1.3 ເງື່ອນໄຂ ກ່ຽວກັບ ການນໍາໃຊ້ຂໍ້ມູນເອກະສານ ທີ່ສ້າງຂື້ນ ໂດຍຜ່ານ ອົງການພາບລວມຂອງໂລກ ທາງດ້ານແນວທາງ ແລະ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ຂອງການອານຸລັກ ທໍາມະຊາດ (WOCAT)

ຜູ້ປ້ອນຂໍ້ມູນ ແລະ ບຸກຄົນສຳຄັນ ທີ່ໃຫ້ຂໍ້ມູນ (ຫຼາຍ) ຍິນຍອມ ຕາມເງື່ອນໄຂ ໃນການນຳໃຊ້ຂໍ້ມູນ ເພື່ອສ້າງເປັນເອກກະສານຂອງ WOCAT:

ແມ່ນ

2.1 ຄໍາອະທິບາຍສັ້ນຂອງ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ

ການກຳໜົດຄວາມໝາຍ ຂອງເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ:

Oasis gardens in Niger for crop, vegetable and fruit production are supplied with irrigation water from traditional wells.

2.2 ການອະທິບາຍ ລາຍລະອຽດ ຂອງເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ

ການພັນລະນາ:

In Timia Oasis in Aïr, small irrigated gardens (< 0.3 ha) have been used for over a century, producing dates and tree crops (figs, citrus, cherries, etc.) for sale and cereals for consumption (wheat, maize and pearl millet). With the onion boom in the 1990s, the establishment of new gardens grew dramatically. The new gardens cover a bigger area (0.5 - 1 ha) and focus on cash crops - mainly onions, but also potatoes and garlic. Gardens are fenced using branches from acacia trees. The water supply system in most cases is based on traditional wells with an animal-drawn scoop. The wells are less than 20 meters deep and generally built without a casing. Local experts were trained by GTZ project staff in well construction and maintenance. Modern motor pumps have recently become common and are used in new gardens. Water is conveyed to the plots through a hand-dug network of distribution channels. The channels are lined with clay and stones to minimize water loss through infiltration, evaporation, or breaching. Irrigating a whole garden takes about two hours. There are two cropping seasons per year: the rainy season (June-Sept) with staple crops such as maize and millet; and the dry/cold season (Oct.-Feb.) with wheat-barley associations and cash crops such as onions, garlic, tomatoes and vegetables. Fruit trees covering up to a fifth of the gardens; one section of the garden is reserved for keeping small ruminants. Agricultural residues are used as fodder and manure produced by livestock ensures fertility of gardens in combination with inorganic fertilizers. Traditional techniques (local plants, ash, etc) are used for pest management. Seed production and selection is done strictly locally.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The main establishment activities for this technology are: 1. Identify and demarcate of a free area to be converted into a garden. Fence area with acacia branches and living hedge. 2. Establish a traditional or cement well, max. 2 m wide and 15-20 m deep (contract with local well builder) in the middle of the field. 3. Installation of traditional water conveyance system (Tekarkat): wooden poles hold a pulley which conducts a rope with a scoop for extraction of water from the well. The system is powered by a dromedary. A 5-meter-chute (palm stem or iron sheet) conducts the water to a small reservoir.
4. Mark and dig irrigation canal system and basins for crop cultivation (8 m2): Main canal and secondary canals (perpendicular to main canal) are reinforced with clay or stones. 5. Purchase inputs (local market): seed, seedlings, fertilizer, tools. 6. Plant fruit trees.
Maintenance activities are the following: 1. Maintenance of fence: replace missing branches; plant new tree seedlings to reinforce the living hedge (biannually). 2. Irrigation (daily). 3. Maintenance of Tekarkat and canal system: control (and replace) poles; periodic weeding, cleaning, repair leaks and improve lining with clay/stones (biannually, after harvest). 4. Field preparation and application of organic manure (beginning of each cropping season). 5. Maintenance of well: cleaning (hot season), reinforce walls with cement (if needed).
6. Feeding draught animal using natural grassland and crop residues.

2.3 ຮູບພາບຂອງເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ

2.5 ປະເທດ / ເຂດ / ສະຖານທີ່ບ່ອນທີ່ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ໄດ້ຮັບການນໍາໃຊ້ ແລະ ທີ່ຖືກປົກຄຸມດ້ວຍການປະເມີນຜົນ

2.6 ວັນທີໃນການຈັດຕັ້ງປະຕິບັດ

ຖ້າຫາກວ່າ ບໍ່ຮູ້ຈັກ ປີທີ່ຊັດເຈນ ແມ່ນໃຫ້ປະມານ ວັນທີເອົາ:

• 10-50 ປີ ຜ່ານມາ

2.7 ການນໍາສະເໜີ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ

ໃຫ້ລະບຸ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ໄດ້ຖືກຈັດຕັ້ງປະຕິບັດຄືແນວໃດ?

• ໂດຍຜ່ານນະວັດຕະກໍາຄິດຄົ້ນຂອງຜູ້ນໍາໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ

ຄວາມຄິດເຫັນ (ປະເພດ ໂຄງການ ແລະ ອື່ນໆ):

Ces jardins traditionnels ont tendance à être adoptés spontanément. La technologie a été une réponse aux sécheresses successives des années 1970 et 80 qui ont causé d’importantes pertes de bétail dans la région. Les éleveurs nomades ont adopté la technologie pour diversifier leurs moyens de subsistance et diminuer les risques. Depuis les années 1990, 700 nouveaux jardins ont été créés à Timia (comparé aux 100 qui existaient précédemment)

3.2 ປະເພດການນໍາໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ ໃນປະຈຸບັນ() ທີ່ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ໄດ້ຖືກນໍາໃຊ້

ຄວາມຄິດເຫັນ:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Desertification, soil erosion by wind and water, chemical and biological degradation of soil

Livestock is grazing on crop residues

3.3 ຂໍ້ມູນເພີ່ມເຕີມກ່ຽວກັບການນໍາໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ

ຈໍານວນ ລະດູການ ປູກໃນປີໜຶ່ງ:

• 2

ລະບຸ ຊະນິດ:

Longest growing period in days: 150

Longest growing period from month to month: Oct-Feb

Second longest growing period in days: 90

Second longest growing period from month to month: June-Sept

3.6 ມາດຕະການ ການຄຸ້ມຄອງ ທີ່ດິນແບບຍືນຍົງ ປະກອບດ້ວຍ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ

ຄວາມຄິດເຫັນ:

Main measures: vegetative measures, structural measures

Type of agronomic measures: manure / compost / residues

Type of vegetative measures: scattered / dispersed

3.7 ປະເພດດິນເຊື່ອມໂຊມ ຫຼັກທີ່ໄດ້ນໍາໃຊ້ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ

ຄວາມຄິດເຫັນ:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Et: loss of topsoil, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover

Main causes of degradation: droughts

3.8 ການປ້ອງກັນ, ການຫຼຸດຜ່ອນ, ຫຼືການຟື້ນຟູຂອງການເຊື່ອມໂຊມຂອງດິນ

ໃຫ້ລະບຸ ເປົ້າໝາຍ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ທີ່ພົວພັນ ກັບຄວາມເຊື່ອມໂຊມຂອງດິນ:

• ຫຼຸດຜ່ອນການເຊື່ອມໂຊມຂອງດິນ
• ການຟື້ນຟູ / ຟື້ນຟູດິນທີ່ຊຸດໂຊມ

ຄວາມຄິດເຫັນ:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation, rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.2 ການແຕ້ມແຜນວາດອະທິບາຍເຕັກນິກ

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: low (indigenous knowledge, extension from farmer to farmer))

Main technical functions: water spreading, increase of biomass (quantity), promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: F : fruit trees / shrubs

Fruit trees / shrubs species: fig, citrus, cherries

4.4 ການສ້າງຕັ້ງກິດຈະກໍາ

	ກິດຈະກໍາ	ປະເພດ ມາດຕະການ	ໄລຍະເວລາ
1.	Plant fruit trees	ການບໍາລຸງລ້ຽງ
2.	Identify and demarcate of a free area to be converted into a garden. Fence area with acacia branches and living hedge	ໂຄງສ້າງ
3.	Establish a traditional or cement well, max. 2 m wide and 15-20 m deep (contract with local well builder) in the middle of the field	ໂຄງສ້າງ
4.	Establish a traditional or cement well, max. 2 m wide and 15-20 m deep (contract with local well builder) in the middle of the field	ໂຄງສ້າງ
5.	Installation of traditional water conveyance system (Tekarkat)	ໂຄງສ້າງ
6.	Mark and dig irrigation canal system and basins for crop cultivation (8 m2): Main canal and secondary canals (perpendicular to main canal) are reinforced with clay or stones	ໂຄງສ້າງ
7.	5. Purchase inputs (local market): seeds, seedlings, fertilizer, tools	ໂຄງສ້າງ

4.6 ບໍາລຸງຮັກສາ / ແຜນຈັດຕັ້ງປະຕິບັດ ກິດຈະກໍາ

	ກິດຈະກໍາ	ປະເພດ ມາດຕະການ	ໄລຍະເວລາ / ຄວາມຖີ່
1.	Field preparation and application of organic manure (beginning of each cropping season)	ການບໍາລຸງລ້ຽງ	beginning of each cropping season
2.	Maintenance of fence: replace missing branches; plant new tree seedlings to reinforce the living hedge (biannually)	ໂຄງສ້າງ
3.	Irrigation	ໂຄງສ້າງ	daily
4.	Maintenance of Tekarkat and canal system: control (and replace) poles; periodic weeding, cleaning, repair leaks and improve lining with clay/stones	ໂຄງສ້າງ	biannually, after harvest
5.	Field preparation and application of organic manure	ໂຄງສ້າງ	beginning of each cropping season
6.	Field preparation and application of organic manure	ໂຄງສ້າງ
7.	Maintenance of well: cleaning (hot season), reinforce walls with cement (if needed)	ໂຄງສ້າງ

4.7 ຄ່າໃຊ້ຈ່າຍ ແລະ ປັດໄຈນໍາເຂົ້າທີ່ຈໍາເປັນສໍາລັບການບໍາລຸງຮັກສາກິດຈະກໍາ / ແຜນປະຕິບັດ (ຕໍ່ປີ)

ຄວາມຄິດເຫັນ:

Cost calculation is based on local land prices and traditional irrigation systems. Maintenance costs include also fodder (for draught animal) and organic manure. Establishment as well as maintenance costs were calculated for a garden size of 0.5 ha.

5.1 ອາກາດ

5.2 ພູມິປະເທດ

5.3 ດິນ

5.4 ມີນໍ້າ ແລະ ຄຸນນະພາບ

5.6 ຄຸນລັກສະນະ ຂອງຜູ້ນໍາໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ ທີ່ໄດ້ນໍາໃຊ້ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ

ໃຫ້ລະບຸ ຄຸນລັກສະນະ ຂອງຜູ້ນໍາໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly disadvantaged land users

Population density: > 500 persons/km2

5.7 ພື້ນທີ່ສະເລ່ຍຂອງທີ່ດິນ ຫຼື ເຊົ່າໂດຍຜູ້ໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນການນໍາໃຊ້ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ

5.8 ເຈົ້າຂອງທີ່ດິນ, ສິດໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ, ແລະ ສິດທິການນໍາໃຊ້ນໍ້າ

ເຈົ້າຂອງດິນ:

• ບຸກຄົນ, ບໍ່ມີຕໍາແໜ່ງ

ສິດທິ ໃນການນໍາໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ:

• ບຸກຄົນ

• communal unorganised

• communal unorganised

ຄວາມຄິດເຫັນ:

The land user can be (1) the owner of the garden; (2) a family member managing the family-owned garden; (3) a paid labourer; (4) a usufructuary

6.1 ການສະແດງຜົນກະທົບ ພາຍໃນພື້ນທີ່ ທີ່ໄດ້ຈັດຕັ້ງປະຕິບັດ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ

ຜົນກະທົບທາງເສດຖະກິດສັງຄົມ

ການຜະລິດ

ລາຍໄດ້ ແລະ ຄ່າໃຊ້ຈ່າຍ

ຜົນກະທົບດ້ານວັດທະນາທໍາສັງຄົມ

ຜົນກະທົບຕໍ່ລະບົບນິເວດ

ດິນ

ຊີວະນານາພັນ: ສັດ, ພືດ

ການຫຼຸດຜ່ອນ ຄວາມສ່ຽງ ຈາກໄພພິບັດ ແລະ ອາກາດປ່ຽນແປງ

6.2 ຜົນກະທົບທາງອ້ອມ ຈາກການນໍາໃຊ້ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ

6.3 ການປ້ອງກັນ ແລະ ຄວາມບອບບາງ ຂອງເຕັກໂນໂລຢິ ໃນການປ່ຽນແປງສະພາບດິນຟ້າອາກາດ ແລະ ກ່ຽວຂ້ອງກັບອາກາດທີ່ມີການປ່ຽນແປງທີ່ຮຸນແຮງ / ໄພພິບັດທາງທໍາມະຊາດ (ຮັບຮູ້ໄດ້ໂດຍຜູ້ນໍາໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ)

ການປ່ຽນແປງດິນຟ້າອາກາດ ເທື່ອລະກ້າວ

ການປ່ຽນແປງດິນຟ້າອາກາດ ເທື່ອລະກ້າວ

	ລະດູການ	ຮູບແບບ ການປ່ຽນແປງດິນຟ້າອາກາດ / ທີ່ຮ້າຍແຮງ	ການນໍາໃຊ້ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ສາມາດ ຮັບມື ໄດ້ຄືແນວໃດ?
ອຸນຫະພູມປະຈໍາປີ		ເພີ່ມຂື້ນ	ບໍ່​ດີ

ອາກາດ ທີ່ກ່ຽວພັນກັບຄວາມຮຸນແຮງ (ໄພພິບັດທາງທໍາມະຊາດ)

ໄພພິບັດທາງອຸຕຸນິຍົມ

	ການນໍາໃຊ້ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ສາມາດ ຮັບມື ໄດ້ຄືແນວໃດ?
ພະຍຸຝົນ	ດີ
ພາຍຸລົມທ້ອງຖິ່ນ	ບໍ່​ດີ

ໄພພິບັດທາງພູມອາກາດ

	ການນໍາໃຊ້ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ສາມາດ ຮັບມື ໄດ້ຄືແນວໃດ?
ແຫ້ງແລ້ງ	ບໍ່​ດີ

ໄພພິບັດທາງອຸທົກກະສາກ

	ການນໍາໃຊ້ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ສາມາດ ຮັບມື ໄດ້ຄືແນວໃດ?
ໂດຍທົ່ວໄປ (ແມ່ນໍ້າ) ນໍ້າຖ້ວມ	ບໍ່​ດີ

ຜົນສະທ້ອນສະພາບອາກາດອື່ນໆທີ່ກ່ຽວຂ້ອງ

ຜົນສະທ້ອນສະພາບອາກາດອື່ນໆທີ່ກ່ຽວຂ້ອງ

	ການນໍາໃຊ້ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ສາມາດ ຮັບມື ໄດ້ຄືແນວໃດ?
ໄລຍະເວລາການຂະຫຍາຍຕົວຫຼຸດລົງ	ດີ

6.4 ການວິເຄາະຕົ້ນທຶນ ແລະ ຜົນປະໂຫຍດ

ຈະເຮັດປະໂຫຍດເພື່ອປຽບທຽບກັບຄ່າໃຊ້ຈ່າຍກັບສິ່ງກໍ່ສ້າງ (ຈາກທັດສະນະຂອງຜູ້ນຳໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ) ໄດ້ແນວໃດ?

ຈະໄດ້ຮັບຜົນປະໂຫຍດເມື່ອປຽບທຽບກັບ / ຄ່າໃຊ້ຈ່າຍໃນການບຳລຸງຮັກສາທີເ່ກີດຂື້ນອິກ (ຈາກທັດສະນະຄະຕິຂອງຜູ້ນຳໃຊ້ທີ່ດິນ) ໄດ້ແນວໃດ?

ຄວາມຄິດເຫັນ:

The technology serves a double purpose: food security and income generation

6.5 ການປັບຕົວຮັບເອົາເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ

ຄວາມຄິດເຫັນ:

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Since the 1990ies, 700 new irrigated gardens were established in Timia (as compared to 100 gardens)

6.8 ຈຸດອ່ອນ / ຂໍ້ເສຍ / ຄວາມສ່ຽງ ໃນການນໍາໃຊ້ ເຕັກໂນໂລຢີ ແລະ ວິທີການແກ້ໄຂບັນຫາ

ຈຸດອ່ອນ/ຂໍ້ບົກຜ່ອງ/ຄວາມສ່ຽງ ຈາກທັດສະນະຂອງຜູ້ປ້ອນຂໍ້ມູນ ຫຼື ບຸກຄົນສຳຄັນ	ມີວິທີການແກ້ໄຂຄືແນວໃດ?
High implementation costs	establish national financial support systems for acquisition of garden area by very poor people
High maintenance costs	promote efficient irrigation technologies that reduce maintenance costs (such as drip irrigation)
Uncontrolled spread of the technology resulting in an overexploitation of groundwater and over-production (e.g. onions)	increase water use efficiency; regulate market and promote agro-industrial food processing
High dependency on climatic factors influencing the recharge of the groundwater level	exploitation of deep water resources through artesian wells and introduction of adapted drip irrigation technologies

7.2 ເອກກະສານອ້າງອີງທີ່ເປັນບົດລາຍງານ

ຫົວຂໍ້, ຜູ້ຂຽນ, ປີ, ISBN:

Suchantke, J. and A. S. Soumaila. 2001. Etude cadre pour le programme NIGETIP IV, KfW, Niamey, Niger

ຫົວຂໍ້, ຜູ້ຂຽນ, ປີ, ISBN:

Soumaila, A. S., 2005. Rapport du symposium international sur le développement des filières agropastorales en Afrique organisé par GREAD.

ຫົວຂໍ້, ຜູ້ຂຽນ, ປີ, ISBN:

PPEAP. 2006. Rapport final d’évaluation du projet de promotion des exportations agropastorales

ຫົວຂໍ້, ຜູ້ຂຽນ, ປີ, ISBN:

Ministère du développement agricole. 2008, 2009. Données statistiques sur la production maraichère