1.2 Технологийг үнэлэх, баримтжуулах ажилд хамаарах мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүс, байгууллагуудын холбоо барих мэдээлэл

Технологи баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн байгууллага(ууд)-ын нэр (шаардлагатай бол)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - Итали

1.3 ВОКАТ-аар баримтжуулсан өгөгдлийг ашиглахтай холбоотой нөхцөл

Мэдээллийг хэзээ (газар дээр нь) цуглуулсан бэ?

02/06/2011

Эмхэтгэгч болон гол мэдээлэгч хүн(хүмүүс) WOCAT аргачлалаар баримтжуулсан мэдээллийг ашиглахтай холбоотой нөхцлийг хүлээн зөвшөөрсөн:

Тийм

2.1 Технологийн товч тодорхойлолт

Технологийн тодорхойлолт:

Stone faced terraces are commonly constructed on cultivated lands. These are structural measural measures placed along the contour to control soil erosion and trap runoff.

2.2 Технологийн дэлгэрэнгүй тодорхойлолт

Тодорхойлолт:

Stone-faced soil bund is constructed during the dry period when the field is free from crops (after crop harvest). Soils in the woreda are light and are easily eroded. A contour line is marked on the ground first and a foundation placing stones is dug. The stone wall is placed in the foundation and the wall is raised until it attains a height of 0.50m at minimum. Then earth is dug on the upslope side by removing soil from it and make an embankment of soil on the upper side to support the stone wall. In the same way the stone is supported by the soil from the upper side. The embanked soil is lightly compacted to avoid collapse. The objective is to control concentrated runoff from causing soil erosion and to retain as much rainwater as possible in the soil for mazimizing crop production. Livestock are not let on the terraced land. Most land users feed their animals tethered. The bund is then stablized by planting grass. The most commonly used grasses for stablizing bunds in the area are phalaris and elephant grass. The purpose is to control runoff and soil erosion from cultivated lands. Grass is planted to stablize the bund and also help in providing fodder for animals. Some land users stablize the stone-faced bunds by planting fruit trees. Fruit trees are often planted at the homesteads for better management and protection. The income obtaoned from fruit trees is high. Sorghum fields are predominantly treated by stone-faced bunds while chat and coffee fields are treated by ridges and basins. Frequent maintenance and upgrading is required until bench is formed. Currently most of the fields in the woreda have a properly stablized terraces and as a result loss of soil and water by erosion is decreasing. Maintenance is done continuously until the structure stablizes well and inparticular after heavy rains, every time after tillage and cropping. The technology is suitable in areas where stones are avialable and soils are light.

2.5 Энэ үнэлгээнд хамрагдсан технологийг хэрэгжүүлсэн улс орон/ бүс нутаг/ байршил

2.6 Хэрэгжсэн хугацаа

Байгуулсан тодорхой оныг мэдэхгүй бол баримжаа хугацааг тодорхойл:

• <10 жилийн өмнө (саяхны)

2.7 Технологийн танилцуулга

Технологийг хэрхэн нэвтрүүлснийг тодорхойл:

• Гадны төсөл/хөтөлбөрийн дэмжлэгтэйгээр

Тайлбар (төслийн төрөл г.м.):

The technology was initially introduced by the extension implementation project of the Ministry of Agriculture and modified in the process of implementing the National Soil and Water Conservation Program in the country in the various phases of the land rehabilitation and afforestation project of the MERETproject (MOARD/WFP)

3.1 Технологийн үндсэн зорилго (ууд)

• үйлдвэрлэлийг сайжруулах
• газрын доройтлыг бууруулах, сэргийлэх, нөхөн сэргээх

3.2 Технологи нэвтрүүлсэн газрын одоогийн газар ашиглалтын хэлбэр(үүд)

Тайлбар:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Land use problem is the result mainly of high population growth, improper land use and poor farming practices. Land not suitable for cultivation is put under use. Steepslopes on hillsides and mountain escarpments are cultivated. These have resulted in high runoff and sediment movment from the upper catchments which are dominantly devoid of vegetation and no conservation measures practiced.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): land shortage, loss of fertility and soil erosion on lands with no conservation measures.

Cut-and-carry/ zero grazing: grazing land is seriously shriniking owing

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: sorghum-beans or chat - sorghum, maize-beans

3.3 Газар ашиглалтын тухай нэмэлт мэдээлэл

Технологи хэрэгжүүлсэн газрын усан хангамж:

• Байгалийн усалгаатай

Жилд ургамал ургах улирлын тоо:

• 2

Тодорхойлно уу:

Longest growing period in days: 240 Longest growing period from month to month: Apr - NovSecond longest growing period in days: 150Second longest growing period from month to month: Feb - Jun

3.4 Технологи ГТМ-ийн аль бүлэгт хамаарах вэ

• Налуугийн арга хэмжээ

3.5 Технологийн хамрах талбай

Технологи өргөн дэлгэрсэн эсхийг тодорхойл:

• газар дээр жигд тархсан

Технологи газар нутгийн хэмжээнд жигд тархсан бол түүний эзлэх талбайг дундажаар тооцож тэмдэглэ:

• 100-1,000 км2

Тайлбар:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 80 km2.

Information obtaned from annual activities and achievements reports. But at present the total technology area is more than the amount shown here and estimate is indicated as follows:

3.6 Технологийг бүрдүүлэх ГТМ арга хэмжээ

3.7 Технологид харгалзах газрын доройтлын төрөл

Тайлбар:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

3.8 Газрын доройтлоос урьдчилан сэргийлэх, сааруулах ба нөхөн сэргээх

Газрын доройтолтой холбоотойгоор Технологи ямар зорилго тавьсан болохыг тодорхойл:

• газрын доройтлоос урьдчилан сэргийлэх
• Газрын доройтлыг бууруулах

Тайлбар:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation

4.2 Техникийн үзүүлэлт/ техникийн зургийн тайлбар

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: reduction of slope length

Secondary technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, reduction of slope angle, increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil

Early planting
Material/ species: sorghum, maize, chat
Remarks: on contour and row planting

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: maize-haricot beans, chat-beans
Remarks: row planting and broadcasting

Contour planting / strip cropping
Material/ species: land tillage and cultivation
Remarks: contour cultivation

Legume inter-planting
Remarks: contour

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: animal dung and crop residue farming
Quantity/ density: 30-40 t/ha
Remarks: applied in between rows

Mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Material/ species: chemical fertilizers (DAP and Urea)
Remarks: broadcasting

Contour tillage
Remarks: along the contour and made by oxen plough

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, F : fruit trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 400-500
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 10 m
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 3 x 3

Vegetative measure: aligned: contour
Vegetative material: G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 5000
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 110 m
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.3 x 0.3

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Trees/ shrubs species: grevillea, cordia

Fruit trees / shrubs species: guava, avocado

Grass species: elephant, phalaris

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 10.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 3.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 0.00%

4.4 Бий болгох үйл ажиллагаа

	Үйл ажиллагаа	Арга хэмжээний төрөл	Хугацаа
1.	seed collection	Ургамлын	dry season
2.	seedling production	Ургамлын	dry season
3.	seedling planting	Ургамлын	during rains
4.	weeding and cultivation	Ургамлын	during rains

4.5 Бий болгоход шаардагдсан зардал, хөрөнгийн өртөг

	Зардлын нэр, төрөл	Хэмжих нэгж	Тоо хэмжээ	Нэгжийн үнэ	Зардал бүрийн нийт өртөг	Нийт дүнгээс газар ашиглагчийн төлсөн %
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	Labour	ha	1.0	125.0	125.0
Тоног төхөөрөмж	Animal traction	ha	1.0	46.6	46.6
Тоног төхөөрөмж	Tools	ha	1.0	5.5	5.5
таримал материал	Seeds	ha	1.0	2.8	2.8
таримал материал	Seedlings	ha	1.0	30.0	30.0
Бордоо ба биоцид	Fetilizer	ha	1.0	33.3	33.3
Технологи бий болгох нийт үнэ өртөг					243.2

Тайлбар:

Duration of establishment phase: 60 month(s)

4.6 Арчилгаа/ урсгал үйл ажиллагаа

	Үйл ажиллагаа	Арга хэмжээний төрөл	Хугацаа/ давтамж
1.	primary tillage	Агрономийн	onset of rains
2.	secondary tillage and seed bed preparation	Агрономийн	in the middle of early rains and main rains
3.	weeding and cultivation	Агрономийн	after germination
4.	thinning	Ургамлын	after rains

4.7 Арчилгаа/урсгал ажилд шаардагдсан зардал, хөрөнгийн өртөг (нэг жилд)

	Зардлын нэр, төрөл	Хэмжих нэгж	Тоо хэмжээ	Нэгжийн үнэ	Зардал бүрийн нийт өртөг	Нийт дүнгээс газар ашиглагчийн төлсөн %
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	Labour	ha	1.0	12.5	12.5
Тоног төхөөрөмж	Tools	ha	1.0	0.5	0.5
таримал материал	Seedlings	ha	1.0	3.0	3.0
Бордоо ба биоцид	Fertilizer	ha	1.0	33.3	33.3
Технологийн арчилгаа/урсгал үйл ажиллагаанд шаардагдах нийт үнэ өртөг					49.3

Тайлбар:

length of stone faced bunds and the number of trees planted

4.8 Зардалд нөлөөлж байгаа хамгийн чухал хүчин зүйл

Өртөг, зардалд нөлөөлөх гол хүчин зүйл:

Slope: In steep slopes terraces get closer and the length of terrace per unit area /hectar/ increases and this increases the cost of construction. On soils of shallow soils digging becomes tough and this leads to increased costs

5.1 Уур амьсгал

5.2 Гадаргын хэлбэр

Гадаргын талаархи тодорхойлолт ба бусад тайлбар:

Altitudinal zone: 1501-2000 m a.s.l. (dominant elevation, ranked 1) and 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l. (very small area, ranked 2)
Landforms: Mountain slopes (the dominant landform, ranked 1), foot slopes (dominanatly cultivated lands, ranked 2) and valley floor (mostly cultivated, ranked 2)
Slopes on average: Hilly (planted forestsand shrublands with degraded natural forests, ranekd 1), Rolling ( cultivated lands with perennial crops, ranked 2), moderate (cultivated lands with cereals (sorghum and maize) ranked 3), getnle (cultivated with teff and sweet potato, ranked 3)

5.3 Хөрс

Боломжтой бол хөрсний бүрэн тодорхойлолт, боломжит мэдээллийг өгнө үү, жишээ нь хөрсний төрөл, хөрсний урвалын орчин/хүчиллэг байдал, катион солилцох чадавхи, азотын хэмжээ, давсжилт г.м.

Soil depth on average: Shallow (soils on mountain slopes , ranked 1), moderately deep (soils on foot slopes, ranked 2), deep ( soils on valley floors, ranked 3) and very deep (soils around homesteads, ranked 3)
Soil texture: Coarse/light (mountain slopes and foot slopes, ranked 1), medium (foot slopes, ranked 2) and fine/heavy (valley floor, ranked 3)
Soil fertility is low (mountain slopes, ranked 1), medium (foot slopes, ranked 2) and high (valley floor, ranked 3)
Topsoil organic matter is medium (impressions: on valley floors of cultivated lands, ranked 1) and low ( impressions:mountain slopes, ranked 2)
Soil drainage/infiltration is good (most of the mountain slopes and foot slopes, ranked 1) and medium (on valley floors, ranked 2)
Soil water storage capacity is low (on mountain slopes because of shallow soils, ranked 1) and medium (on foot slopes and valley floors, ranked 2)

5.6 Технологи нэвтрүүлсэн газар ашиглагчдын тухай мэдээлэл

Газар ашиглагчдын бусад шинж чанарыг тодорхойл:

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 2% - 3%
(The rich hire labour).
(could get orgainzed in groups for labour sahring).
Off-farm income specification: The rich and average land users get engaged in other non farm activities because they have financial means
Level of mechanization: Animal traction (cereal crop fields are ploughed and cultivated by oxen plough, ranked 1) and manual work (chat and coffee plants are manually cultivated by hoe, ranked 2)
Market orientation of grazing land: Subsistence (self-supply). Animals are predominanatly kept for draft power requiremen and milk production.

5.7 Технологи нэвтрүүлсэн газар ашиглагчийн өмчилж буй, эзэмшиж буй, түрээсэлж буй эсвэл ашиглаж буй (ашиглах эрх) газрын талбай

5.8 Газар эзэмшил, газар ашиглах эрх, ус ашиглах эрх

Газар өмчлөл:

• төрийн

Газар ашиглах эрх:

• нээлттэй хүртэх (зохион байгуулалтгүй)
• хувь хүн

6.1 Технологийн талбайд үзүүлсэн нөлөө

Нийгэм-эдийн засгийн үр нөлөө

Үйлдвэрлэл

Орлого, зарлага

Нийгэм-соёлын үр нөлөө

Экологийн үр нөлөө

Усны эргэлт/ илүүдэл

Хөрс

6.4 Өртөг ба ашгийн шинжилгээ

Бий болгох зардалтай харьцуулахад ямар ашиг өгсөн бэ (газар ашиглагчийн бодлоор)?

Арчилгаа/урсгал зардалтай харьцуулахад ямар ашиг өгсөн бэ (газар ашиглагчийн бодлоор)?

6.5 Технологи нэвтрүүлэлт

Тайлбар:

90 % of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

1150 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

10% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates