Participatory Research and Development [Замби]
- Шинийг нээх:
- Шинэчлэх:
- Эмхэтгэгч: Arthur Chomba
- Хянан тохиолдуулагч: –
- Хянагч: Fabian Ottiger
on-farm research
approaches_2464 - Замби
Бүлгүүдийг үзэх
Бүгдийг дэлгэх Бүгдийг хаах1. Ерөнхий мэдээлэл
1.2 Арга барилыг баримтжуулах болон үнэлгээ хийхэд оролцсон хүн эсвэл байгууллагын холбоо барих хаяг
ГТМ мэргэжилтэн:
Ndandula Sharon
Gart
Замби
ГТМ мэргэжилтэн:
Katoweji Alfred
GART
Замби
ГТМ мэргэжилтэн:
Chingulu Sylvester
Ministry of Agriculture
Замби
ГТМ мэргэжилтэн:
Wamunyima Silenga
+260 97 7490657
wamzysilenga@rocketmail.com
GART
Замби
Арга барилыг баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн байгууллага(ууд)-ын нэр (шаардлагатай бол)
Golden Valley agricultural research trust (Golden Valley agricultural research trust) - ЗамбиАрга барилыг баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн байгууллага(ууд)-ын нэр (шаардлагатай бол)
Ministry of Agriculture of Zambia (MoA) - Замби1.3 WOCAT-аар баримтжуулсан өгөгдлийг ашиглахтай холбоотой нөхцөл
Мэдээллийг хэзээ (газар дээр нь) цуглуулсан бэ?
16/01/2013
Эмхэтгэгч болон гол мэдээлэгч хүн(хүмүүс) WOCAT аргачлалаар баримтжуулсан мэдээллийг ашиглахтай холбоотой нөхцлийг хүлээн зөвшөөрсөн:
Тийм
1.4 ГТМ-ийн технологийн асуулгын(д) суурь мэдээлэл(д)
Animal Draft Zero-Tillage [Замби]
Animal draft zero-till involves the use of an animal drawn mechanical planter to plant directly in untilled soil to minimize soil disturbance and leave a cover of crop residues to conserve the soil and water.
- Эмхэтгэгч: Silenga Wamunyima
Strip Tillage Conservation Farming [Замби]
Strip Tillage Conservation Farming is an animal draft reduced tillage method that involves loosening a strip of soil with a strip tillage tool so as to reduce soil disturbance and improve soil and water conservation.
- Эмхэтгэгч: Silenga Wamunyima
Conservation Tillage with Magoye Ripper [Замби]
Conservation Tillage with the Magoye Ripper is an animal draft reduced tillage method that involves the use of the Magoye Ripper to loosen the soil by shattering with a tine instead of ploughing.
- Эмхэтгэгч: Silenga Wamunyima
2. ГТМ Арга барилын тодорхойлолт
2.1 Арга барилын товч тодорхойлолт
This is a collaborative process between researchers and farmers for developing and adapting new technologies that focus on incorporating the perspectives and inputs from the farmers into the development process.
2.2 Арга барилын дэлгэрэнгүй тодорхойлолт
Арга барилын дэлгэрэнгүй тодорхойлолт:
Aims / objectives: (1)To stimulate active farmer participation in the technology development process so that local conditions and perspectives are integrated in the process. (2)Build the capacity of farmers to identify problems and contribute to selecting/improving technology options. (3) Raise farmers’ yields in a sustainable manner and ultimately contribute to increased net farm income.
Methods: A series of on-farm experiments are set up to test a range of technology options. These trials are implemented by the farmers so that vital feedback on which technology works and why it does so is collected. Suggestions for improvements are also collected, reviewed and incorporated into new designs or all together new technologies developed. The process is repeated until spontaneous adoption is evident before the technologies are promoted widely.
Stages of implementation: (1) Preparation of trial protocols for technologies to be tested (2) Identification of farmers and mobilization into farmer groups (3) Capacity building and increasing the knowledge base of farmers to effectively participate and contribute to development process. (4) Setting up of on-farm trials (5) Monitoring trials and collecting data/feedback from farmers (6) incorporation of feedback into technology development process and conducting on-station trials (7) technologies adapted or developed and introduced and the process is repeated.
Role of stakeholders: The approach was designed by national specialists where ‘best-bet’ technologies were pre-selected for testing. The role of GART was that of research and training of trainers. The supervision of the farmers was carried out by government extension workers who were supervised by the researchers and GART field technicians. The farmers implemented the approach and the decision on which technology to adopt was made by them. The land users also participated in evaluating the technologies and made suggestions on possible improvements. The decision on how best to consolidate these suggestions and incorporate them into the technologies was made by the specialists in consultation with the land users.
2.3 Арга барилын зурагууд
2.5 Арга барил нэвтрүүлсэн улс орон / бүс нутаг / байршил
Улс:
Замби
Улс/аймаг/сум:
Zambia
Байршлын дэлгэрэнгүй тодорхойлолт:
Mazabuka/Magoye
Map
×2.6 Арга барилыг эхлэх, дуусах огноо
Эхлэх жилийг тэмдэглэ:
1995
2.7 Арга барилын төрөл
- төсөл / хөтөлбөр дээр үндэслэсэн
2.8 Арга барилын үндсэн зорилго, зорилтууд
The Approach focused mainly on SLM with other activities (Increasing agricultural productivity, improving livelihoods )
(1)To stimulate active farmer participation in the technology development process so that local conditions and perspectives are integrated in the process. (2)Build the capacity of farmers to identify problems and contribute to selecting/improving technology options. (3) Raise farmers’ yields in a sustainable manner through technology innovation and ultimately contribute to increased net farm income.
The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: Unsustainable farming practices leading to environmental degradation and low agricultural productivity
2.9 Арга барилын хүрээнд хэрэгжсэн Технологи/Технологиудад дэмжсэн эсвэл саад учруулсан нөхцлүүд
нийгэм / соёл / шашны хэм хэмжээ, үнэт зүйлс
- Хазаарлалт
The participation of women not as much as that of men
Treatment through the SLM Approach: Women headed households were identified and targeting for inclusion in the project
санхүүгийн нөөц, үйлчилгээний хүртээмж / боломж
- Хазаарлалт
The short cycle of projects and funding that made long-term planning difficult
Treatment through the SLM Approach: Collaborate with government structures and extension service to ensure sustainability of the project
Бүтэц зохион байгуулалт
- Хазаарлалт
Weak collaboration between organizations promoting conservation agriculture (CA) leading to mixed messages being delivered to farmers
Treatment through the SLM Approach: Formation of the Conservation Farming Association (CAA) to synchronise messages and avoid duplication of efforts
Хууль, эрхзүйн хүрээ (газар эзэмшил, газар, ус ашиглах эрх)
- Хазаарлалт
Lack of secure land tenure leading to hesitancy to invest in long-term conservation efforts
Treatment through the SLM Approach: Emphasise the short-term benefits of conservation
The existing land ownership, land use rights / water rights moderately hindered the approach implementation Lack of secure land tenure discourages land user from seeking long-term conservation efforts
ГТМ-ийн талаарх мэдлэг, техникийн дэмжлэг авах боломж
- Хазаарлалт
The failure of rural workshops to produce and supply the necessary equipment for the implementation of the approach
Treatment through the SLM Approach: Collaboration was initiated with mainstream equipment suppliers
Бусад
- Хазаарлалт
Low returns from the sale of the staple crop (maize) and hence low returns to farming general
Treatment through the SLM Approach: Encourage crop livestock integration and promote crop diversification
3. Оролцогч талуудын оролцоо ба үүргүүд
3.1 Арга барилд оролцогч талууд болон тэдгээрийн үүргүүд
- Орон нутгийн газар ашиглагч / орон нутгийн иргэд
Community based organizations for HIV/AIDS affected people
Most of the households are male headed. of the 250 farmers registered in Magoye, only 22 were female headed.
- ГТМ-ийн мэргэжилтэн/ хөдөө аж ахуйн зөвлөх
Researchers and government extension
- Судлаачид
Researchers and government extension
- Засгийн газар (шийдвэр гаргагч, төлөвлөгч)
Government extension implemented the approach after training from GART. Politicians were lobbied to mainstream CA in govt programmes
GART, the main implementing body is a quasi-government body
3.2 Арга барилын янз бүрийн үе шатанд орон нутгийн газар ашиглагчид / бүлэглэлүүдийг татан оролцуулах
Орон нутгийн газар ашиглагч / орон нутгийн иргэдийн оролцоо | Хэн оролцсоныг тодорхойлж, үйл ажиллагааг тайлбарлана уу | |
---|---|---|
санаачлага/идэвхжүүлэлт | интерактив | Approach inititated by specialists based on interactions with land-users from previous programmes |
Төлөвлөгөө | идэвхигүй | Planning was done by specialists although farmers were informed and consulted at every stage |
Хэрэгжилт | интерактив | Land users implemented the approach with the help of specialists |
Мониторинг/ үнэлгээ | идэвхигүй | Monitoring/evaluation was done by the specialists together with the land users as well as external evaluators |
Research | интерактив | Research was done by the specialists together with the land users |
3.3 Диаграм (хэрэв боломжтой бол)
Тодорхойлолт:
Golden Valley Agricultural Research Trust (GART) is an autonomous and self-sustaining
Public Private Partnership organization in 1993 created by the Government of Zambia and the Zambia National Farmers Union GART is member of the Zambia National Farmers Union (ZNFU).
Зохиогч:
Silenga Wamunyima (Mazabuka/Southern Province/Zambia)
3.4 ГТМ-ийн технологи/технологиуд сонгох шийдвэр
Хэрэгжүүлэх Технологи/Технологиудын сонголтыг хийж шийдвэр гаргасан хүнийг тодорхойлно уу:
- ГТМ-ийн мэргэжилтнүүдийн дэмжлэгтэйгээр, голчлон газар ашиглагчид
Тайлбар:
The choice of which technology to test was made by the specialist but the choice of which technology to implement was made by the land users
Decisions on the method of implementing the SLM Technology were made by mainly by land users supported by SLM specialists
4. Техникийн дэмжлэг, чадавхи бүрдүүлэх, мэдлэгийн менежмент
4.1 Чадавхи бэхжүүлэх/сургалт
Газар эзэмшигчид / бусад оролцогч талуудад сургалт явуулсан уу?
Тийм
Хэн сургалтанд хамрагдсан бэ:
- Газар ашиглагчид
- хээрийн ажилтан / зөвлөх
Сургалтын хэлбэр:
- фермерээс -фермер
- үзүүлэнгийн талбай
- Олон нийтийн уулзалт
Хамрагдсан сэвдүүд:
soil conservation and soil fertility improvement, how to use the conservation agricultural technologies, crop-livestock integration
4.2 Зөвлөх үйлчилгээ
Газар ашиглагчдад зөвлөх үйлчилгээ авах боломжтой байдаг уу?
Тийм
Зөвлөх үйлчилгээ үзүүлсэн эсэхийг тогтоо:
- Газар ашиглагчийн талбай дээр
Тодорхойлолт / тайлбар:
Name of method used for advisory service: Training of Trainers; Key elements: trainig of goverment extension workers and NGOs promoting of conservation agriculture (CA), on-farm demonstrations, field days
Advisory service is inadequate to ensure the continuation of land conservation activities; There are too few extension workers and there aren’t sufficient training manuals
4.3 Институцийг бэхжүүлэх (байгууллагын хөгжил)
Арга барилаар дамжуулан институц байгуулагдаж эсвэл бэхжсэн үү?
- Тийм, дунд зэрэг
Байгууллагууд бэхжиж, үүсэн бий болсон түвшин(үүд)-г тодорхойлно уу:
- Орон нутгийн
Дэмжлэгийн төрлийг ялга:
- чадавхи бэхжүүлэх / сургалт
- Тоног төхөөрөмж
Дэлгэрэнгүй мэдээллийг өгнө үү:
Capacity building of local cooperatives and farmer associations, training of trainers and practical demonstrations
4.4 Мониторинг ба үнэлгээ
Мониторинг болон үнэлгээ нь арга барилын хэсэг үү?
Тийм
Тайлбар:
bio-physical aspects were regular monitored by project staff, land users through observations; indicators: Soil properties, moisture conservation
bio-physical aspects were ad hoc monitored by project staff through measurements; indicators: soil miosture, soil fertility
technical aspects were regular monitored by project staff through observations; indicators: Yield, production area, labour, timeliness
technical aspects were None monitored by project staff through measurements; indicators: equipment breakdowns
socio-cultural aspects were None monitored by project staff through observations; indicators: Gender, mindset, status
economic / production aspects were None monitored through observations; indicators: Yields, labour inputs, costs, income, adoption
no. of land users involved aspects were monitored through observations
There were several changes in the Approach as a result of monitoring and evaluation: There was more emphasis on on-farm trials as the project went on with more training on weeding techniques and crop-livestock integration
There were several changes in the Technology as a result of monitoring and evaluation: The Magoye Ripper (T_ZAM003en) was modified to penetrate deeper and an altogether new technology called the Magoye Planter (Strip Tillage T_ZAM002en) was developed to overcome some of the constraints of the Magoye Ripper.
4.5 Судалгаа
Судалгаа арга барилын хэсэг нь байсан уу?
Тийм
Сэдвийг тодруулна уу:
- Технологи
Дэлгэрэнгүй мэдээллийг өгч, хэн судалгаа явуулсныг бичнэ үү:
Research by GART focused on equipment development and adaptation of soil improvement technologies to make Conservation Agriculture (CA) a viable option for animal draft farmers
Research was carried out both on station and on-farm
5. Санхүүгийн болон гадаад материаллаг дэмжлэг
5.1 ГТМ-ийн Арга барилын бүрэлдэхүүн хэсгийн жилийн төсөв
Хэрэв жилийн төсөв тодорхойгүй бол хягаарыг тодруулна уу:
- 2,000-10,000
Тайлбар (жнь: санхүүжилтийн гол эх үүсвэр / гол хандивлагчид):
Approach costs were met by the following donors: local community / land user(s) (Land preparation by land user(s)): 100.0%
5.2 Газар ашиглагчдад санхүүгийн / материаллаг дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн
Технологи / технологийг хэрэгжүүлэхэд газар ашиглагчид санхүүгийн / материаллаг дэмжлэг авсан уу?
Тийм
Хэрэв тийм бол дэмжлэгийн төрөл(үүд), нөхцөл, болон нийлүүлэгч(чид) бичнэ үү:
Mostly contributions from EU supplemented by finances from commercial activities i.e. commercial crop production and contract research
5.3 Тодорхой зардлыг даахад чиглэсэн дэмжлэгт (хөдөлмөрийн хүчийг оролцуулаад)
- Тоног төхөөрөмж
Ямар хөрөнгө оруулалт татаасаар олгогдсоныг заана уу | Ямар талбайн хэмжээнд | Тэтгэмж, урамшууллыг тодорхойлно уу |
---|---|---|
Багажууд | хэсэгчлэн санхүүждэг | |
Хэрэв газар ашиглагчийн хөдөлмөрийн хүч чухал байсан бол энэ нь аль хэлбэр байсан:
- сайн дурын
Тайлбар:
GART only provided technical support while the farmer provided all the inputs, labour
5.4 Кредит
Арга барилын хүрээнд ГТМ-ийн үйл ажиллагаанд зориулж зээлд хамрагдсан уу?
Үгүй
6. Нөлөөллийн дүн шинжилгээ ба дүгнэлт
6.1 Арга барилын нөлөөллүүд
Арга барил нь ГТМ-ийн технологийг хэрэгжүүлж, хадгалахад газар ашиглагчдад тусласан уу?
- Үгүй
- Тийм, бага зэрэг
- Тийм, зарим
- Тийм, их
The farmers that adopted the Magoye Ripper were ploughing (pulverising) less thereby reducing erosion and loss of organic matter. However, some of the technologies have not been adopted on a wide enough scale to create an impact at community level. Even the farmers that did not adopt the technologies are now more aware of the need for soil conservation.
Арга барил нь эмзэг бүлгийнхнийг нийгэм, эдийн засгийн хувьд чадавхижуулсан уу?
- Үгүй
- Тийм, бага зэрэг
- Тийм, зарим
- Тийм, их
HIV/AIDS affected families and female headed households were specifically targeted
Арга барил нь ГТМ-ийн технологийг хэрэгжүүлэхэд саад учруулсан газрын эзэмшил / ашиглах эрхийг сайжруулахад чиглэсэн үү?
- Үгүй
- Тийм, бага зэрэг
- Тийм, зарим
- Тийм, их
Apart from lobbying policy makers, issues of land tenure were beyond the scope of the approach The problem is likely to be overcome in the near future. The problem has been acknowledged by politicians and addressed in the new draft constitution
Did other land users / projects adopt the Approach?
- Үгүй
- Тийм, бага зэрэг
- Тийм, зарим
- Тийм, их
On-farm research has been adopted by the Conservation Farming Unit (CFU) who are the biggest player in promotion of Conservation Agriculture in Zambia. There are not many other research organizations in Zambia
Did the Approach lead to improved livelihoods / human well-being?
- Үгүй
- Тийм, бага зэрэг
- Тийм, зарим
- Тийм, их
Increased income and improved food security, less labour constraints and more time for other economic activities
Did the Approach help to alleviate poverty?
- Үгүй
- Тийм, бага зэрэг
- Тийм, зарим
- Тийм, их
Increased income and improved food security, less labour constraints and more time for other economic activities
6.2 ГТМ-ийг хэрэгжүүлэх газар ашиглагчидын гол санаачилга
- үйлдвэрлэл нэмэгдсэн
- Ашиг нэмэгдсэн (боломж), зардал-үр ашгийн харьцаа сайжирсан
- Ажлын ачаалал бууруулсан
- Байгаль орчны ухамсар
6.3 Арга барилын үйл ажиллагааны тогтвортой байдал
Газар ашиглагчид арга барилаар дамжуулан хэрэгжүүлсэн арга хэмжээг тогтвортой хадгалж чадах уу (гадны дэмжлэггүйгээр)?
- Тийм
Хэрэв тийм бол яаж гэдгийг тайлбарлана уу:
Adoption rates for Conservation Agriculture are still fairly low indicating that the practice is still fairly new and the technologies still need to be adapted and refined to suit local conditions. The farmers still need technical support until the bottlenecks with the practices are addressed and there is evident spontaneous adoption. This all depends on how well research and planners respond to the current challenges.
6.4 Арга барилын тогтвортой/давуу тал/боломжууд
Газар ашиглагчдын тодорхойлсон давуу тал/боломжууд |
---|
Farmers well informed of current developments and technology advancements (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Training farmers on current developments and technology advancements) |
Эмхэтгэгч, бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн өнцгөөс тодорхойлсон давуу тал/боломжууд |
---|
Farmers organizations strengthened (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Capacity building) |
There is strong farmer involvement in technology adaptation (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Increase the farmers knowledge base to ensure effective participation) |
6.5 Арга барилын дутагдалтай/сул тал/аюул болон тэдгээрийн хэрхэн даван туулах арга замууд
Эмхэтгэгч, бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн өнцгөөс тодорхойлсон сул тал/ дутагдал/ эрсдэл | Тэдгээрийг хэрхэн даван туулах вэ? |
---|---|
Too little emphasis on knowledge transfer and too much on practical demonstrations and ‘how-to’ training. |
Focus more on understanding principles and technology selection |
7. Суурь мэдээлэл болон холбоосууд
7.1 Мэдээллийн эх үүсвэр/аргууд
- Хээрийн уулзалт, судалгаа
- Газар ашиглагчтай хийсэн ярилцлага
7.2 Холбогдох бүтээлийн ишлэл
Гарчиг, зохиогч, он, ISBN:
Impact study on the acceptance of the Magoye Ripper, Piet Stevens, David Samazaka, Ab Wanders, Douglas Moono, 2002 Conservation farming in Zambia, Steven Haggblade, Gelson Tembo, October 2003 Social-economic analysis of conservation agriculture in southern Africa, FAO, 2011Conservation farming in Zambia, Conservation farming unit (CFU), 2011
Хаанаас авч болох вэ? Зардал?
GART/free onlineINDABA Project, Michigan State University/free onlineFAO/free onlinecfu@zamnet.zm
Гарчиг, зохиогч, он, ISBN:
Conservation farming in Zambia, Steven Haggblade, Gelson Tembo, October 2003
Хаанаас авч болох вэ? Зардал?
INDABA Project, Michigan State University/free online
Гарчиг, зохиогч, он, ISBN:
Social-economic analysis of conservation agriculture in southern Africa, FAO, 2011
Хаанаас авч болох вэ? Зардал?
FAO/free online
Гарчиг, зохиогч, он, ISBN:
Conservation farming in Zambia, Conservation farming unit (CFU), 2011
Хаанаас авч болох вэ? Зардал?
cfu@zamnet.zm
Холбоос ба модулууд
Бүгдийг дэлгэх Бүгдийг хаахХолбоосууд
Animal Draft Zero-Tillage [Замби]
Animal draft zero-till involves the use of an animal drawn mechanical planter to plant directly in untilled soil to minimize soil disturbance and leave a cover of crop residues to conserve the soil and water.
- Эмхэтгэгч: Silenga Wamunyima
Strip Tillage Conservation Farming [Замби]
Strip Tillage Conservation Farming is an animal draft reduced tillage method that involves loosening a strip of soil with a strip tillage tool so as to reduce soil disturbance and improve soil and water conservation.
- Эмхэтгэгч: Silenga Wamunyima
Conservation Tillage with Magoye Ripper [Замби]
Conservation Tillage with the Magoye Ripper is an animal draft reduced tillage method that involves the use of the Magoye Ripper to loosen the soil by shattering with a tine instead of ploughing.
- Эмхэтгэгч: Silenga Wamunyima
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