1.2 Технологийг үнэлэх, баримтжуулах ажилд хамаарах мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүс, байгууллагуудын холбоо барих мэдээлэл

Технологи баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн төслийн нэр (шаардлагатай бол)

Prospects and challenges of water use systems as climate adaptive option for sustainable water management in Himalayan Region

Технологи баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн байгууллага(ууд)-ын нэр (шаардлагатай бол)

Kathmandu University (KU) - Непал

1.3 ВОКАТ-аар баримтжуулсан өгөгдлийг ашиглахтай холбоотой нөхцөл

Эмхэтгэгч болон гол мэдээлэгч хүн(хүмүүс) WOCAT аргачлалаар баримтжуулсан мэдээллийг ашиглахтай холбоотой нөхцлийг хүлээн зөвшөөрсөн:

Тийм

1.4 Технологи тогтвортой гэдгийг баталгаажуулах

Энэ технологийг газрын доройтлыг бууруулж, газрын тогтвортой менежментийг хангахад тохиромжтой гэж үзэж болох уу?

Үгүй

Тайлбар:

The technology used serves as a source of providing water for drinking and other multiple uses; such that it acts as a means to conserve and manage water resources rather than degrade them.

2.1 Технологийн товч тодорхойлолт

Технологийн тодорхойлолт:

Natural water source in hill top is collected in a small reservoir-chamber ( to preserve natural source), then passes onto a Reservoir Tank (RVT) for drinking water (ferro-cement tank/ Ghaito) with a capacity of 9000L that falls within individual’s plot of land. When the ferro-cement tank gets filled, water overflows, is collected in another reservoir pond (30,000L) for irrigation and other multiple uses. From the Ghaito and reservoir pond, two pipelines are fed and water is supplied into individual Multiple Use Water System (MUWS) tap towers.

2.2 Технологийн дэлгэрэнгүй тодорхойлолт

Тодорхойлолт:

The technology is applied in a natural environment. The place of study falls under the dry belt of Nepal, receiving less than average annual rainfall (in context of Nepal). The source of water is natural that is located within a community forest area (samudayik ban), which is owned by the government and consists of trees like Sal, Supari (areca nuts), etc. From there, water collects onto a Ghaito / ferro-cement tank, which falls on the land owned by Mr. Krishna Bahadur B.K., who voluntarily agreed to donate the land for its construction. The total area covered for the tank is 1 ropani (1 hectare = 19.65 ropanis). From the reservoir, water is collected in a ferrocement tank / Ghaito / Thulo tanki (for drinking water) and a reservoir pond (for irrigation). Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) pipes are fed onto the tanks to distribute the water for multiple purposes in 6 Multiple Use Water System (MUWS) tap-towers; which consist of two faucets each - one for drinking and the other for irrigation and other purposes.
The major purposes of this technology are to supply clean water for drinking and other purposes to the community that is comprised of 23 households, through a cheap, effective and simple system. For establishing the system, labour and construction materials were needed for building Ghaito and pipeline systems. For the maintenance, manual labour is necessary. The natural source of water is locally maintained. The quality of the water that is supplied to the 23 households is good and the quantity seems sufficient for the number of households. Operation and maintenance works are done by the locals who collect NPR. 50 from each household. The system is guarded by a watchman (Chaukidar) who is given a monthly stipend of NPR. 800 from the committee. The system was financed through a public-private-partnership (PPP) program; out of which some amount was funded by a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) - Sundar Nepal, primary survey of the natural source of water was done by another NGO- Anukulan Project with the help from UK-AID (NPR. 1,46,000) , and the remaining funds were contributed by the locals’ group (NPR. 1,39,183), by collecting NPR. 3000 initially then NPR. 1200 from each household. The then Village Development Committee (VDC) donated NPR. 1,00,000 and labour costs borne by the locals amounted to NPR. 85,600. Total amount invested for the project amounted to NPR. 4,70,783. Benefits of the technology are the sustainable use of water resources through a MUWS system, cheap and effective way to conserve water resources and the ensured availability of clean water even through dry seasons. The villagers like the facts that the water is clean, more water is available for irrigation for vegetable farming, and that their day-to-day life is simplified. They dislike the limited availability of water during dry season and that out of 6 systems only 3 are in operation and the other ones are in a non-working condition.
A separate committee is set up for the smooth operation of the system, which consists of 20 members- 10 males and 10 females. The head of the committee is Mrs. Amrita B.K.. The committee conducts a monthly meeting on 10th of each Nepalese month to discuss the problems and need of maintenance. During the initial setup, the connection of pipelines from the tap systems to the reservoir tanks was, however, done with the contribution of the locals. Every month, each family contributes NPR 50, which goes to a fund that is set up for the times of need. The labor contribution by the people of the VDC was dependent upon the number and availability of family members in the household. Similarly, the use of MUWS system and water from it is also dependent upon the availability of family members. Little to no maintenance was done to the system till now from 2073 B.S. ( 3 years) . Equal number of male and female members are in the committee dedicated to the MUWS system.

2.3 Технологийн гэрэл зураг

2.5 Энэ үнэлгээнд хамрагдсан технологийг хэрэгжүүлсэн улс орон/ бүс нутаг/ байршил

2.6 Хэрэгжсэн хугацаа

Хэрэгжүүлсэн он:

2015

2.7 Технологийн танилцуулга

Технологийг хэрхэн нэвтрүүлснийг тодорхойл:

• Гадны төсөл/хөтөлбөрийн дэмжлэгтэйгээр

Тайлбар (төслийн төрөл г.м.):

Sundar Nepal- a non governmental organization helped initiate the project
UKAID ( Anukulan Project) - an inernational non governmental project ( INGO ) helped with the technical aspects of the project

3.1 Технологийн үндсэн зорилго (ууд)

• үйлдвэрлэлийг сайжруулах
• газрын доройтлыг бууруулах, сэргийлэх, нөхөн сэргээх
• уур амьсгалын өөрчлөлт/ экстрим байдал болон түүний нөлөөлөлд дасан зохицох
• үр ашигтай эдийн засгийн нөлөөг бий болгох

• improve water security and increase efficient use at a household level

3.2 Технологи нэвтрүүлсэн газрын одоогийн газар ашиглалтын хэлбэр(үүд)

Тайлбар:

Irrigation and Multiple Uses: The locals use the technology in order to irrigate their cropland so that the plant productivity is increased. As well, the introduction of this technology has opened up doors to new possibilities like construction of tunnels ( green houses) so that the locals can grow seasonal and off-seasonal vegetables in their backyards. Animal husbandry has also been an increasing practice. Human uses like washing, cooking, cleaning, bathing, etc are amply sufficient due to adequacy of water from this technology.

3.3 Технологи хэрэгжүүлснээр газар ашиглалтад өөрчлөлт гарсан уу?

Технологи хэрэгжүүлснээр газар ашиглалтад өөрчлөлт гарсан уу?

• Тийм (Технологи хэрэгжүүлэхээс өмнөх үеийн газар ашиглалтын талаархи асуулгыг бөглөнө үү)

Тайлбар:

Before the introduction of the technology, the land productivity was minimal. Water for human uses like bathing, cleaning, washing, cooking, etc. were scarce; especially during the dry seasons. No green houses were constructed. They used to rear very few cattle.
After the technology, vegetables from green houses in their backyards are sold to markets, which has acted as an alternative source of earning perennially.

3.4 Усан хангамж

бусад (жишээ нь, үерийн дараах):

• Natural source (Mool) of water in foliage atop a hill that falls under Mr. Krishna Bdr. B.K.'s land

Тайлбар:

The supply of water comes from a natural source ( 'mool' in local language) , where a small enclosure is constructed so that the source is preserved and water is amply supplied to the ferro-cement tank for drinking purposes ( 'Ghaito' in local language) and the reservoir pond for irrigation purposes.

3.5 Технологи ГТМ-ийн аль бүлэгт хамаарах вэ

• Ус хуримтлуулах
• Усжуулалтын менежмент (усан хангамж, ус зайлуулалт зэрэг.)

• Gravity Fed Multiple Use Water System (MUWS) , New Scheme

3.6 Технологийг бүрдүүлэх ГТМ арга хэмжээ

Тайлбар:

The technology is comprised of structures like Tanks (ferro-cement), Ponds (Concrete), Pipes, etc which use a myriad of resources like cement, iron rods, PVC pipes, fences for enclosure, etc.

3.7 Технологид харгалзах газрын доройтлын төрөл

Тайлбар:

Before setting up the technology, much of the water during dry seasons would evaporate from the natural source ( mool) and there would be scarcity of water during dry seasons. This has been addressed by the technology, where securing the natural source of water prevented evaporation and storing water in enclosed tanks helped supply water during dry seasons.
Similarly, due to no preservation of the source and no storage tanks, the water would be soiled by sediments, wastes and insects' larvae. After setting technology up, the quality of water has vastly improved as well

3.8 Газрын доройтлоос урьдчилан сэргийлэх, сааруулах ба нөхөн сэргээх

Газрын доройтолтой холбоотойгоор Технологи ямар зорилго тавьсан болохыг тодорхойл:

• газрын доройтлоос урьдчилан сэргийлэх

Тайлбар:

The technology prevents water source degradation, improves perennial water availability, reduces effects like drought, floods, etc. Thus, land degradation by means of lands turning barren, dry,etc is tackled by this technology.

4.1 Технологийн техник зураг

4.2 Материал болон зардалд хамаарах ерөнхий мэдээлэл

Үнэ өртөг, оруулсан хувь нэмрийг хэрхэн тооцсоныг тодорхойл:

• Технологийн нэгж тус бүр

бусад/үндэсний мөнгөн нэгж (тодорхойл):

NPR

Хэрэв боломжтой бол үндэсний валютын Америк доллартай харьцах харьцааг бичнэ үү (тухайлбал, 1 ам.дол. = 79,9 Бразил реал): 1 ам.дол. =:

110.0

4.3 Бий болгох үйл ажиллагаа

	Үйл ажиллагаа	Хугацаа (улирал)
1.	Enclosement for the groundwater source	Summer Season ( Before Rains)
2.	Construction of Ferro-cement tank for Drinking Water	Summer Season ( Before Rains)
3.	Construction of Concrete tank for Irrigation	Summer Season and During Rainy Season
4.	Securing the perimeter for the tanks	Rainy Season
5.	Laying down the PVC pipework	Rainy Season
6.	Construction of 6 individual MUWS tap towers ( Thaado in Nepalese language)	After Rains
7.	Final touch-ups, Setting up faucets, Preliminary checking	After Rains

Тайлбар:

A total of roughly 5 months (140 days ) was required for the construction of the technology to be completed.
Construction was initiated before the rains, and could only be completed after the rainy season.

4.4 Бий болгоход шаардагдсан зардал, хөрөнгийн өртөг

	Зардлын нэр, төрөл	Хэмжих нэгж	Тоо хэмжээ	Нэгжийн үнэ	Зардал бүрийн нийт өртөг	Нийт дүнгээс газар ашиглагчийн төлсөн %
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	Labour Costs by Locals	N/A	1.0	85600.0	85600.0	100.0
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	Primary Survey and Securing of Source	1	1.0	146000.0	146000.0
Тоног төхөөрөмж	Construction of Tank, Pond and MUWS Tap Towers	1	1.0	100000.0	100000.0
Тоног төхөөрөмж	Laying down pipework, Other Construction	1	1.0	139183.0	139183.0	100.0
Технологи бий болгох нийт үнэ өртөг					470783.0
Технологи бий болгох нийт үнэ өртөг, ам.доллар					4279.85

Хэрэв зардлыг нэр төрлөөр тодорхойлох боломжгүй бол технологийг бий болгоход зарцуулсан хөрөнгийг тоймлон оруулна уу:

470783.0

Хэрэв газар ашиглагч нийт зардлын 100% -иас бага хэсгийг төлсөн бол хэн голлох зардлыг гаргасан бэ:

Village Developmment Committee, Anukulan Project (under UK-AID) NGO, Sundar Nepal (NGO)

Тайлбар:

1.Village Developmment Committee:NPR. 1,00,000
2.Anukulan Project (under UK-AID) NGO: ~ NPR. 1,46,000
3.Water – Users : NPR. 1,39,000 ( collected from households)
4. NPR. 85,600 ( labour costs contributed by the locals)

4.5 Арчилгаа/ урсгал үйл ажиллагаа

	Үйл ажиллагаа	Хугацаа/ давтамж
1.	Pipeline Maintenance Work	During Dry Seasons (Winter) annually

Тайлбар:

The maintenance works have been carried out on the pipework for 2-3 times during the winter seasons, wherein the PVC pipes had to be replaced due to the collection of lime inside.

4.6 Арчилгаа/урсгал ажилд шаардагдсан зардал, хөрөнгийн өртөг (нэг жилд)

	Зардлын нэр, төрөл	Хэмжих нэгж	Тоо хэмжээ	Нэгжийн үнэ	Зардал бүрийн нийт өртөг	Нийт дүнгээс газар ашиглагчийн төлсөн %
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	Voluntary Labour borne by the Locals	1	1.0			100.0
Тоног төхөөрөмж	PVC Pipes	1 metres	400.0	30.0	12000.0	100.0
Технологийн арчилгаа/урсгал үйл ажиллагаанд шаардагдах нийт үнэ өртөг					12000.0
Технологи арчилах ба урсгал ажлын нийт үнэ өртөг, ам.доллар					109.09

Тайлбар:

The maintenance works were borne by the locals through voluntary contribution, which couldn't be calculated to an exact number. However, estimating the costs of PVC pipes per meter and the number of times they were replaced, the total costs for maintenance came to around 109.09 USD (~ NPR 12,000).
The locals voluntarily agreed for labour required.

4.7 Зардалд нөлөөлж байгаа хамгийн чухал хүчин зүйл

Өртөг, зардалд нөлөөлөх гол хүчин зүйл:

PVC Pipes costs.

5.1 Уур амьсгал

5.2 Гадаргын хэлбэр

5.3 Хөрс

5.4 Усны хүртээмж ба чанар

Усны давсжилтын асуудал бий юу?

Үгүй

Энэ газар үерт автдаг уу?

Үгүй

Усны чанар, нөөцийн талаархи тайлбар ба бусад тодорхойлолт:

Before the introduction of MUWS technology, the water used to be a problem during the dry seasons. However, after the technology was applied, the natural ground water source is conserved, people have been monitoring the water levels cautiously and nowadays, the water sustains the locals during the dry seasons as well.
Salinity is not a problem, but the presence of lime in the water is a problem.

5.5 Биологийн олон янз байдал

Биологийн олон янз байдлын талаархи тайлбар ба бусад тодорхойлолт:

Birds are abundant, new fowls are sighted regularly.Lampuchhre ( Long-tailed widowbird),Ravens,Hawks,Peacocks and peafowls,Peasants,Guinea fowls and other fowls; rarely seen before are common after setting up the technology.

Animal sighting is rare. Forests, although consisting of a few varieties of trees, like Saal ( shorea robusta), Sadhana ( Moringa) , Belauti ( Guava), Sallo ( pine tree), Aap ( Mango). very few species are abundant in a given stretch of land.

5.6 Технологи нэвтрүүлсэн газар ашиглагчдын тухай мэдээлэл

Газар ашиглагчдын бусад шинж чанарыг тодорхойл:

Members of the community: 1:1 ratio of males to females
Age : mostly middle-aged, a few children and few elderly
Caste/ Ethnicity: Thakuri, Dalit and Janajati
Literacy: few persons completed High – School level (+2), rest are literate ( Class 5)
Total Land Holding: 16 ropanis (1 Hectare = 19.65 ropanis) of land. Human Settlement since last 40+ years in search of better opportunities and access to better services of water, roads, etc.
Total households: 23
Jobs: Males : bread- earners, construction workers, labour, farming
Females: Housewives, Farming. Most of the males in the village have been to foreign country ( India specially) for manual labor and mostly females are present in the village.
Ethnicity: Few families are of Upper- Caste: Thakuris ( as per Nepalese traditions) and most are Dalits and Janajatis; who were considered lower caste previously. But, the caste system has already been abolished from Nepal.

5.7 Газар ашиглагчийн технологи нэвтрүүлсэн газрын дундаж талбайн хэмжээ

5.8 Газар эзэмшил, газар ашиглах эрх, ус ашиглах эрх

Газар өмчлөл:

• хувь хүн, өмчийн гэрчилгээгүй

• The source, tanks fall under private land area- owned by the Mr. Krishna Bdr. B.K., who voluntarily donated the land

Газар ашиглах эрх:

• нэгдлийн хэлбэрээр (зохион байгуулалттай)

Ус ашиглах эрх:

• нэгдлийн хэлбэрээр (зохион байгуулалттай)

Газар ашиглах эрх нь уламжлалт эрхзүйн тогтолцоонд суурилсан уу?

Үгүй

Тодорхойлно уу:

Previously, the society had a caste system in which the higher and lower caste discrimination was done and the water tainted by the lower caste ( Dalits, Janajatis) were deemed “unfit” by the upper caste ( Thakuris, Brahmins, Chhetris). However, after the abolishment of the caste system, everyone enjoys equal rights to the access to water.

5.9 Дэд бүтэц, үйлчилгээний хүртээмж

Тайлбар:

The access to health, education and markets along with other facilities is only accessible after a 15 minute journey to the ‘bazaar’ or market area from the village.
After implementation of the project, people are able to grow vegetables in green houses, annually, and that has added to their source of income.

6.1 Технологийн талбайд үзүүлсэн нөлөө

Нийгэм-эдийн засгийн үр нөлөө

Үйлдвэрлэл

Усны хүртээмж ба чанар

Орлого, зарлага

Нийгэм-соёлын үр нөлөө

Экологийн үр нөлөө

Усны эргэлт/ илүүдэл

Хөрс

Биологийн олон янз байдал: ургамал, амьтан

Уур амьсгал болон гамшгийн эрсдлийг бууруулах

6.2 Технологийн талбайн гадна үзүүлсэн үр нөлөө

Талбайн гадна илрэх үр нөлөөллийн үнэлгээг тайлбарлана уу (хэмжилтүүд):

Since this technology is adapted in a small area, without any significant construction, there is virtually no off-site impact.
However, this technology is bound to show some beneficial impacts (off-site) in the long run.

6.3 Технологийн уур амьсгалын өөрчлөлт, цаг агаарын гамшигт үзэгдэлд өртөх байдал ба эмзэг байдал (газар ашиглагчийн бодлоор)

Уур амьсгалын аажим өөрчлөлт

Уур амьсгалын аажим өөрчлөлт

	Улирал	Өсөх эсвэл буурах	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
жилийн дундаж температур		Өсөлт	дунд зэрэг
улирлын температур	зун	Өсөлт	дунд зэрэг
жилийн дундаж хур тундас		Бууралт	дунд зэрэг
улирлын хур тундас	чийглэг/борооны улирал	Бууралт	дунд зэрэг

Уур амьсгалаас хамаарах аюул (гамшиг)

Уур амьсгалын гамшиг

	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
ган гачиг	сайн

6.4 Өртөг ба ашгийн шинжилгээ

Бий болгох зардалтай харьцуулахад ямар ашиг өгсөн бэ (газар ашиглагчийн бодлоор)?

Арчилгаа/урсгал зардалтай харьцуулахад ямар ашиг өгсөн бэ (газар ашиглагчийн бодлоор)?

Тайлбар:

The system has been in operation since 3 years only. Thus, long term effects are yet to be visible.
The running and maintenance costs were an approximate calculation as per the local water users.
However, it is evident from the running and maintenance costs that the benefits outweigh the costs.

6.6 Дасан зохицох

Бий болсон өөрчлөлтөд зохицуулан технологийг өөрчилсөн үү?

Үгүй

6.7 Технологийн давуу тал/боломжууд

Газар ашиглагчдын тодорхойлсон давуу тал/боломжууд
The system has been in operation since 3 years only. Thus, long term effects are yet to be visible
Availability of water even during the dry seasons.
Increase in the productivity of perennial vegetables in kitchen garden, construction of tunnels for farming vegetables possible. Hence, new source of income generated by selling vegetables annually.

Эмхэтгэгч, бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн өнцгөөс тодорхойлсон давуу тал/боломжууд
Increase in the productivity of perennial vegetables in kitchen garden, construction of tunnels for farming vegetables possible
Need of alternative sources of water during dry seasons not present after construction of MUWS system
Overall productivity of land improved through effective irrigation of water
Self-sufficiency in the aspect of water and crops, as well as alternative sources of income increased, improving the quality of lives of the water users.

6.8 Технологийн дутагдалтай/сул тал/аюул болон тэдгээрийг хэрхэн даван туулах арга зам

Газар ашиглагч нарын тодорхойлсон сул тал/ дутагдал/ эрсдэл	Тэдгээрийг хэрхэн даван туулах вэ?
Water levels not rising in few tap systems out of the six constructed	Technician could oversee the problem of elevation and give a viable solution so that 6 out of 6 tap systems could be functional again
Pipes breaking down due to lime, and their diameter and quality could be improved	If the government and/or NGO could add to the savings of the group, good quality of Galvanized Iron (GI) pipes could be installed instead of the PVC pipes used

Эмхэтгэгч, бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн өнцгөөс тодорхойлсон сул тал/ дутагдал/ эрсдэл	Тэдгээрийг хэрхэн даван туулах вэ?
The tank for irrigation is left open at the top, leading to evaporation of water, usually in dry seasons leading to less water in taps during dry seasons	Closing the top of the tank using a lid
The pipes used are not sustainable	The use of heavier PVC pipes and/or hybrid GI pipes could result in less chances of system failure due to lime in the water

7.1 Мэдээлэл цуглуулсан арга/эх үүсвэр