1.2 ຂໍ້ມູນ ການຕິດຕໍ່ພົວພັນ ຂອງບຸກຄົນທີ່ສໍາຄັນ ແລະ ສະຖາບັນ ທີ່ມີສ່ວນຮ່ວມ ໃນການປະເມີນເອກກະສານ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ

ຊື່ສະຖາບັນ (ຫຼາຍສະຖາບັນ) ທີ່ອໍານວຍຄວາມສະດວກ ໃນການສ້າງເອກກະສານ / ປະເມີນ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ (ຖ້າກ່ຽວຂ້ອງ)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - ອີຕາລີ

1.3 ເງື່ອນໄຂ ກ່ຽວກັບ ການນໍາໃຊ້ຂໍ້ມູນເອກະສານ ທີ່ສ້າງຂື້ນ ໂດຍຜ່ານ ອົງການພາບລວມຂອງໂລກ ທາງດ້ານແນວທາງ ແລະ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ຂອງການອານຸລັກ ທໍາມະຊາດ (WOCAT)

ເມື່ອໃດທີ່ໄດ້ສັງລວມຂໍ້ມູນ (ຢູ່ພາກສະໜາມ)?

02/06/2011

ຜູ້ປ້ອນຂໍ້ມູນ ແລະ ບຸກຄົນສຳຄັນ ທີ່ໃຫ້ຂໍ້ມູນ (ຫຼາຍ) ຍິນຍອມ ຕາມເງື່ອນໄຂ ໃນການນຳໃຊ້ຂໍ້ມູນ ເພື່ອສ້າງເປັນເອກກະສານຂອງ WOCAT:

ແມ່ນ

2.1 ຄໍາອະທິບາຍສັ້ນຂອງ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ

ການກຳໜົດຄວາມໝາຍ ຂອງເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ:

Soil bund and Fanya Juu constructed along the contour lines in microwatershed to conserve soil moisture and control erosion.

2.2 ການອະທິບາຍ ລາຍລະອຽດ ຂອງເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ

ການພັນລະນາ:

Soil bund and Fanya Juu constructed in combination in a microwatershed for retaining maximum possible rain water in the soil by obstructing runoff water. Soil bunds are suitable for steeper slopes compared to fanya juu terraces which are more effective in gentle and flatter slopes.Land users in the SWC area prefer to combine the two physical structures for many reasons.One important factor is the cost of establishment, which is a function of labour needed for the construction. Fanya juu which means throwing soil upslope in Kiswahili intails throwing soil upslope which is more labours than throwing soil to downslope in the case of soil bunds. The other reason is that cultivated lands with fanya juu terraces are not easily accessed by free grazing livestock. The ditches placed in the downslope side of the embankment (fanya juu) is not easily vrossable but in soil bund although not that easy livestock are seen to trample over the embankment and jump the ditch which is placed in the upslope side. The other advantage farmers consider is that Fanya juu is more efficient in controlling runoff because the water that overtops the embankment is trapped by the ditch. Fanya Juu despite its high cost is preferred to be applied in combination with bunds because of the other advantage that it forms bench terrace rapidly.

Purpose of the Technology: The major purpose is to trap as much rain water as possible and also control soil erosion. Cultivated lands with with Soil bund and Fanya Juu have shown remarkable improvement in soil moistureavailability to crops compared to fields with no measures.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Soil bund and Fanya Juu are established in the same way by digging soil from and embanking it on a contour line. A contour line is laid out by following zero gradient. Once the soil is dug and embanked it is lightly compacted to avoid colapse. To further ensure bund stabilityuseful trees/shrubs are planted.The planted tree/shrub species are those offering multiuses such as fodder, fertility improving and fuelwood. Maintenance: It is done by repairing breaks and managing planted trees on the structure or by upgrading the structure by increasing its height and plant improved tree and fruit tree species.

Natural / human environment: The technology is suitable to semiarid climatic condition which have erratic rains and where crop production is limited by soil moisture stress. Soils in the technology area are susceptable to erosion and therefore the structure should be stablized by planting trees or grass species.

2.5 ປະເທດ / ເຂດ / ສະຖານທີ່ບ່ອນທີ່ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ໄດ້ຮັບການນໍາໃຊ້ ແລະ ທີ່ຖືກປົກຄຸມດ້ວຍການປະເມີນຜົນ

2.6 ວັນທີໃນການຈັດຕັ້ງປະຕິບັດ

ຖ້າຫາກວ່າ ບໍ່ຮູ້ຈັກ ປີທີ່ຊັດເຈນ ແມ່ນໃຫ້ປະມານ ວັນທີເອົາ:

• ຕໍ່າກວ່າ 10 ປີ ຜ່ານມາ (ມາເຖິງປະຈຸບັນ)

2.7 ການນໍາສະເໜີ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ

ໃຫ້ລະບຸ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ໄດ້ຖືກຈັດຕັ້ງປະຕິບັດຄືແນວໃດ?

• ໂດຍຜ່ານໂຄງການ / ການຊ່ວຍເຫຼືອຈາກພາຍນອກ

ຄວາມຄິດເຫັນ (ປະເພດ ໂຄງການ ແລະ ອື່ນໆ):

Fanya juu is first practiced in Kenya and soil bunds are also exotic but experienced widely in Ethiopia over the past 30 years.

3.1 ຈຸດປະສົງຫຼັກ (ຫຼາຍ) ຂອງເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ

• ຫຼຸດຜ່ອນ, ປ້ອງກັນ, ຟື້ນຟູ ການເຊື່ອມໂຊມຂອງດິນ
• ການອະນຸລັກ ລະບົບນິເວດ

3.2 ປະເພດການນໍາໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ ໃນປະຈຸບັນ() ທີ່ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ໄດ້ຖືກນໍາໃຊ້

ຄວາມຄິດເຫັນ:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil erosion, productivity decline, degraded grazing and forest lands, soil moisture stress.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Poor crop production, high fertilizer cost, lack of grazing land.

3.3 ຂໍ້ມູນເພີ່ມເຕີມກ່ຽວກັບການນໍາໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ

ການສະໜອງນໍ້າ ໃນພື້ນທີ່ ທີ່ໄດ້ນໍາໃຊ້ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ:

• ນໍ້າຝົນ

ລະບຸ ຊະນິດ:

Longest growing period in days: 210 Longest growing period from month to month: Apr - Nov

3.4 ການນໍາໃຊ້ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ທີ່ຢູ່ໃນກຸ່ມການຄຸ້ມຄອງ ທີ່ດິນແບບຍືນຍົງ

• ມາດຕະການ ຕັດຂວາງ ກັບຄວາມຄ້ອຍຊັນ
• ການຄຸ້ມຄອງນໍ້າໜ້າດິນ (ນ້ຳຈາກພຸ, ແມ່ນໍ້າ, ທະເລສາບ, ທະເລ)

3.5 ການຂະຫຍາຍເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ

ຄວາມຄິດເຫັນ:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 15 km2.

Soil and water conservation activities started in the area about 30 years ago by the extension program of the Ministry of Agriculture. Systematically planned SWC measures, however, came into picture recently as Integrated microwatersheds planning & implementation approach was introduced.

3.6 ມາດຕະການ ການຄຸ້ມຄອງ ທີ່ດິນແບບຍືນຍົງ ປະກອບດ້ວຍ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ

3.7 ປະເພດດິນເຊື່ອມໂຊມ ຫຼັກທີ່ໄດ້ນໍາໃຊ້ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ

ຄວາມຄິດເຫັນ:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Pk: sealing and crusting

3.8 ການປ້ອງກັນ, ການຫຼຸດຜ່ອນ, ຫຼືການຟື້ນຟູຂອງການເຊື່ອມໂຊມຂອງດິນ

ໃຫ້ລະບຸ ເປົ້າໝາຍ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ທີ່ພົວພັນ ກັບຄວາມເຊື່ອມໂຊມຂອງດິນ:

• ຫຼຸດຜ່ອນການເຊື່ອມໂຊມຂອງດິນ
• ການຟື້ນຟູ / ຟື້ນຟູດິນທີ່ຊຸດໂຊມ

ຄວາມຄິດເຫັນ:

Secondary goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.2 ການແຕ້ມແຜນວາດອະທິບາຍເຕັກນິກ

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard

Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length

Early planting
Material/ species: sorghum and maize
Quantity/ density: 80-100000
Remarks: broadcasting

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: sorghum-teff-beans
Remarks: broadcasting

Contour planting / strip cropping
Material/ species: maize, sunflower

Agronomic measure: mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: wheat-safflower
Remarks: broadcasting

Legume inter-planting
Remarks: field crops (safflower sunflower)

Manure / compost / residues
Remarks: at homesteads

Mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Material/ species: Dap, Urea
Quantity/ density: 1.5 q/ha

Minimum tillage
Remarks: at pilot level for maize planting

Contour tillage
Remarks: For cereal crops on terraced cultivated lands

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 400
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 50-100

Trees/ shrubs species: casea seame, leucanea, sesbania

Grass species: local, elephant grass

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 5.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 2.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 1.00%

Waterway
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1.5m
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 3m
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 500m
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 1.5m
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 3m
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 3m

Bund/ bank: level
Spacing between structures (m): 1.5m
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5m
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1m
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 150m
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.65m
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1.5m
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 150m

Structural measure: diversion ditch / cut-off drain
Spacing between structures (m): 200m
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.75m
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 120m
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 150m
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.75m
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1.2m
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 150m

Construction material (earth): soil bund and fanya juu

Construction material (stone): waterways and diversions

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 5%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 2%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

For water harvesting: the ratio between the area where the harvested water is applied and the total area from which water is collected is: 1:1

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Change of land use type: cut and carry, weeding and cultivation and proper management.

Other type of management: site guarding - 0vergrazed lands are closed for establishing vegetation.

4.3 ຂໍ້ມູນທົ່ວໄປກ່ຽວກັບການຄິດໄລ່ປັດໃຈຂາເຂົ້າໃນການຜະລິດ ແລະ ມູນຄ່າອື່ນໆ

ສະກຸນເງິນອື່ນໆ / ປະເທດອື່ນໆ (ລະບຸ):

Birr

ລະບຸ ອັດຕາແລກປ່ຽນ ຈາກໂດລາ ເປັນເງິນຕາທ້ອງຖີ່ນ (ຖ້າກ່ຽວຂ້ອງ): 1 ໂດລາ =:

8.6

4.4 ການສ້າງຕັ້ງກິດຈະກໍາ

	ກິດຈະກໍາ	ປະເພດ ມາດຕະການ	ໄລຍະເວລາ
1.	collecting seeds	ການບໍາລຸງລ້ຽງ	dry season
2.	seedling production	ການບໍາລຸງລ້ຽງ	dry season
3.	seedling planting	ການບໍາລຸງລ້ຽງ	rainy season
4.	direct sowing of seeds	ການບໍາລຸງລ້ຽງ	rainy season
5.	contour marking	ໂຄງສ້າງ	dry season
6.	embanking soils	ໂຄງສ້າງ	dry season
7.	light compaction	ໂຄງສ້າງ	dry season
8.	fencing	ການຈັດການຄຸ້ມຄອງ	dry season

4.5 ຕົ້ນທຶນ ແລະ ປັດໄຈຂາເຂົ້າທີ່ຈໍາເປັນໃນຈັດຕັ້ງປະຕິບັດ

	ລະບຸ ປັດໃຈ ນໍາເຂົ້າ ໃນການຜະລີດ	ຫົວໜ່ວຍ	ປະລິມານ	ຕົ້ນທຶນ ຕໍ່ຫົວໜ່ວຍ	ຕົ້ນທຶນທັງໝົດ ຂອງປັດໃຈຂາເຂົ້າ ໃນການຜະລິດ	% ຂອງຕົ້ນທຶນທັງໝົດ ທີ່ຜູ້ນໍາໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ ໃຊ້ຈ່າຍເອງ
ແຮງງານ	Labour	ha	1.0	199.0	199.0	20.0
ອຸປະກອນ	Tools	ha		63.0		5.0
ວັດສະດຸໃນການປູກ	Seeds	ha	1.0	8.0	8.0	100.0
ຕົ້ນທຶນທັງໝົດ ໃນການຈັດຕັ້ງປະຕິບັດ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ					207.0

ຄວາມຄິດເຫັນ:

Duration of establishment phase: 84 month(s)

4.6 ບໍາລຸງຮັກສາ / ແຜນຈັດຕັ້ງປະຕິບັດ ກິດຈະກໍາ

	ກິດຈະກໍາ	ປະເພດ ມາດຕະການ	ໄລຍະເວລາ / ຄວາມຖີ່
1.	tillage /primary)	ພືດ
2.	tillage/secondary/	ພືດ
3.	seedbed preartaion	ພືດ
4.	planting/sowing	ພືດ
5.	Weeding	ພືດ
6.	cultivation	ພືດ
7.	weeding and cultivation	ການບໍາລຸງລ້ຽງ	after rains /annual
8.	replanting	ການບໍາລຸງລ້ຽງ	during rains /annual
9.	repair breaks	ໂຄງສ້າງ	after rains/as required
10.	upgrading	ໂຄງສ້າງ	dry season/annual
11.	upgrading and repairing of breaks	ການຈັດການຄຸ້ມຄອງ	before rains / annual

4.7 ຄ່າໃຊ້ຈ່າຍ ແລະ ປັດໄຈນໍາເຂົ້າທີ່ຈໍາເປັນສໍາລັບການບໍາລຸງຮັກສາກິດຈະກໍາ / ແຜນປະຕິບັດ (ຕໍ່ປີ)

	ລະບຸ ປັດໃຈ ນໍາເຂົ້າ ໃນການຜະລີດ	ຫົວໜ່ວຍ	ປະລິມານ	ຕົ້ນທຶນ ຕໍ່ຫົວໜ່ວຍ	ຕົ້ນທຶນທັງໝົດ ຂອງປັດໃຈຂາເຂົ້າ ໃນການຜະລິດ	% ຂອງຕົ້ນທຶນທັງໝົດ ທີ່ຜູ້ນໍາໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ ໃຊ້ຈ່າຍເອງ
ແຮງງານ	Labour	ha	1.0	13.0	13.0	100.0
ຕົ້ນທຶນທັງໝົດ ທີ່ໃຊ້ໃນການບໍາລຸງຮັກສາ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ					13.0

ຄວາມຄິດເຫັນ:

length of terrace, number of trees planted

4.8 ປັດໄຈ ທີ່ສໍາຄັນ ທີ່ສົ່ງຜົນກະທົບ ຕໍ່ຄ່າໃຊ້ຈ່າຍ

ໃຫ້ອະທິບາຍ ປັດໃຈ ທີ່ສົ່ງຜົນກະທົບ ຕໍ່ຕົ້ນທຶນ ໃນການຈັດຕັ້ງປະຕິບັດ:

slope, soil condition labour availability

5.1 ອາກາດ

5.2 ພູມິປະເທດ

ຄຳເຫັນ ແລະ ຂໍ້ມູນສະເພາະ ເພີ່ມເຕີມ ກ່ຽວກັບ ພູມີປະເທດ:

Landforms: Hill slopes (are largley cultivated and some grazing lands, ranked 1), valley floors (are totally cultivated lands and have potentials if suffiecent rains are received, ranked 2) and mountain slopes (are grazing and shrub lands. Valley floors depend for runoff water from this, ranked 3)
Slopes on average: Flat (bunds were built before but silted up due to soil burial, ranked 1), rolling (ranked 2) as well as gentle and moderate (both ranked 3)

5.3 ດິນ

ຖ້າເປັນໄປໄດ້ ແມ່ນໃຫ້ຕິດຄັດ ການພັນລະນາດິນ ຫຼື ຂໍ້ມູນສະເພາະຂອງດິນ, ຕົວຢ່າງ, ຄຸນລັກສະນະ ປະເພດຂອງດິນ, ຄ່າຄວາມເປັນກົດ / ເປັນດ່າງຂອງດິນ, ສານອາຫານ,​ ດິນເຄັມ ແລະ ອື່ນໆ.

Soil depth on average: Moderately deep (soils on gentle slopes where the technology is dominantly practiced, ranked 1), shallow (soils on hillslopes are predominantly , ranked 2) and deep (soils in the valley floors are moderately deep to deep, ranked 3)
Soil texture is medium (on gentle slopes and valley floors, ranked 1) and coarse/light (on hilly slopes and gentle slopes, ranked 2) and fine/heavy (ranked 3)
Soil fertility is very low (soils that are continuously cropped on gentle slopes, ranked 1), low (soils on steep slopes because of erosion, ranked 2) and medium (soils on valley floors because of deposited soils, ranked 3)
Topsoil organic matter is low (soils of shallow depth on hillslopes, ranked 1) and medium (soils on valley floors, ranked 2)
Soil drainage/infiltration is good
Soil water storage capacity is low (shallow soils on the hillslopes, ranked 1) and medium (soils in the valley floors, ranked 2)

5.6 ຄຸນລັກສະນະ ຂອງຜູ້ນໍາໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ ທີ່ໄດ້ນໍາໃຊ້ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ

ໃຫ້ລະບຸ ຄຸນລັກສະນະ ຂອງຜູ້ນໍາໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ:

Population density: 100-200 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 2% - 3%
5% of the land users are rich (have means to pay labour).
35% of the land users are average wealthy (get organized in groups for labour share).
60% of the land users are poor (are beneficiaries of food for work).
Off-farm income specification: land users who have implemented SWC measures have better income compared with those who have not implemented SWC.
Level of mechanization: Manual labour (land is tilled by oxen plough)
Market orientation cropland: Subsistence (poor and average farmers produced for themselves, ranked 1) and mixed (better of and rich produce food for own consumption and also market, ranked 2)

5.7 ພື້ນທີ່ສະເລ່ຍຂອງທີ່ດິນ ຫຼື ເຊົ່າໂດຍຜູ້ໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນການນໍາໃຊ້ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ

5.8 ເຈົ້າຂອງທີ່ດິນ, ສິດໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ, ແລະ ສິດທິການນໍາໃຊ້ນໍ້າ

ເຈົ້າຂອງດິນ:

• ລັດ

ສິດທິ ໃນການນໍາໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ:

• ເປີດກວ້າງ (ບໍ່ມີການຈັດຕັ້ງ)
• ບຸກຄົນ

6.1 ການສະແດງຜົນກະທົບ ພາຍໃນພື້ນທີ່ ທີ່ໄດ້ຈັດຕັ້ງປະຕິບັດ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ

ຜົນກະທົບທາງເສດຖະກິດສັງຄົມ

ການຜະລິດ

ລາຍໄດ້ ແລະ ຄ່າໃຊ້ຈ່າຍ

ຜົນກະທົບດ້ານວັດທະນາທໍາສັງຄົມ

ຜົນກະທົບຕໍ່ລະບົບນິເວດ

ວົງຈອນນໍ້າ / ນໍ້າ

ດິນ

ຜົນກະທົບຕໍ່ລະບົບນິເວດອື່ນໆ

6.2 ຜົນກະທົບທາງອ້ອມ ຈາກການນໍາໃຊ້ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ

6.4 ການວິເຄາະຕົ້ນທຶນ ແລະ ຜົນປະໂຫຍດ

ຈະເຮັດປະໂຫຍດເພື່ອປຽບທຽບກັບຄ່າໃຊ້ຈ່າຍກັບສິ່ງກໍ່ສ້າງ (ຈາກທັດສະນະຂອງຜູ້ນຳໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ) ໄດ້ແນວໃດ?

ຈະໄດ້ຮັບຜົນປະໂຫຍດເມື່ອປຽບທຽບກັບ / ຄ່າໃຊ້ຈ່າຍໃນການບຳລຸງຮັກສາທີເ່ກີດຂື້ນອິກ (ຈາກທັດສະນະຄະຕິຂອງຜູ້ນຳໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ) ໄດ້ແນວໃດ?

6.5 ການປັບຕົວຮັບເອົາເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ

ທັງໝົດນັ້ນ ແມ່ນໃຜ ທີ່ເປັນຜູ້ປັບຕົວ ໃນການນໍາໃຊ້ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ, ມີຈັກຄົນ ທີ່ສາມາດເຮັດເອງໄດ້, ຕົວຢ່າງ, ປາດສະຈາກ ການຊ່ວຍເຫຼືອ ທາງດ້ານອຸປະກອນ / ການຈ່າຍເປັນເງິນ?

• 0-10%

ຄວາມຄິດເຫັນ:

95% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

5% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Spontaneous adoption is being observed who are average in wealth in particular and in families who have adequate awarness of SWC measures in general.

6.7 ຈຸດແຂງ / ຂໍ້ດີ / ໂອກາດ ໃນການນໍາໃຊ້ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ

ຈຸດແຂງ / ຈຸດດີ / ໂອກາດ ຈາກທັດສະນະຂອງຜູ້ປ້ອນຂໍ້ມູນ ຫຼື ບຸກຄົນສຳຄັນ
Structures do not hinder farm operations because they are widely spaced. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Practice inter bund measures that trap runoff efficiently.
Fodder is grown on bunds and there is no area lost How can they be sustained / enhanced? Strengthening the introduction of high yielding fodder species.
Homestead intensification activities are integrated with the SWC technology. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Embrace more land in the program
Crop, fodder and wood production increased because of plantation, structures and area enclosures. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Use more efficient techniques and inputs that enhance soil fertility.
Crop production has increased because of improved soil moisture avalability.

6.8 ຈຸດອ່ອນ / ຂໍ້ເສຍ / ຄວາມສ່ຽງ ໃນການນໍາໃຊ້ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ແລະ ວິທີການແກ້ໄຂບັນຫາ

ຈຸດອ່ອນ / ຂໍ້ເສຍ / ຄວາມສ່ຽງໃນມຸມມອງຂອງຜູ້ນໍາໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ	ມີວິທີການແກ້ໄຂຄືແນວໃດ?
are labour consuming	organize farmers in groups and undertake repairs before the damage gets more serious
require frequent maintenance

ຈຸດອ່ອນ/ຂໍ້ບົກຜ່ອງ/ຄວາມສ່ຽງ ຈາກທັດສະນະຂອງຜູ້ປ້ອນຂໍ້ມູນ ຫຼື ບຸກຄົນສຳຄັນ	ມີວິທີການແກ້ໄຂຄືແນວໃດ?
require regular maintenance	make quality structures and avoid livestock interference
require closer protection and guarding	practice more cut and carry