1.2 ព័ត៌មានលម្អិតពីបុគ្គលសំខាន់ៗ និងស្ថាប័នដែលចូលរួមក្នុងការវាយតម្លៃ និងចងក្រងឯកសារនៃបច្ចេកទេស

ឈ្មោះគម្រោងដែលបានចងក្រងឯកសារ/ វាយតម្លៃលើបច្ចេកទេស (បើទាក់ទង)

ឈ្មោះគម្រោងដែលបានចងក្រងឯកសារ/ វាយតម្លៃលើបច្ចេកទេស (បើទាក់ទង)

ឈ្មោះអង្គភាពមួយ (ច្រើន) ដែលបានចងក្រងឯកសារ/ វាយតម្លៃបច្ចេកទេស (បើទាក់ទង)

ឈ្មោះអង្គភាពមួយ (ច្រើន) ដែលបានចងក្រងឯកសារ/ វាយតម្លៃបច្ចេកទេស (បើទាក់ទង)

ឈ្មោះអង្គភាពមួយ (ច្រើន) ដែលបានចងក្រងឯកសារ/ វាយតម្លៃបច្ចេកទេស (បើទាក់ទង)

1.3 លក្ខខណ្ឌទាក់ទងទៅនឹងការប្រើប្រាស់ទិន្នន័យដែលបានចងក្រងតាមរយៈ វ៉ូខេត

អ្នកចងក្រង និង(បុគ្គលសំខាន់ៗ)យល់ព្រមទទួលយកនូវលក្ខខណ្ឌនានាទាក់ទងទៅនឹងការប្រើប្រាស់ទិន្នន័យដែលបានចងក្រងតាមរយៈវ៉ូខេត:

បាទ/ចា៎

1.5 ការយោងទៅលើកម្រងបញ្ជីសំណួរ (មួយ ឬច្រើន) នៃវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ SLM (ដែលបានចងក្រងដោយទស្សនៈពិភពលោកស្តីពីវិធីសាស្ត្រ និងបច្ចេកទេសងអភិរក្ស WOCAT)

Increasing environmental awareness using comic-style illustrations as a … [ប្រទេសម៉ាដាហ្គាស្កា]

Communicating and transferring scientific results and recommendations about sustainable land management to local people

• អ្នកចងក្រង៖ Tobias Feldt
• 23 ធ្នូ 2015, 0:00

2.1 ការពណ៌នាដោយសង្ខេបពីបច្ចេកទេស

និយមន័យបច្ចេកទេស:

Propagation of “samata” cuttings for long-term provision of supplementary livestock fodder to reduce the pressure on natural vegetation.

2.2 ការពណ៌នាលម្អិតពីបច្ចេកទេស

ការពណ៌នា:

The succulent evergreen tree Euphorbia stenoclada (“samata”) is the most important dry season fodder resource on the coastal plains grazing grounds in the Mahafaly Plateau region. To increase production, samata can be vegetatively propagated with cuttings raised in a nursery. The advantages are: (a) protection against livestock, (b) selection of the most appropriate planting stock to propagate and (c) easy watering. Cuttings should only be taken from mature trees 7-10 years old and 3-4 m high. The mother plants should be healthy, with few spines, and no previous cuttings taken. Cuttings are taken at the upper nodes of the branches, approximately 20-25 cm long and 0.5-1.5 cm diameter. Transport of the cuttings to the nursery should be carried out in the morning to avoid heat. For effective rooting, the cutting is planted 5 cm (1-2 nodes) into a humid substrate in a plastic pot or directly into the ground. Best results are achieved using white sea sand mixed with some organic material. Cuttings should be raised in a sunny location. During the first 15 days, the cuttings need to be watered once every morning. For the next 3-4 months, they need watering every second morning. 24 hours before transplantation from the nursery to the final destination, the cuttings should be abundantly watered. Rooted cuttings are transplanted into pits of 10 cm diameter and 15 cm depth, filled with the same substrate as used in the nursery. For 15 days, the transplants are watered on a daily basis, and afterwards every second day. After 30-45 days, the transplants are ready to survive without further care. If the planting location is open to roaming livestock, the cuttings need protection.

Purpose of the Technology: The samata tree naturally reproduces by seeds as well as by vegetative reproduction. However the German funded SULAMA research project has had most success with multiplication of the local variety with cuttings. This form of propagation is preferable as it is much faster and gives higher survival rates of the individuals: neither does it need much planting material, equipment or technical knowledge. Providing the villagers with the know-how, and assisting them to create local samata-nurseries, makes this technology promising. SuLaMa-WWF started this technique in April 2015, establishing 5 nurseries with 2,000 trees each (3 with village communities, 2 with local schools).

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: On the coastal plain of the Mahafaly plateau region, the climatic and edaphic conditions do not support livestock raising based mainly on grasses. For 6-7 months, the herders are dependent on supplementary fodder plants, especially samata. The tree is fed by cutting its branches and slicing them. However pressure on this resource has led to depletion of stocks around many villages: this results from increasing demand and reduced supply. Higher demand is the result of changed herd movements, especially a shorter transhumance period. Lower supply is attributed to decreased precipitation, overuse of trees leading to poor regeneration or even the death of trees, and reduced samata areas due to the expansion of private crop fields. The overuse of trees is triggered by the overall scarcity of this resource as well as an ongoing privatization of the historically common land resources.

2.3 ​រូបភាពនៃបច្ចេកទេស

2.5 ប្រទេស/តំបន់/ទីតាំងកន្លែង ដែលបច្ចេកទេសត្រូវបានអនុវត្ត និងបានគ្រប់ដណ្តប់ដោយការវាយតម្លៃនេះ

ប្រទេស:

ប្រទេសម៉ាដាហ្គាស្កា

តំបន់/រដ្ឋ/ខេត្ត:

Atsimo-Andrefana, Toliara

បញ្ជាក់បន្ថែមពីលក្ខណៈនៃទីតាំង:

Toliara II, Beheloka

បញ្ជាក់ពីការសាយភាយនៃបច្ចេកទេស:

• ត្រូវបានផ្សព្វផ្សាយត្រឹមតំបន់មួយ

ប្រសិនបើមិនច្បាស់ពីទំហំផ្ទៃដី សូមធ្វើការប៉ាន់ប្រម៉ាណ:

• 10-100 គម2

មតិយោបល់:

Application ongoing, the envisaged implementation area might be up to 1,000 km².

Map

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2.6 កាលបរិច្ឆេទនៃការអនុវត្ត

ប្រសិនបើមិនច្បាស់ឆ្នាំ សូមបញ្ជាក់កាលបរិច្ឆេទដែលប្រហាក់ប្រហែល:

• តិចជាង 10ឆ្នាំមុន (ថ្មី)

2.7 ការណែនាំពីបច្ចេកទេស

សូមបញ្ជាក់តើបច្ចេកទេសត្រូវបានណែនាំឱ្យអនុវត្តដោយរបៀបណា:

• ពេលកំពុងពិសោធន៍
• តាមរយៈគម្រោង / អន្តរាគមន៍ពីខាងក្រៅ

មតិយោបល់ (ប្រភេទនៃគម្រោង ។ល។):

Project started with experimental trials of multiplication by cuttings in February 2014, first capacity development for land users through workshops on propagation technique in May 2015.

3.2 ប្រភេទដីប្រើប្រាស់មួយប្រភេទ (ច្រើនប្រភេទ) ដែលបានអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេស

ដីដាំដំណាំ

• ដំណាំប្រចាំឆ្នាំ
• ប្រភេទដើមឈើធំៗ និងដើមឈើតូចៗ

ដំណាំប្រចាំឆ្នាំ - បញ្ជាក់ប្រភេទដំណាំ:

• ធញ្ញជាតិ -​ ពោត
• ឬស/ដំណាំមើម -​ ដំឡូងជ្វា ពពួកដំឡូង ត្រាវ ផ្សេងៗ
• ឬស/ដំណាំមើម -​ ដំឡូងមី

ប្រភេទដើមឈើធំៗ និងដើមឈើតូចៗ - បញ្ជាក់ប្រភេទ:

• ដំណាំចំណី (Calliandra, Leucaena leucocephala, Prosopis, etc.)

• cactus, Euphorbbia stenoclada, samata trees

ចំនួនសារដែលដាំដំណាំក្នុងមួយឆ្នាំ:

• 1

សូមបញ្ជាក់:

Longest growing period from month to month: June - September

ដីសម្រាប់ចិញ្ចឹមសត្វ

វាលស្មៅធំៗ:

• ពាក់កណ្តាលពនេចរ

ដីវាលស្មៅតូចៗ/ ផលិតកម្មចំណី:

• កាត់ និងជញ្ជូន/ គ្មានវាលស្មៅសម្រាប់ចិញ្ចឹមសត្វ

មតិយោបល់:

Major cash crop annual cropping: Maize
Major food crop annual cropping: Cassava
Other crops annual cropping: Sweet potato
Major cash crop tree/shrub cropping: Samata (Euphorbia stenoclada)
Other crops tree/shrub cropping: Cactus

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): : Climatic constraints (especially low and erratic precipitation), deforestation, forest degradation, soil degradation, overgrazing, loss of arable land, fragmentation, low availability of surface and (very saline) ground water, privatization of common pool resources.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Climatic constraints, loss of arable land, low availability of animal fodder, soil degradation, low availability of surface and (very saline) ground water.

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: Yes

Cut-and-carry/ zero grazing: Yes

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: samata trees are both found on the grazing area (naturally), as well as on agricultural fields (naturally, transplanted). Main reason for transplanting to fields however not shade/other positive interaction with crops, but for property rights reasons.

Livestock density: 1-10 LU /km2

3.4 ការផ្គត់ផ្គង់ទឹក

ការផ្គត់ផ្គង់ទឹកនៅកន្លែងអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេស:

• ទឹកភ្លៀង

3.5 ក្រុម SLM ដែលបច្ចេកទេសស្ថិតនៅក្នុង

• ធ្វើឱ្យប្រសើរឡើងនូវការបង្កាត់ពូជរុក្ខជាតិ/ សត្វ

• Propagation of fodder plants

3.6 វិធានការ SLM ដែលបញ្ចូលនូវបច្ចេកទេស

វិធានការរុក្ខជាតិ

• V1: ឈើធំៗ និងដើមឈើតូចៗ

មតិយោបល់:

Main measures: vegetative measures

Type of vegetative measures: in blocks

3.7 កំណត់ប្រភេទនៃការធ្លាក់ចុះគុណភាពដីសំខាន់ៗដែលបច្ចេកទេសនេះបានដោះស្រាយ

ការធ្លាក់ចុះជីវសាស្ត្រនៃដី

• Bc: ការថយចុះនូវគម្របរុក្ខជាតិ
• Bh: ការបាត់បង់ទីជំរក
• Bq: ការថយចុះនូវជីវម៉ាស/​ បរិមាណ

មតិយោបល់:

Main type of degradation addressed: Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bq: quantity / biomass decline

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Bh: loss of habitats

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Slash&burn, charcoal production, overgrazing and grazing in forests), overgrazing (overexploitation of samata-trees), change of seasonal rainfall, droughts, other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (cyclones), population pressure (ca. 3% / year), poverty / wealth (Extreme poverty, subsistence and low economic development), education, access to knowledge and support services (limited access to improved tecniques for agriculture and livestock keeping)

Secondary causes of degradation: crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Non-optimized crops), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (Overexploitation of wild plants), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts), wind storms / dust storms, land tenure (privatization of formerly open access rangeland leading to increased pressure on still open access samata-trees), inputs and infrastructure: (roads, markets, distribution of water points, other, …), war and conflicts (armed cattle rustling on neighboring plateau let to new transhumance pattern towards implementation region, thus higher pressure on fodder resources), governance / institutional (limited access to improved tecniques for agriculture and livestock keeping)

3.8 ការពារ កាត់បន្ថយ ឬស្តារឡើងវិញនៃការធ្លាក់ចុះគុណភាពដី

មតិយោបល់:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation, rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation

4.1 គំនូសបច្ចេកទេសនៃបច្ចេកទេសនេះ

លក្ខណៈពិសេសនៃបច្ចេកទេស (ទាក់ទងនឺងគំនូរបច្ចេកទេស):

Multiplication of samata trees through cuttings preferably in the cold season from June to August: (1) Selection of suitable mother plants: adult trees 7-10 years old, 3-4 m high, good phytosanitary condition, low in spines, without previous cuttings taken (2) Taking cuttings with a sharp knife at the upper nodes of the branches, approximately 20-25 cm long and 0.5-1.5 cm in diameter. To ensure the survival of the mother tree, at least 10 branches should remain uncut. Transportation of the cuttings to the nursery takes place preferably in the early morning to avoid heat. (3) Daily care of cuttings in nurseries till the roots are well-established. The cuttings are planted 5 cm deep (1-2 nodes) into a humid substrate in a plastic bag or pot, filled with a substrate of white ocean sand mixed with some organic material, for example dung (75% sand, 25% dung). During the first 15 days, the cuttings need to be watered once every morning. For the next 3-4 months, they need watering every second morning. Shade has to be avoided. (4) Transplanting cuttings: 24 hours before transplanting, the cuttings need to be abundantly watered. The rooted cuttings are transplanted into holes of 10 cm diameter and 15 cm depth, filled with the same substrate used in
the nursery. For 15 days, the transplants are watered on a daily basis, and afterwards every second day. After 30-45 days, the transplants will be ready to survive without any further human attention.

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: increase of biomass (quantity)

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs

In blocks
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 300
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 5
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 5
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.3

Trees/ shrubs species: Euphorbbia stenoclada, planted cuttings (artificial vegetative multiplication)

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 0%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 0%

ឈ្មោះអ្នកនិពន្ធ:

RATOVONAMANA R. Yeddiya, UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES

4.2 ព័ត៌មានទូទៅដែលពាក់ព័ន្ធនឹងការគណនាធាតុចូល និងថ្លៃដើម

ផ្សេងៗ/ រូបិយប័ណ្ណជាតិ (បញ្ជាក់):

Madagascar-Ariary

បើពាក់ព័ន្ធសូមកំណត់អត្រាប្តូរប្រាក់ពីដុល្លាទៅរូបិយប័ណ្ណតំបន់ (ឧ.​​ 1 ដុល្លារ​ = 79.9 រៀលនៃរូបិយប័ណ្ណប្រេស៊ីល) ៖ 1 ដុល្លារ =:

3227,0

4.3 សកម្មភាពបង្កើត

4.4 ថ្លៃដើម និងធាតុចូលដែលត្រូវការសម្រាប់ការបង្កើតបច្ចេកទេស

មតិយោបល់:

Duration of establishment phase: 4.5 month(s)

4.6 កំណត់ថ្លៃដើមសម្រាប់ការថែទាំ/ សកម្មភាពរបស់បច្ចេកទេស (ក្នុងរយៈពេលមួយឆ្នាំ)

មតិយោបល់:

Machinery/ tools: knives, scissors, shovels, watering cans

4.7 កត្តាសំខាន់បំផុតដែលមានឥទ្ធិពលដល់ការចំណាយ

ពណ៌នាពីកត្តាប៉ះពាល់ចម្បងៗទៅលើថ្លៃដើម:

The multiplication of samata trees comprise labour costs mainly. The time spent watering the cuttings is the most significant.
There are no maintenance costs, as after transplantation to final destination and watering for some month, there are no yearly recurring activities.

5.1 អាកាសធាតុ

5.2 សណ្ឋានដី

5.3 ដី

បើអាចសូមភ្ជាប់ការពណ៌នាពីដីឱ្យបានច្បាស់ ឬព័ត៌មានដែលអាចទទួលបាន ឧ. ប្រភេទដី, pH ដី/ ជាតិអាស៊ីត, សមត្ថភាពផ្លាស់ប្តូរកាចុង, វត្តមាននីត្រូសែន, ភាពប្រៃ ។ល។:

Soil fertility is very low
Soil drainage/infiltration is good
Soil water storage capacity is very low

5.4 ទឹកដែលអាចទាញមកប្រើប្រាស់បាន និងគុណភាពទឹក

5.5 ជីវៈចម្រុះ

5.6 លក្ខណៈនៃអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីដែលអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេស

សូមបញ្ជាក់ពីលក្ខណៈពាក់ព័ន្ធផ្សេងទៀតអំពីអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 3% - 4%
1% of the land users are rich.
9% of the land users are average wealthy.
20% of the land users are poor.
70% of the land users are poor.
Off-farm income specification: business, trade, temporary labour migration, charcoal making
Market orientation cropland production system: Subistence (self-supply) (agriculture with annual food shortages and some off-farm income) and mixed (subsistence and commercial) (livestock mainly used for selling and thus getting some cash in order to buy food or other aims)
Market orientation grazing land production system: Mixed (subsistence and commercial) (samata has become an importan local cash crop, selling of annual harvesting rights to livestock owners )

5.7 ទំហំផ្ទៃដីជាមធ្យមនៃដីប្រើប្រាស់ដោយអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី ក្នុងការអនុវត្ត​បច្ចេកទេស

5.8 ភាពជាម្ចាស់ដី កម្មសិទ្ធប្រើប្រាស់ដី និងកម្មសិទ្ធប្រើប្រាស់ទឹក

ភាពជាម្ចាស់ដី:

• រដ្ឋ

កម្មសិទ្ធិប្រើប្រាស់ដី:

• ឯកជន

កម្មសិទ្ធប្រើប្រាស់ទឹក:

• អាស្រ័យផលសេរី (មិនមានការកំណត់)

មតិយោបល់:

Land devoted by the communities for crop production belong to clans/lineages and their members (individual, untitled), while land devoted to grazing is an open access common pool resource, but currently undergoing an unregulated privatization process.

5.9 ការប្រើប្រាស់សេវាកម្ម និងហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធ

6.1 ផលប៉ះពាល់ក្នុងបរិវេណអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេសដែលកើតមាន

ផលប៉ះពាល់លើសេដ្ឋកិច្ចសង្គម

ផលិតផល

ចំណូល និងថ្លៃដើម

ផលប៉ះពាល់ទៅលើវប្បធម៌សង្គម

ផលប៉ះពាល់ទៅលើអេកូឡូស៊ី

ជីវចម្រុះ៖ ដំណាំ, សត្វ

ផលប៉ះពាល់ទៅលើអេកូឡូស៊ីផ្សេងៗ

6.3 ភាពប្រឈម និងភាពរួសនៃបច្ចេកទេសទៅនឹងការប្រែប្រួលអាកាសធាតុ និងគ្រោះអាកាសធាតុ/ គ្រោះមហន្តរាយ (ដែលដឹងដោយអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី)

ការប្រែប្រួលអាកាសធាតុ

ការប្រែប្រួលអាកាសធាតុ

គ្រោះអាកាសធាតុ (មហន្តរាយ) ​

គ្រោះមហន្តរាយធម្មជាតិ

គ្រោះមហន្តរាយអាកាសធាតុ

គ្រោះមហន្តរាយទឹក

ផលវិបាកដែលទាក់ទងនឹងបរិយាកាសផ្សេងៗទៀត

ផលវិបាកដែលទាក់ទងនឹងបរិយាកាសផ្សេងៗទៀត

6.4 ការវិភាគថ្លៃដើម និងអត្ថប្រយោជន៍

តើផលចំណេញ និងថ្លៃដើមត្រូវបានប្រៀបធៀបគ្នាយ៉ាងដូចម្តេច (ទស្សនៈរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី)?

6.5 ការទទួលយកបច្ចេកទេស

មតិយោបល់:

Comments on acceptance with external material support: Knowledge transfer of new technology has just started recently

Comments on spontaneous adoption: Knowledge transfer of new technology has just started recently

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Knowledge transfer of new technology has just started recently

6.7 ភាពខ្លាំង/ គុណសម្បត្តិ/ ឱកាសនៃបច្ចេកទេស

6.8 ភាពខ្សោយ/ គុណវិបត្តិ/ ហានិភ័យនៃបច្ចេកទេស និងវិធីសាស្ត្រដោះស្រាយ

7.1 វិធីសាស្ត្រ/ ប្រភពនៃព័ត៌មាន

7.2 ឯកសារយោងដែលបានចេញផ្សាយ

ចំណងជើង អ្នកនិពន្ធ ឆ្នាំ ISBN:

Johanna Goetter and Regina Neudert (2016) New rules are not rules: Privatization of pastoral commons and local attempts at curtailment in southwest Madagascar

មានប្រភពមកពីណា? ថ្លៃដើមប៉ុន្មាន?

International Journal of the Commons (10:2). DOI: 10.18352/ijc.743

ចំណងជើង អ្នកនិពន្ធ ឆ្នាំ ISBN:

Johanna Goetter et al. (2015) Degradation of the Important Fodder Tree Euphorbia stenoclada

មានប្រភពមកពីណា? ថ្លៃដើមប៉ុន្មាន?

Southwest Madagascar and Approaches for Improved Management. Poster presented at the conference Tropentag 2015, September 16 - 18, Berlin, Germany. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3734.7445

ចំណងជើង អ្នកនិពន្ធ ឆ្នាំ ISBN:

Antsonantenainarivony O. Goum (2015) Guide pratique pour la bouture de samata (Euphorbia stenoclada Baill.) dans la partie littorale de la région Sud-Ouest de Madagascar.

មានប្រភពមកពីណា? ថ្លៃដើមប៉ុន្មាន?

http://www.sulama.de/index.php/en/literature/reports-english.html

7.3 ការភ្ជាប់ទៅកាន់ព័ត៌មានពាក់ព័ន្ធលើប្រព័ន្ធអនឡាញ

ចំណងជើង/ ពណ៌នា:

Antsonantenainarivony O. Goum (2015) Guide pratique pour la bouture de samata (Euphorbia stenoclada Baill.) dans la partie littorale de la région Sud-Ouest de Madagascar.

វេបសាយ:

http://www.sulama.de/index.php/en/literature/reports-english.html