1.2 ព័ត៌មានលម្អិតពីបុគ្គលសំខាន់ៗ និងស្ថាប័នដែលចូលរួមក្នុងការវាយតម្លៃ និងចងក្រងឯកសារនៃបច្ចេកទេស

ឈ្មោះអង្គភាពមួយ (ច្រើន) ដែលបានចងក្រងឯកសារ/ វាយតម្លៃបច្ចេកទេស (បើទាក់ទង)

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Ethiopia (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) - ប្រទេសអេត្យូពី

1.3 លក្ខខណ្ឌទាក់ទងទៅនឹងការប្រើប្រាស់ទិន្នន័យដែលបានចងក្រងតាមរយៈ វ៉ូខេត

តើពេលណាដែលទិន្នន័យបានចងក្រង (នៅទីវាល)?

10/10/2005

អ្នកចងក្រង និង(បុគ្គលសំខាន់ៗ)យល់ព្រមទទួលយកនូវលក្ខខណ្ឌនានាទាក់ទងទៅនឹងការប្រើប្រាស់ទិន្នន័យដែលបានចងក្រងតាមរយៈវ៉ូខេត:

បាទ/ចា៎

2.1 ការពណ៌នាដោយសង្ខេបពីបច្ចេកទេស

និយមន័យបច្ចេកទេស:

A structural measure constructed by stone/soil/wood acrross the gully to control erosion and create favourble condition for crop cultivation.

2.2 ការពណ៌នាលម្អិតពីបច្ចេកទេស

ការពណ៌នា:

The technology is known by the farmers for more than a century. Since the area is highly affected by gully erosion, this practice is widely used by farmers in the area and also widely practiced. Its construction starts from the bottom of the gully and proceeds upslope with different dimensions. The height depends on the depth of the gully and it is increased from year to year. On the average the width is 1m and hieght is 1.80m. The technology is used to develop big gullies and treatment of small gully like depressions, attain slope change to enhance land suitability to crop production and to conserve soil and water. The construction of the stone checkdam starts with small heights and some height is added every year until the intended height is reached. The increase in height could be done during maintenance also. The major objective being to stop gully growth, trap sediment and retain water running down the gully. In the course of increasing the height, the area for sediment deposition gets wider. The technology is suitable to areas with low rainfalls of rugged topography having a network of gullies.

2.5 ប្រទេស/តំបន់/ទីតាំងកន្លែង ដែលបច្ចេកទេសត្រូវបានអនុវត្ត និងបានគ្រប់ដណ្តប់ដោយការវាយតម្លៃនេះ

2.6 កាលបរិច្ឆេទនៃការអនុវត្ត

ប្រសិនបើមិនច្បាស់ឆ្នាំ សូមបញ្ជាក់កាលបរិច្ឆេទដែលប្រហាក់ប្រហែល:

• ច្រើនជាង 50 ឆ្នាំមុន (ប្រពៃណី)

2.7 ការណែនាំពីបច្ចេកទេស

សូមបញ្ជាក់តើបច្ចេកទេសត្រូវបានណែនាំឱ្យអនុវត្តដោយរបៀបណា:

• ជាផ្នែកនៃប្រព័ន្ធប្រពៃណី (> 50 ឆ្នាំ)

មតិយោបល់ (ប្រភេទនៃគម្រោង ។ល។):

Is developed by land users themselves

3.1 គោលបំណងចម្បង (១​ ឬច្រើន)​ នៃបច្ចេកទេសនេះ

• ធ្វើឱ្យប្រសើរឡើងនូវផលិតកម្ម
• កាត់បន្ថយ, បង្ការ, ស្តារឡើងវិញនូវការធ្លាក់ចុះគុណភាពដី

3.2 ប្រភេទដីប្រើប្រាស់មួយប្រភេទ (ច្រើនប្រភេទ) ដែលបានអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេស

មតិយោបល់:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Increase in human and animal population, overggrazing and expansion of cultivated lands to areas which are not suitable to cultivation is a problem. Meanwhile, owing to gully expansion and in the absence of preventive and control measures, there is considerable loss of soil from grazing and cultivated lands.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): More area is getting out of production.

Other grazingland: extensive: pastoralism: in the eastern side of the SWC technology area

Other grazingland: extensive: semi-pastoralism: on the ridgea nd hilly slopes where land users are engaged in crop and livestock production

Grazingland comments: Livestock production is decreasing primarily because of decreasing grazing lands. The number of livestock being the most important factor for herd owners than the quailty. More extension work will be needed to promot the awarness of livestock owners in a way they give emphases to quality of livestock production than numbers.

Clear felling of (semi-)natural forests: to open land for cultivation, chrcoal making

Problems / comments regarding forest use: The natural forest/wood lands are decreasing mainly to expansion of cultivation and also due to high demand for use. However, because of plantations on gullies, hillside closures and woodlots there is a positive trend of increase of planted trees.

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Fruit trees, sugar cane, pulses

Type of grazing system comments: Livestock production is decreasing primarily because of decreasing grazing lands. The number of livestock being the most important factor for herd owners than the quailty. More extension work will be needed to promot the awarness of livestock owners in a way they give emphases to quality of livestock production than numbers.

3.3 ព័ត៌មានបន្ថែមអំពីអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី

ការផ្គត់ផ្គង់ទឹកនៅកន្លែងអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេស:

• ទឹកភ្លៀង

មតិយោបល់:

Water supply: Also mixed rainfed - irrigated

Water supply: post-flooding

ចំនួនសារដែលដាំដំណាំក្នុងមួយឆ្នាំ:

• 2

សូមបញ្ជាក់:

Longest growing period in days: 210 Longest growing period from month to month: May - Nov Second longest growing period in days: 180 Second longest growing period from month to month: Jan - Apr

3.4 ក្រុម SLM ដែលបច្ចេកទេសស្ថិតនៅក្នុង

• ការគ្រប់គ្រងទឹកលើដី (ទឹកធ្លាក់ ទន្លេ បឹង សមុទ្រ)

3.5 ការសាយភាយនៃបច្ចេកទេស

បញ្ជាក់ពីការសាយភាយនៃបច្ចេកទេស:

• ត្រូវបានផ្សព្វផ្សាយត្រឹមតំបន់មួយ

ប្រសិនបើបច្ចេកទេសត្រូវបានសាយភាយពាសពេញតំបន់ណាមួយ សូមកំណត់ទំហំផ្ទៃដីអនុវត្តន៍:

• 10-100 គម2

មតិយោបល់:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 810 m2.

The technology is mostly practiced in the eastern escarpment of the the woreda experiencing low and erratic rains. Area is estimated

3.6 វិធានការ SLM ដែលបញ្ចូលនូវបច្ចេកទេស

មតិយោបល់:

Main measures: structural measures

Secondary measures: agronomic measures, vegetative measures

Type of agronomic measures: mixed cropping / intercropping, contour planting / strip cropping, legume inter-planting, manure / compost / residues, contour tillage

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour

3.7 កំណត់ប្រភេទនៃការធ្លាក់ចុះគុណភាពដីសំខាន់ៗដែលបច្ចេកទេសនេះបានដោះស្រាយ

មតិយោបល់:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), overgrazing, other human induced causes (specify) (agricultural causes), labour availability (lack of labour), land subdivision

Secondary causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify, poverty / wealth (lack of captial), education, access to knowledge and support services (lack of knowledge), lack of enforcement of legislat./authority

3.8 ការពារ កាត់បន្ថយ ឬស្តារឡើងវិញនៃការធ្លាក់ចុះគុណភាពដី

បញ្ជាក់ពីគោលដៅរបស់បច្ចេកទេស ដែលផ្តោតទៅការធ្លាក់ចុះគុណភាពដី:

• ការជួសជុល/ ស្តារឡើងវិញនៃឱនភាពដីធ្ងន់ធ្ងរ

មតិយោបល់:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 គំនូសបច្ចេកទេសនៃបច្ចេកទេសនេះ

4.2 លក្ខណៈពិសេសនៃបច្ចេកទេស/ ពណ៌នាពីគំនូរបច្ចេកទេស

Amhara

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: increase / maintain water stored in soil, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting

Secondary technical functions: reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length, increase of infiltration

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: sorghum/maize +haricot beans
Quantity/ density: 70,000 sor
Remarks: broadcast

Agronomic measure: mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: teff + sunflower
Quantity/ density: -
Remarks: broadcast

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: Animal dung, fuelwood ash, leaves, soil
Quantity/ density: 0.6 ton/ha

Contour tillage
Remarks: along contour

Agronomic measure: Sediment trapped by checkdam
Remarks: along the contour

Agronomic measure: Seedbed preparation by hoe

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 1500
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1-1.8m
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 8-10m
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1-2m
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1x1

Vegetative measure: aligned: contour
Vegetative material: G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): -
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1-1.8m
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 8-10m
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): -
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): -

Vegetative measure: aligned: contour
Vegetative material: G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 2000
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1-1.8m
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 8-10m
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): -
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): -

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Trees/ shrubs species: acacia, eucalyptus, khata edulis, ageava sisal

Fruit trees / shrubs species: coffee, papaya, guava, banana, lemon, manago, orange

Grass species: elephant grass, local grass

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 12.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 3.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 0.00%

Structural measure: Checkdam
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1
Spacing between structures (m): 8m
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.3m
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1m
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 5m
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.5-1m
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1m
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 5.m

Construction material (earth): Soil is embnked upslope of the stone wall as reinforcement

Construction material (stone): Stone is used to construct the embankment/wall/and is supported by soil in the upslope side to reinf

Construction material (wood): Wood used as support at the downslope side

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 12%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 3%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

For water harvesting: the ratio between the area where the harvested water is applied and the total area from which water is collected is: 1:3

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Change of land use type: gully converted to cropland

Other type of management: fencing and guarding - protect animals from interering to plantations

4.3 ព័ត៌មានទូទៅដែលពាក់ព័ន្ធនឹងការគណនាធាតុចូល និងថ្លៃដើម

ផ្សេងៗ/ រូបិយប័ណ្ណជាតិ (បញ្ជាក់):

Birr

កំណត់អត្រាប្តូរប្រាក់ពីដុល្លាទៅរូបិយប័ណ្ណតំបន់ (បើទាក់ទង)៖ 1 ដុល្លារ =:

8,6

4.4 សកម្មភាពបង្កើត

	សកម្មភាព	ប្រភេទវិធានការ	ពេលវេលា
1.	Seedling production	សារពើរុក្ខជាតិ	March to June
2.	Planting	សារពើរុក្ខជាតិ	June to July
3.	Excavation	រចនាសម្ព័ន្ធ	dry season
4.	Stone collection	រចនាសម្ព័ន្ធ	dry season
5.	Construction	រចនាសម្ព័ន្ធ	dry season
6.	Fencing	ការគ្រប់គ្រង	after plantation

4.5 ថ្លៃដើម និងធាតុចូលដែលត្រូវការសម្រាប់ការបង្កើតបច្ចេកទេស

	បញ្ជាក់ពីធាតុចូល	ឯកតា	បរិមាណ	ថ្លៃដើមក្នុងមួយឯកតា	ថ្លៃធាតុចូលសរុប	% នៃថ្លៃដើមដែលចំណាយដោយអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
កម្លាំងពលកម្ម	Labour	ha	1,0	4625,0	4625,0	90,0
សម្ភារៈ	Tools	ha	1,0	120,0	120,0	95,0
សម្ភារៈសាងសង់	Stone	ha	1,0			100,0
ថ្លៃដើមសរុបក្នុងការបង្កើតបច្ចេកទេស					4745,0

មតិយោបល់:

Duration of establishment phase: 180 month(s)

4.6 សកម្មភាពថែទាំ

	សកម្មភាព	ប្រភេទវិធានការ	ពេលវេលា/ ភាពញឹកញាប់
1.	clean crop residue	ក្សេត្រសាស្ត្រ	Early January /
2.	primary digging	ក្សេត្រសាស្ត្រ	Feb-March /
3.	harrowing	ក្សេត្រសាស្ត្រ	March /
4.	manure application	ក្សេត្រសាស្ត្រ	March /
5.	planting	ក្សេត្រសាស្ត្រ	April /
6.	weeding and cultivation	ក្សេត្រសាស្ត្រ	Late June-August /
7.	harvest	ក្សេត្រសាស្ត្រ	November-December /
8.	replanting	សារពើរុក្ខជាតិ	during rains /once a year
9.	pruning and thining	សារពើរុក្ខជាតិ	dry season /once a year
10.	Stone collection	រចនាសម្ព័ន្ធ	dry season/once a year
11.	Placing the stones where maintenance is required	រចនាសម្ព័ន្ធ	dry season/once a year
12.	repairing breaks in fences	ការគ្រប់គ្រង	before replanting / annual

4.7 កំណត់ថ្លៃដើមសម្រាប់ការថែទាំ/ សកម្មភាពរបស់បច្ចេកទេស (ក្នុងរយៈពេលមួយឆ្នាំ)

	បញ្ជាក់ពីធាតុចូល	ឯកតា	បរិមាណ	ថ្លៃដើមក្នុងមួយឯកតា	ថ្លៃធាតុចូលសរុប	% នៃថ្លៃដើមដែលចំណាយដោយអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
កម្លាំងពលកម្ម	Labour	ha	1,0	624,0	624,0	100,0
សម្ភារៈ	Tools	ha	1,0	30,0	30,0	100,0
សម្ភារៈសាងសង់	Stone	ha	1,0			100,0
ថ្លៃដើមសរុបសម្រាប់ការថែទាំដំណាំតាមបច្ចេកទេស					654,0

មតិយោបល់:

Machinery/ tools: Shovel, hoe

Length per hectar of land

4.8 កត្តាសំខាន់បំផុតដែលមានឥទ្ធិពលដល់ការចំណាយ

ពណ៌នាពីកត្តាប៉ះពាល់ចម្បងៗទៅលើថ្លៃដើម:

labour, slope and depth of the gully, width of the gully, availability of construction material, soil depth. The establishment cost considerts the cost incurred over 15 years.

5.1 អាកាសធាតុ

5.2 សណ្ឋានដី

មតិយោបល់ និងបញ្ចាក់បន្ថែមអំពីសណ្ឋានដី :

Landforms: Hill slopes (ranked 1, relatively drier and the technology is most suitable to this area) and ridges (ranked 2, the ridge separates the east and west parts the SWC area)
Slopes on average: Hilly (ranked 1, mostly terraced of stone bunds), rolling (ranked 2, more number of gullies and more area under the technology) and steep (ranked 3, bush lands suitable for grazing)

5.3 ដី

បើអាចសូមភ្ជាប់ការពណ៌នាពីដីឱ្យបានច្បាស់ ឬព័ត៌មានដែលអាចទទួលបាន ឧ. ប្រភេទដី, pH ដី/ ជាតិអាស៊ីត, សមត្ថភាពផ្លាស់ប្តូរកាចុង, វត្តមាននីត្រូសែន, ភាពប្រៃ ។ល។:

Soil depth on average: Shallow (ranked1, more on hill slopes), moderately deep (ranked 2, on rolling terrain) and very shallow (ranked 3, on hilly and steep slopes)
Soil texture: Medium (dominant on hilly slopes) and coarse/light (on rolling terrains)
Soil fertility is low (on hilly sloping areas) and medium (on rolling lands)
Topsoil organic matter: Low (in all land forms)
Soil drainage/infiltration is good (on hilly and rolling lands) and medium (ridge)
Soil water storage capacity is low (on hilly and rolling lands) and medium (ridge)

5.6 លក្ខណៈនៃអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីដែលអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេស

សូមបញ្ជាក់ពីលក្ខណៈពាក់ព័ន្ធផ្សេងទៀតអំពីអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី:

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 2% - 3%
20% of the land users are rich and own 30% of the land.
35% of the land users are average wealthy and own 30% of the land.
45% of the land users are poor and own 40% of the land.

Market orientation of garzing land production system: Subsistence (self-supply, production ids for self consumption and even it does not satistfy household needs)
Market orientation of crop land production system: Subsistence (self-supply) and mixed (subsistence and commercial)
Market orientation of crop land production system: Subsistence (self-supply, fuel wood collection for home consumption , construction wood, sell fuel woo and , make charcoal )

5.7 ទំហំផ្ទៃដីជាមធ្យមនៃដីផ្ទាល់ខ្លួន ឬជួលគេដែលបានអនុវត្ត​បច្ចេកទេស

5.8 ភាពជាម្ចាស់ដី កម្មសិទ្ធប្រើប្រាស់ដី និងកម្មសិទ្ធប្រើប្រាស់ទឹក

ភាពជាម្ចាស់ដី:

• រដ្ឋ

កម្មសិទ្ធិប្រើប្រាស់ដី:

• ឯកជន

6.1 ផលប៉ះពាល់ក្នុងបរិវេណអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេសដែលកើតមាន

ផលប៉ះពាល់លើសេដ្ឋកិច្ចសង្គម

ផលិតផល

ចំណូល និងថ្លៃដើម

ផលប៉ះពាល់ទៅលើវប្បធម៌សង្គម

ផលប៉ះពាល់ទៅលើអេកូឡូស៊ី

វដ្តទឹក/លំហូរ

ដី

ផលប៉ះពាល់ទៅលើអេកូឡូស៊ីផ្សេងៗ

6.2 ផលប៉ះពាល់ក្រៅបរិវេណអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេសដែលកើតមាន

6.4 ការវិភាគថ្លៃដើម និងអត្ថប្រយោជន៍

តើផលចំណេញ និងថ្លៃដើមត្រូវបានប្រៀបធៀបគ្នាយ៉ាងដូចម្តេច (ទស្សនៈរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី)?

តើផលចំណេញ និងការថែទាំ/ ជួសជុលត្រូវបានប្រៀបធៀបគ្នាយ៉ាងដូចម្តេច (ទស្សនៈរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី)?

6.5 ការទទួលយកបច្ចេកទេស

បើអាច សូមបញ្ជាក់ពីបរិមាណ (ចំនួនគ្រួសារ និង/ ឬតំបន់គ្របដណ្តប់):

25000

ក្នុងចំណោមគ្រួសារទាំងអស់ដែលអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេស តើមានប៉ុន្មាន​គ្រួសារ​ដែល​ចង់​ធ្វើ​ដោយ​ខ្លួន​ឯង ដោយមិន​ទទួល​បាន​សម្ភារៈ​លើក​​ទឹកចិត្ត/​ប្រាក់ឧបត្ថម្ភ?​:

• 90-100%

មតិយោបល់:

25000 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

25000 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Reclaiming gullies for agricultural land (crop and livestock production) is labourous.

6.7 ភាពខ្លាំង/ គុណសម្បត្តិ/ ឱកាសនៃបច្ចេកទេស

ភាពខ្លាំង/ គុណសម្បត្តិ/ ឱកាសនៅកន្លែងរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
Land reclaimed How can they be sustained / enhanced? fertility of soils increased by accumulated top soil from other area.
retain moisture How can they be sustained / enhanced? water stored in the soil.

ភាពខ្លាំង/ គុណសម្បត្តិ/ ឱកាស​ ទស្សនៈរបស់បុគ្គលសំខាន់ៗ
Reduce runoff speed How can they be sustained / enhanced? exercise frequent maintenance and stablize the structure with vegetative measures
Reduce soil loss How can they be sustained / enhanced? soil is trapped by the checkdam
Moisture retention How can they be sustained / enhanced? the soil trapped provides more space for water to be stored.
reduce slope length How can they be sustained / enhanced? by raising the gully bed.

7.2 ឯកសារយោងដែលបានចេញផ្សាយ

ចំណងជើង អ្នកនិពន្ធ ឆ្នាំ ISBN:

Monthly, quarterly and annual achievement reports of the DWARDO

ចំណងជើង អ្នកនិពន្ធ ឆ្នាំ ISBN:

Work norm of MERET

ចំណងជើង អ្នកនិពន្ធ ឆ្នាំ ISBN:

Ethiopian Highlands Reclamation stdy

ចំណងជើង អ្នកនិពន្ធ ឆ្នាំ ISBN:

Soil and water conservation , Morgan 1986