Forest catchment treatment [ອິນເດຍ]
- ການສ້າງ:
- ປັບປູງ:
- ຜູ້ສັງລວມຂໍ້ມູນ: Chetan Kumar
- ບັນນາທິການ: –
- ຜູ້ທົບທວນຄືນ: Fabian Ottiger
technologies_1476 - ອິນເດຍ
ເບິ່ງພາກສ່ວນ
ຂະຫຍາຍທັງໝົດ ຍຸບທັງໝົດ1. ຂໍ້ມູນທົ່ວໄປ
1.2 ຂໍ້ມູນ ການຕິດຕໍ່ພົວພັນ ຂອງບຸກຄົນທີ່ສໍາຄັນ ແລະ ສະຖາບັນ ທີ່ມີສ່ວນຮ່ວມ ໃນການປະເມີນເອກກະສານ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ
ຜຸ້ຊ່ຽວຊານ ດ້ານການຄຸ້ມຄອງ ທີ່ດິນແບບຍືນຍົງ:
Vashisth US
01732-30006
usvashisth@teri.res.in
House No.1014 Sector 17 Jagadhari, Yamunanagar
ອິນເດຍ
ຊື່ໂຄງການ ທີ່ອໍານວຍຄວາມສະດວກ ໃນການສ້າງເອກກະສານ/ປະເມີນ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ (ຖ້າກ່ຽວຂ້ອງ)
Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)ຊື່ສະຖາບັນ (ຫຼາຍສະຖາບັນ) ທີ່ອໍານວຍຄວາມສະດວກ ໃນການສ້າງເອກກະສານ / ປະເມີນ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ (ຖ້າກ່ຽວຂ້ອງ)
CIFOR Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) - ອິນເດຍ1.3 ເງື່ອນໄຂ ກ່ຽວກັບ ການນໍາໃຊ້ຂໍ້ມູນເອກະສານ ທີ່ສ້າງຂື້ນ ໂດຍຜ່ານ ອົງການພາບລວມຂອງໂລກ ທາງດ້ານແນວທາງ ແລະ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ຂອງການອານຸລັກ ທໍາມະຊາດ (WOCAT)
ເມື່ອໃດທີ່ໄດ້ສັງລວມຂໍ້ມູນ (ຢູ່ພາກສະໜາມ)?
01/09/2002
ຜູ້ປ້ອນຂໍ້ມູນ ແລະ ບຸກຄົນສຳຄັນ ທີ່ໃຫ້ຂໍ້ມູນ (ຫຼາຍ) ຍິນຍອມ ຕາມເງື່ອນໄຂ ໃນການນຳໃຊ້ຂໍ້ມູນ ເພື່ອສ້າງເປັນເອກກະສານຂອງ WOCAT:
ແມ່ນ
1.5 ອ້າງອີງເຖິງແບບສອບສອບຖາມ (ຫຼາຍ) ທາງດ້ານວິທີການ ໃນການຄຸ້ມຄອງ ທີ່ດິນແບບຍືນຍົງ
Joint forest management [ອິນເດຍ]
Government and NGO supported community protection of forested catchments, through village-based Hill Resource Management Societies.
- ຜູ້ສັງລວມຂໍ້ມູນ: Sumana Datta
Joint forest management [ອິນເດຍ]
Joint forest management is a community based program developed in collaboration with the forest department for the protection and management of local forests while providing incentives to the local communities with political and institutional support from the state.
- ຜູ້ສັງລວມຂໍ້ມູນ: Sumana Datta
2. ການອະທິບາຍ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ຂອງການຄຸ້ມຄອງ ທີ່ດິນແບບຍືນຍົງ
2.1 ຄໍາອະທິບາຍສັ້ນຂອງ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ
ການກຳໜົດຄວາມໝາຍ ຂອງເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ:
Catchment treatment of degraded forest land including social fencing, infiltration trenches and enrichment planting with trees and grasses for production and dam protection.
2.2 ການອະທິບາຍ ລາຍລະອຽດ ຂອງເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ
ການພັນລະນາ:
Forest catchment treatment aims to achieve production and environmental benefits through a combination of structural, vegetative and management measures in badly degraded catchments above villages. These efforts are concentrated in the highly erodible Shiwalik Hills at the foot of the Himalayan range where soil erosion has ravaged the landscape, and the original forest has almost disappeared.
The purpose of forest catchment treatment is first to rehabilitate the forest through protection of the area by ‘social fencing’ (villagers agreeing amongst themselves to exclude livestock without using physical barriers), then construction of soil conservation measures (staggered contour trenches, check dams, graded stabilisation channels etc; see establishment activities), and ‘enrichment planting’ of trees and grasses within the existing forest stand to improve composition and cover. These species usually include trees such as Acacia catechu and Dalbergia sissoo, and fodder grasses - as well as bhabbar grass (Eulaliopsis binata), which is used for rope making. The combined measures are aimed at reestablishing the forest canopy, understorey and floor, thereby restoring the forest ecosystem together with its functions and services. Biodiversity is simultaneously enhanced.
The second main objective is to provide supplementary irrigation water to the village below through construction of one, or more, earth dams. The village community - organised into a Hill Resource Management Society - is the source of highly subsidised labour for forest catchment treatment. After catchment protection around the proposed dam site(s), the dam(s) and pipeline(s) are constructed. The dams are generally between 20,000 and 200,000 m3 in capacity, and the pipelines usually one kilometre or less in length.
Apart from irrigation, the villagers benefit from communal use of non-timber forest resources. Forest catchment treatment (associated with the approach termed ‘joint forest management’ - JFM) has been developed from a pilot initiative in Sukhomajri village in 1976, and has spread very widely throughout India. This description focuses on Ambala and Yamunanagar Districts in Haryana State.
The Shiwalik hills where the SWC technology was applied is one of the eight most degraded, rainfed agro-ecosystems of India. It is highly erodible, with presence of low water retentive soils and severe soil erosion, haing water scarcity despite average 1000 mm annual rainfall.
2.3 ຮູບພາບຂອງເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ
2.5 ປະເທດ / ເຂດ / ສະຖານທີ່ບ່ອນທີ່ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ໄດ້ຮັບການນໍາໃຊ້ ແລະ ທີ່ຖືກປົກຄຸມດ້ວຍການປະເມີນຜົນ
ປະເທດ:
ອິນເດຍ
ພາກພື້ນ / ລັດ / ແຂວງ:
Haryana
ຂໍ້ມູນເພີ່ມເຕີມຂອງສະຖານທີ່:
Ambala and Yamunanagar
Map
×3. ການໃຈ້ແຍກ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ໃນການຄຸ້ມຄອງ ດິນແບບຍືນຍົງ
3.1 ຈຸດປະສົງຫຼັກ (ຫຼາຍ) ຂອງເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ
- ປັບປຸງ ການຜະລິດ
- ຫຼຸດຜ່ອນ, ປ້ອງກັນ, ຟື້ນຟູ ການເຊື່ອມໂຊມຂອງດິນ
3.2 ປະເພດການນໍາໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ ໃນປະຈຸບັນ() ທີ່ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ໄດ້ຖືກນໍາໃຊ້
ທົ່ງຫຍ້າລ້ຽງສັດ
ປ່າໄມ້ / ປ່າ
- Rehabilitated natural forest
ຄວາມຄິດເຫັນ:
Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The Shiwalik Hills are extremely prone to both surface erosion and landslides, and general degradation of vegetation due to over-exploitation. Some areas have become completely denuded because of overgrazing and woodcutting. Furthermore there is no, or inadequate, water for irrigation of crops.
Grazingland comments: Due to free grazing, much of the forest land was becoming barren and fodder yield declined over a period of time. The average fodder yield was about two quintals/ha of forest land and fodder consumption was 26.69kg/animal/day.
Problems / comments regarding forest use: Tree species like Khaci (Acacia catechu), Dalbergio sissoo in pits and slips of bhabbar grass (Eulaliopsis binata) on mounds of trenches and hill slopes were planted. Bhabbar grass was sold out by forest department to contractors.
Type of grazing system comments: Due to free grazing, much of the forest land was becoming barren and fodder yield declined over a period of time. The average fodder yield was about two quintals/ha of forest land and fodder consumption was 26.69kg/animal/day.
3.3 ຂໍ້ມູນເພີ່ມເຕີມກ່ຽວກັບການນໍາໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ
ລະບຸ ຊະນິດ:
Longest growing period in days: 120 Longest growing period from month to month: Jul - Oct
3.4 ການນໍາໃຊ້ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ທີ່ຢູ່ໃນກຸ່ມການຄຸ້ມຄອງ ທີ່ດິນແບບຍືນຍົງ
- ການປິດພື້ນທີ່ (ຢຸດການນໍາໃຊ້, ເພື່ອປູກເປັນປ່າຟື້ນຟູ)
- ການປັບປຸງດິນ / ພືດຄຸມດິນ
- ມາດຕະການ ຕັດຂວາງ ກັບຄວາມຄ້ອຍຊັນ
3.5 ການຂະຫຍາຍເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ
ຄວາມຄິດເຫັນ:
Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 198 m2.
3.6 ມາດຕະການ ການຄຸ້ມຄອງ ທີ່ດິນແບບຍືນຍົງ ປະກອບດ້ວຍ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ
3.7 ປະເພດດິນເຊື່ອມໂຊມ ຫຼັກທີ່ໄດ້ນໍາໃຊ້ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ
ດິນເຊາະເຈື່ອນ ໂດຍນໍ້າ
- Wt: ການສູນເສຍຊັ້ນໜ້າດິນ / ການເຊາະເຈື່ອນຜິວໜ້າດິນ
- Wg: ການເຊາະເຈື່ອນຮ່ອງນ້ຳ / ຫ້ວຍ
- Wm: ການເຄື່ອນຍ້າຍອິນຊີວັດຖຸ / ດິນເຈື່ອນ
ການເຊື່ອມໂຊມ ຂອງນໍ້າ
- Ha: ສະພາບແຫ້ງແລ້ງ
ຄວາມຄິດເຫັນ:
Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion
Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Wm: mass movements / landslides, Ha: aridification
Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), education, access to knowledge and support services (Absence of institutional arrangements to disseminate the knowledge from lab to land and involve the users in implementation)
Secondary causes of degradation: overgrazing (Subsistence economy, dependance on forests for fuelwood and fodder, livestock were low quality, free grazing type. And these were no regulatory mechanisms to share usufruct from forests with people.), poverty / wealth (Lack of capital at the grassroot to take the initiative by the farmers themselves)
3.8 ການປ້ອງກັນ, ການຫຼຸດຜ່ອນ, ຫຼືການຟື້ນຟູຂອງການເຊື່ອມໂຊມຂອງດິນ
ໃຫ້ລະບຸ ເປົ້າໝາຍ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ທີ່ພົວພັນ ກັບຄວາມເຊື່ອມໂຊມຂອງດິນ:
- ຫຼຸດຜ່ອນການເຊື່ອມໂຊມຂອງດິນ
4. ຂໍ້ກໍາໜົດ, ກິດຈະກໍາການປະຕິບັດ, ວັດຖຸດິບ, ແລະຄ່າໃຊ້ຈ່າຍ
4.1 ເຕັກນິກ ໃນການແຕ້ມແຜນວາດ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ
4.2 ການແຕ້ມແຜນວາດອະທິບາຍເຕັກນິກ
Forest catchment treatment: an overview showing protected forest, dam and irrigated cropland below.
Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate
Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate
Main technical functions: increase of infiltration, water harvesting / increase water supply
Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, improvement of ground cover, control of concentrated runoff
Vegetative measure: enrichment planting with
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, G : grass
Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, G : grass
Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, G : grass
Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, G : grass
Trees/ shrubs species: Acacia catechu, Dalbergia sissoo etc
Grass species: bhabbar grass: Eulaliopsis binata
Structural measure: dam
Structural measure: trenches
Structural measure: ditches
Structural measure: check dams
Other type of management: social fencing
4.4 ການສ້າງຕັ້ງກິດຈະກໍາ
ກິດຈະກໍາ | ປະເພດ ມາດຕະການ | ໄລຍະເວລາ | |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Enrichment planting of tree seedlings (Acacia catechu, Dalbergiasissoo etc), grasses (bhabbar grass: Eulaliopsis binata) on bundsof earth and hill slopes, and Ipomea cornea in channels. | ການບໍາລຸງລ້ຽງ | beginning of the monsoon rains. |
2. | Construction of a series of staggered contour trenches on slopes. | ໂຄງສ້າງ | pre-monsoon |
3. | Construction of stone/earth/wood check dams in gullies. | ໂຄງສ້າງ | pre-monsoon |
4. | Construction of graded stabilisation channels which capture runoffand discharge it safely. | ໂຄງສ້າງ | pre-monsoon |
5. | Construction of earth dam wall for water harvesting and concretepipelines for irrigation. | ໂຄງສ້າງ | pre-monsoon |
6. | Introduction of social fencing system through Hill ResourceManagement Societies. | ການຈັດການຄຸ້ມຄອງ | pre-monsoon |
4.5 ຕົ້ນທຶນ ແລະ ປັດໄຈຂາເຂົ້າທີ່ຈໍາເປັນໃນຈັດຕັ້ງປະຕິບັດ
ລະບຸ ປັດໃຈ ນໍາເຂົ້າ ໃນການຜະລີດ | ຫົວໜ່ວຍ | ປະລິມານ | ຕົ້ນທຶນ ຕໍ່ຫົວໜ່ວຍ | ຕົ້ນທຶນທັງໝົດ ຂອງປັດໃຈຂາເຂົ້າ ໃນການຜະລິດ | % ຂອງຕົ້ນທຶນທັງໝົດ ທີ່ຜູ້ນໍາໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ ໃຊ້ຈ່າຍເອງ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ແຮງງານ | Labour | ha | 1.0 | 250.0 | 250.0 | 5.0 |
ອຸປະກອນ | Machine use | ha | 1.0 | 75.0 | 75.0 | |
ວັດສະດຸໃນການປູກ | Seedlings | ha | 1.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 | |
ວັດສະດຸກໍ່ສ້າງ | Construction material for dam wall | ha | 1.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 | |
ຕົ້ນທຶນທັງໝົດ ໃນການຈັດຕັ້ງປະຕິບັດ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ | 400.0 |
ຄວາມຄິດເຫັນ:
Duration of establishment phase: 36 month(s)
4.6 ບໍາລຸງຮັກສາ / ແຜນຈັດຕັ້ງປະຕິບັດ ກິດຈະກໍາ
ກິດຈະກໍາ | ປະເພດ ມາດຕະການ | ໄລຍະເວລາ / ຄວາມຖີ່ | |
---|---|---|---|
1. | watch and ward | ການບໍາລຸງລ້ຽງ | /on-going |
2. | Desilting of water harvesting structures. | ໂຄງສ້າງ | pre-monsoon,/once every year |
3. | Repair of channels. | ໂຄງສ້າງ | pre-monsoon,/once every year |
4. | Maintenance of structures. | ໂຄງສ້າງ | pre-monsoon,/ |
5. | regular meetings/facilitations | ການຈັດການຄຸ້ມຄອງ | |
6. | control grazing fines, peer-group pressure | ການຈັດການຄຸ້ມຄອງ |
4.7 ຄ່າໃຊ້ຈ່າຍ ແລະ ປັດໄຈນໍາເຂົ້າທີ່ຈໍາເປັນສໍາລັບການບໍາລຸງຮັກສາກິດຈະກໍາ / ແຜນປະຕິບັດ (ຕໍ່ປີ)
ລະບຸ ປັດໃຈ ນໍາເຂົ້າ ໃນການຜະລີດ | ຫົວໜ່ວຍ | ປະລິມານ | ຕົ້ນທຶນ ຕໍ່ຫົວໜ່ວຍ | ຕົ້ນທຶນທັງໝົດ ຂອງປັດໃຈຂາເຂົ້າ ໃນການຜະລິດ | % ຂອງຕົ້ນທຶນທັງໝົດ ທີ່ຜູ້ນໍາໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ ໃຊ້ຈ່າຍເອງ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ແຮງງານ | Labour | ha | 1.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 95.0 |
ຕົ້ນທຶນທັງໝົດ ທີ່ໃຊ້ໃນການບໍາລຸງຮັກສາ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ | 50.0 |
ຄວາມຄິດເຫັນ:
This information is indicative and is based on calculations derived from Thaska village (Yamunanagar District)
where there are 3 dams - collecting the runoff from the total forest catchment of 75 ha. The cost range of treatments per
hectare of rehabilitated forest is generally US$ 200–700 (where the main cost is that of the dam construction) and typically the area of supplementary irrigation (command area) is twice as large as the forest catchment treated (in this case the irrigated area is 150 ha).
Cost per unit: the treatment of a 25 ha unit of catchment including construction of a dam costs around US$ 10,000.
5. ສະພາບແວດລ້ອມທໍາມະຊາດ ແລະ ມະນຸດ
5.1 ອາກາດ
ປະລິມານນໍ້າຝົນປະຈໍາປີ
- < 250 ມີລິແມັດ
- 251-500 ມີລິແມັດ
- 501-750 ມີລິແມັດ
- 751-1,000 ມີລິແມັດ
- 1,001-1,500 ມີລິແມັດ
- 1,501-2,000 ມີລິແມັດ
- 2,001-3,000 ມີລິແມັດ
- 3,001-4,000 ມີລິແມັດ
- > 4,000 ມີລິແມັດ
ເຂດສະພາບອາກາດກະສິກໍາ
- ເຄີ່ງຄວາມຊຸ່ມ
- ເຄິ່ງແຫ້ງແລ້ງ
Semi arid: Shiwalik region falls under semi-arid agro-climatic zone.
5.2 ພູມິປະເທດ
ຄ່າສະເລ່ຍ ຄວາມຄ້ອຍຊັນ:
- ພື້ນທີ່ຮາບພຽງ (0-2%)
- ອ່ອນ (3-5 %)
- ປານກາງ (6-10 %)
- ມ້ວນ (11-15 %)
- ເນີນ(16-30%)
- ໍຊັນ (31-60%)
- ຊັນຫຼາຍ (>60%)
ຮູບແບບຂອງດິນ:
- ພູພຽງ / ທົ່ງພຽງ
- ສັນພູ
- ເປີ້ນພູ
- ເນີນພູ
- ຕີນພູ
- ຮ່ອມພູ
ເຂດລະດັບສູງ:
- 0-100 ແມັດ a.s.l.
- 101-500 ແມັດ a.s.l.
- 501-1,000 ແມັດ a.s.l.
- 1,001-1,500 ແມັດ a.s.l.
- 1,501-2,000 ແມັດ a.s.l.
- 2,001-2,500 ແມັດ a.s.l.
- 2,501-3,000 ແມັດ a.s.l.
- 3,001-4,000 ແມັດ a.s.l.
- > 4,000 ແມັດ a.s.l.
ຄຳເຫັນ ແລະ ຂໍ້ມູນສະເພາະ ເພີ່ມເຕີມ ກ່ຽວກັບ ພູມີປະເທດ:
Landforms: Hill slopes (ranked 1, Higher hills are located in the northern and eastern part of the tract, while low hills in the southern and western parts of the tract. These hills are characterized by relatively high intensity of er), ridges (ranked 2) and footslopes (ranked 3)
Slopes on average: Moderate (ranked 1, the slopes vary considerably from moderate to precipitous), hilly (ranked 2) and steep (ranked 3)
5.3 ດິນ
ຄວາມເລິກ ຂອງດິນສະເລ່ຍ:
- ຕື້ນຫຼາຍ (0-20 ຊັງຕີແມັດ)
- ຕື້ນ (21-50 ຊຕມ)
- ເລີກປານກາງ (51-80 ຊຕມ)
- ເລິກ (81-120 ຊມ)
- ເລິກຫຼາຍ (> 120 cm)
ເນື້ອດິນ (ໜ້າດິນ):
- ຫຍາບ / ເບົາ (ດິນຊາຍ)
ຊັ້ນອິນຊີວັດຖຸ ເທິງໜ້າດິນ:
- ປານກາງ (1-3 %)
- ຕໍາ່ (<1 %)
ຖ້າເປັນໄປໄດ້ ແມ່ນໃຫ້ຕິດຄັດ ການພັນລະນາດິນ ຫຼື ຂໍ້ມູນສະເພາະຂອງດິນ, ຕົວຢ່າງ, ຄຸນລັກສະນະ ປະເພດຂອງດິນ, ຄ່າຄວາມເປັນກົດ / ເປັນດ່າງຂອງດິນ, ສານອາຫານ, ດິນເຄັມ ແລະ ອື່ນໆ.
Soil depth on average: Also shallow (ranked 2) and deep (ranked 3)
Soil texture: Coarse (ranked 1, in most of the areas soils are sandy. However sandy loam, loamy sand and sill loam soils are also met with), medium (ranked 2) and fine/heavy (ranked 3)
Soil fertility: Medium (soils are deficient in humus contents. However soils are fairly fertile and suitable for raising forest crops in the entire area)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Poor (water holding capacity of soils is good)
5.6 ຄຸນລັກສະນະ ຂອງຜູ້ນໍາໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ ທີ່ໄດ້ນໍາໃຊ້ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ
ລະບົບ ການຕະຫຼາດ ແລະ ຜົນຜະລິດ:
- ກຸ້ມຕົນເອງ (ພໍພຽງ)
- ປະສົມ (ກຸ້ມຕົນເອງ / ເປັນສິນຄ້າ
ລາຍຮັບ ທີ່ບໍ່ໄດ້ມາຈາກ ການຜະລິດ ກະສິກໍາ:
- 10-50 % ຂອງລາຍຮັບທັງໝົດ
ໃຫ້ລະບຸ ຄຸນລັກສະນະ ຂອງຜູ້ນໍາໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ:
Off-farm income specification: significant off-farm activity/income includes rope making from bhabbar grass. Sale of fodder grass from the forest provides
additional income.
Market orientation forest land: Mixed (forest dept. used to give annual contracts for bhabbar grasses)
5.7 ພື້ນທີ່ສະເລ່ຍຂອງທີ່ດິນ ຫຼື ເຊົ່າໂດຍຜູ້ໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນການນໍາໃຊ້ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ
- <0.5 ເຮັກຕາ
- 0.5-1 ເຮັກຕາ
- 1-2 ເຮັກຕາ
- 2-5 ເຮັກຕາ
- 5-15 ເຮັກຕາ
- 15-50 ເຮັກຕາ
- 50-100 ເຮັກຕາ
- 100-500 ເຮັກຕາ
- 500-1,000 ເຮັກຕາ
- 1,000-10,000 ເຮັກຕາ
- > 10,000 ເຮັກຕາ
ຄວາມຄິດເຫັນ:
2-5 ha: Grazing land mainly comprises of forest area where villagers have rights, private as well as community lands.
5.8 ເຈົ້າຂອງທີ່ດິນ, ສິດໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ, ແລະ ສິດທິການນໍາໃຊ້ນໍ້າ
ເຈົ້າຂອງດິນ:
- ລັດ
ສິດທິ ໃນການນໍາໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ:
- ຊຸມຊົນ (ທີ່ມີການຈັດຕັ້ງ)
6. ຜົນກະທົບ ແລະ ລາຍງານສະຫຼຸບ
6.1 ການສະແດງຜົນກະທົບ ພາຍໃນພື້ນທີ່ ທີ່ໄດ້ຈັດຕັ້ງປະຕິບັດ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ
ຜົນກະທົບທາງເສດຖະກິດສັງຄົມ
ການຜະລິດ
ການຜະລິດອາຫານສັດ
ຄຸນນະພາບຂອງອາຫານສັດ
ຜົນຜະລິດໄມ້
ຄວາມໜາແໜ້ນ ຂອງຜົນຜະລິດ
ຄວາມຄິດເຫັນ / ລະບຸແຈ້ງ:
Increased non-timber forest products
ລາຍໄດ້ ແລະ ຄ່າໃຊ້ຈ່າຍ
ລາຍຮັບ ຈາກການຜະລີດ
ຄວາມແຕກຕ່າງ ທາງດ້ານເສດຖະກິດ
ຄວາມຄິດເຫັນ / ລະບຸແຈ້ງ:
Those with irrigation vs those without
ຜົນກະທົບດ້ານວັດທະນາທໍາສັງຄົມ
ສະຖາບັນ ການຈັດຕັ້ງຊຸມຊົນ
ຄວາມຮູ້ກ່ຽວກັບ ການຄຸ້ມຄອງ ທີ່ດິນແບບຍືນຍົງ / ການເຊື່ອມໂຊມຂອງດິນ
ການຫຼຸດຜ່ອນ ຂໍ້ຂັດແຍ່ງ
ຄວາມຄິດເຫັນ / ລະບຸແຈ້ງ:
Those with irrigation vs those without
ຜົນກະທົບຕໍ່ລະບົບນິເວດ
ດິນ
ຄວາມຊຸ່ມຂອງດິນ
ການປົກຄຸມຂອງດິນ
ການສູນເສຍດິນ
ຊີວະນານາພັນ: ສັດ, ພືດ
ການປົກຫຸ້ມຂອງພືດ
ຄວາມຄິດເຫັນ / ລະບຸແຈ້ງ:
Trees and grass
ຄວາມຫຼາກຫຼາຍຂອງພືດ
ຄວາມຫຼາກຫຼາຍຂອງສັດ
ຄວາມຫຼາກຫຼາຍ ທາງດ້ານທີ່ຢູ່ອາໃສ ຂອງສິ່ງທີ່ມີຊີວິດ
6.2 ຜົນກະທົບທາງອ້ອມ ຈາກການນໍາໃຊ້ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ
ການໄຫຼຂອງນໍ້າໃນລະດູແລ້ງ
ນໍ້າຖ້ວມຢູ່ເຂດລຸ່ມນໍ້າ
ການທັບຖົມ ຂອງດິນຕະກອນ ຢູ່ເຂດລຸ່ມນໍ້າ
Crop yield
ຄວາມຄິດເຫັນ / ລະບຸແຈ້ງ:
From new irrigation water
6.4 ການວິເຄາະຕົ້ນທຶນ ແລະ ຜົນປະໂຫຍດ
ຈະເຮັດປະໂຫຍດເພື່ອປຽບທຽບກັບຄ່າໃຊ້ຈ່າຍກັບສິ່ງກໍ່ສ້າງ (ຈາກທັດສະນະຂອງຜູ້ນຳໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ) ໄດ້ແນວໃດ?
ຜົນຕອບແທນ ໃນໄລຍະສັ້ນ:
ຜົນກະທົບທາງບວກຫຼາຍ
ຜົນຕອບແທນ ໃນໄລຍະຍາວ:
ຜົນກະທົບທາງບວກຫຼາຍ
ຈະໄດ້ຮັບຜົນປະໂຫຍດເມື່ອປຽບທຽບກັບ / ຄ່າໃຊ້ຈ່າຍໃນການບຳລຸງຮັກສາທີເ່ກີດຂື້ນອິກ (ຈາກທັດສະນະຄະຕິຂອງຜູ້ນຳໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ) ໄດ້ແນວໃດ?
ຜົນຕອບແທນ ໃນໄລຍະສັ້ນ:
ຜົນກະທົບທາງບວກຫຼາຍ
ຜົນຕອບແທນ ໃນໄລຍະຍາວ:
ຜົນກະທົບທາງບວກຫຼາຍ
6.5 ການປັບຕົວຮັບເອົາເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ
ທັງໝົດນັ້ນ ແມ່ນໃຜ ທີ່ເປັນຜູ້ປັບຕົວ ໃນການນໍາໃຊ້ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ, ມີຈັກຄົນ ທີ່ສາມາດເຮັດເອງໄດ້, ຕົວຢ່າງ, ປາດສະຈາກ ການຊ່ວຍເຫຼືອ ທາງດ້ານອຸປະກອນ / ການຈ່າຍເປັນເງິນ?
- 50-90%
ຄວາມຄິດເຫັນ:
40% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates
60% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
Comments on adoption trend: The spread of such forest treatment within Haryana (and outside) is happening steadily.
Farmers have levelled theor fields to await water for irrigation from dams. The villagers have also contributed by money/labour in lying pipelines for water distribution.
6.7 ຈຸດແຂງ / ຂໍ້ດີ / ໂອກາດ ໃນການນໍາໃຊ້ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ
ຈຸດແຂງ / ຂໍ້ດີ / ໂອກາດໃນການນໍາໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ |
---|
Increased availabilzy of fodder and fuel. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Improvement in livestock mix and breed owned by villlagers. |
Increased crop yields, milk production and horticultural products How can they be sustained / enhanced? Suitable crop mix to derive maximum benefits from water from dams |
ຈຸດແຂງ / ຈຸດດີ / ໂອກາດ ຈາກທັດສະນະຂອງຜູ້ປ້ອນຂໍ້ມູນ ຫຼື ບຸກຄົນສຳຄັນ |
---|
Increased surface and groundwater help to fill the dam rather than running off and causing flooding and erosion lower down (but not always: see first off-site disadvantage) How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ensure continuous protection/ regular maintenance. |
Increased fodder and fuel from the renewed forest resources How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto. |
Reduction of runoff and erosion in the previously degraded catchment How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto. |
Improved forest conditions – both canopy and understorey delivering general ecosystem benefits How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto. |
Increased crop yield from irrigation made possible through irrigation from the dam Increased household income Increased community institution strength How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto. |
6.8 ຈຸດອ່ອນ / ຂໍ້ເສຍ / ຄວາມສ່ຽງ ໃນການນໍາໃຊ້ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ແລະ ວິທີການແກ້ໄຂບັນຫາ
ຈຸດອ່ອນ / ຂໍ້ເສຍ / ຄວາມສ່ຽງໃນມຸມມອງຂອງຜູ້ນໍາໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ | ມີວິທີການແກ້ໄຂຄືແນວໃດ? |
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Initial investment to change the cattle mix. | Arrangement of credit facility. |
ຈຸດອ່ອນ/ຂໍ້ບົກຜ່ອງ/ຄວາມສ່ຽງ ຈາກທັດສະນະຂອງຜູ້ປ້ອນຂໍ້ມູນ ຫຼື ບຸກຄົນສຳຄັນ | ມີວິທີການແກ້ໄຂຄືແນວໃດ? |
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In some cases reduction in runoff (because of increased vegetation) causes less water for irrigation | Manipulate vegetative cover as required (selective cutting). |
Conflicts in water distribution | Conflict resolution may need to be carried out through Hill Resource Management Societies. |
High labour input. | |
Regular maintenance and desilting of earthen dams. |
7. ເອກະສານອ້າງອີງ ແລະ ການເຊື່ອມຕໍ່
7.2 ເອກກະສານອ້າງອີງທີ່ເປັນບົດລາຍງານ
ຫົວຂໍ້, ຜູ້ຂຽນ, ປີ, ISBN:
Singh TP and Varalakshmi V: The Decade and Beyond: Evolving community-state partnership. TERI, New Delhi. 1998.
ຫົວຂໍ້, ຜູ້ຂຽນ, ປີ, ISBN:
Poffenberger M and McGean B (eds): Village Voices, Forest Choices. Joint Forest Management in India. Oxford University Press, Delhi. 1996.
ຂໍ້ມູນການເຊື່ອມຕໍ່ ແລະ ເນື້ອໃນ
ຂະຫຍາຍທັງໝົດ ຍຸບທັງໝົດການເຊື່ອມຕໍ່
Joint forest management [ອິນເດຍ]
Government and NGO supported community protection of forested catchments, through village-based Hill Resource Management Societies.
- ຜູ້ສັງລວມຂໍ້ມູນ: Sumana Datta
Joint forest management [ອິນເດຍ]
Joint forest management is a community based program developed in collaboration with the forest department for the protection and management of local forests while providing incentives to the local communities with political and institutional support from the state.
- ຜູ້ສັງລວມຂໍ້ມູນ: Sumana Datta
ເນື້ອໃນ
ບໍ່ມີເນື້ອໃນ