more resilient communities

វេបសាយ:

http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6476e.pdf

ចំណងជើង/ ពណ៌នា:

Forest and Landscape Restoration Approach

វេបសាយ:

http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5212e.pdf