1.2 Технологийг үнэлэх, баримтжуулах ажилд хамаарах мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүс, байгууллагуудын холбоо барих мэдээлэл

Технологи баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн төслийн нэр (шаардлагатай бол)

Soil protection and rehabilitation for food security (ProSo(i)l)

Технологи баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн байгууллага(ууд)-ын нэр (шаардлагатай бол)

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH (GIZ) - Герман

Технологи баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн байгууллага(ууд)-ын нэр (шаардлагатай бол)

Alliance Bioversity and International Center for Tropical Agriculture (Alliance Bioversity-CIAT) - Кени

Технологи баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн байгууллага(ууд)-ын нэр (шаардлагатай бол)

Ecociate Consultants (Ecociate Consultants) - Энэтхэг

1.3 ВОКАТ-аар баримтжуулсан өгөгдлийг ашиглахтай холбоотой нөхцөл

Эмхэтгэгч болон гол мэдээлэгч хүн(хүмүүс) WOCAT аргачлалаар баримтжуулсан мэдээллийг ашиглахтай холбоотой нөхцлийг хүлээн зөвшөөрсөн:

Тийм

1.4 Технологи тогтвортой гэдгийг баталгаажуулах

Энэ технологийг газрын доройтлыг бууруулж, газрын тогтвортой менежментийг хангахад тохиромжтой гэж үзэж болох уу?

Үгүй

Тайлбар:

The technology discusses one of the sustainable land management practices that rehabilitate soil health by eradicating invasive species of Lantana Camara and using it to prepare biochar.

2.1 Технологийн товч тодорхойлолт

Технологийн тодорхойлолт:

Lantana Camara, an invasive species in India, negatively impacts biodiversity and agriculture. Biochar made from its biomass can help manage the species effectively. Traditionally farmers produce biochar in soil pit kilns. Another low-cost portable kiln unit of biochar preparation is a viable option for rainfed areas, designed to work on the direct up-draft principle with bottom ignition and circular vents for uniform heat transfer.

2.2 Технологийн дэлгэрэнгүй тодорхойлолт

Тодорхойлолт:

Lantana Camara was introduced into India as an ornamental plant in 1809 by the British in Calcutta Botanical Garden. Lantana Camara negatively impacts biodiversity and native biota, disrupting the succession cycle, altering the structure and floral composition of native communities, and causing problems in agricultural lands in various regions of India. Its dense thickets outcompete native pastures, block the movement of grazers, and can cause poisoning. Its allelopathic activities also affect the growth of other species in its proximity. One of the measures to manage invasive species is by turning it into biochar.

Biochar is the charred biomass produced by slow pyrolysis in which organic material is heated under controlled temperatures (300-500°C) without oxygen. Lantana Camara is an ideal biomass for biochar production due to its high diversity and wide distribution. In addition to protecting ecosystems, invasive plant-derived biochar has potential applications in environmental remediation and soil amendment due to its unique structure, composition, and adsorption properties.

In the Mandla district of Madhya Pradesh, low-cost technologies for producing biochar are being practised. A low-cost portable kiln unit has been used in the Mandla District to cater to the needs of small and marginal farmers. One unit costs approximately Rs. 7000-12000 depending upon the design and location, including a metal drum, vent-making charges, and side fittings. The kiln is designed to work on the direct up-draft principle with bottom ignition. It is a vertical, single-barrel structure with a perforated base. The kiln has a square-shaped loading hole at the top, which can be closed at the end of conversion with a metal lid with a handle. The kiln has circular vents, a staggered arrangement to avoid rows, and a central vent to hold a wooden pole. Under open atmospheric conditions, the vents at the kiln base hasten hot gas movement through the bio-residues for uniform heat transfer by primary air movement. The kiln's top hole vents the released water vapours and hot gases. A strip of metal is welded around at 3/4th height of the kiln, to which two metal rods are welded on opposite sides to serve as lifting jacks. Dry Lantana Camara feedstock is placed inside the kiln unit, and a fire is lit at the bottom. Through a pyrolysis process, the organic compounds present in the biomass decompose at a specific temperature in an oxygen-limited environment.

Prior to use, the stalks/twigs of lantana are manually cut into appropriate pieces 15-19 cm long and 0.9-1.0 cm in diameter using a commonly used axe in order to achieve better packing density. Dry residues are a prerequisite to hasten satisfactory and quicker conversion. The dried residues of lantana are placed in the unit and are burned from the bottom in an oxygen-limited environment. Generally, the burning process takes 6-8 hours through a slow pyrolysis process. Once complete, the kiln is quenched with soil and left to cool for 3-4 hours. This simple and affordable biochar production method can help manage invasive plant species and benefit agriculture, the environment, and energy. The conversion ratio from biomass to biochar in the case of Lantana is around 20-25%. Farmers have reported of burning around 100 kg of dried Lantana biomass to get ~20 kg of biochar in one operation of the unit. The application rate of biochar varies from crop to crop and the type of soil and other characters. In studied project farmers do apply 20 kg of biochar mixed with 20 kg of cow dung and 20 kg of cow urine in an area of around 1 acre.

The burned biomass of Lantana after the process looks like the coal sticks, these sticks are pulverised through a pulveriser to make a powdered material for application in the field. The biochar is mixed with an equal quantity of cow dung and cow urine before the application. Some farmers also mix the native soils in biochar to get better results.

2.3 Технологийн гэрэл зураг

2.4 Технологийн дүрс бичлэг

2.5 Энэ үнэлгээнд хамрагдсан технологийг хэрэгжүүлсэн улс орон/ бүс нутаг/ байршил

2.6 Хэрэгжсэн хугацаа

Хэрэгжүүлсэн он:

2020

2.7 Технологийн танилцуулга

Технологийг хэрхэн нэвтрүүлснийг тодорхойл:

• Туршилт/судалгааны үр дүн
• Гадны төсөл/хөтөлбөрийн дэмжлэгтэйгээр

Тайлбар (төслийн төрөл г.м.):

FES has worked effectively with the community to eradicate Lantana Camera from private and common land and use it for the preparation of biochar

3.1 Технологийн үндсэн зорилго (ууд)

• үйлдвэрлэлийг сайжруулах
• газрын доройтлыг бууруулах, сэргийлэх, нөхөн сэргээх
• экосистемийг хамгаалах
• биологийн төрөл зүйлийг хамгаалах / сайжруулах
• үр ашигтай эдийн засгийн нөлөөг бий болгох

3.2 Технологи нэвтрүүлсэн газрын одоогийн газар ашиглалтын хэлбэр(үүд)

Нэг газр нутгийн хэмжээнд хэрэгжих холимог газар ашиглалт:

Тийм

Газар ашиглалтын холимог тогтолцоог (тарилан/бэлчээр/ой мод) тодорхойл:

• ХАА-н ойжуулалт

Тайлбар:

Lantana camara is a highly invasive plant species that can quickly spread and take over private and common land. The plant can spread rapidly by seeds or vegetative propagation, and it can grow in various environments. This makes it difficult to control once it has established itself in an area. Lantana Camara outcompetes native plant species, reduces biodiversity and alters ecosystem processes. Additionally, the plant can be toxic to livestock and wildlife, and its dense growth can increase the wildfire risk.

3.3 Технологи хэрэгжүүлснээр газар ашиглалтад өөрчлөлт гарсан уу?

Технологи хэрэгжүүлснээр газар ашиглалтад өөрчлөлт гарсан уу?

• Үгүй (3.4 руу шилжинэ үү)

3.4 Усан хангамж

Технологи хэрэгжүүлсэн газрын усан хангамж:

• Байгалийн усалгаатай

Тайлбар:

Approximately 9% of the net area sown has some source of irrigation, rest is rainfed (Source, CGWB, 2013). Significantly used sources of irrigation are canals, dug well, and tanks/ponds.

3.5 Технологи ГТМ-ийн аль бүлэгт хамаарах вэ

• Байгалийн ба сайжруулсан ойн менежмент
• ХАА-н ойжуулалт
• хөрс/ ургамлын бүрхэвч сайжруулах

3.6 Технологийг бүрдүүлэх ГТМ арга хэмжээ

3.7 Технологид харгалзах газрын доройтлын төрөл

3.8 Газрын доройтлоос урьдчилан сэргийлэх, сааруулах ба нөхөн сэргээх

Газрын доройтолтой холбоотойгоор Технологи ямар зорилго тавьсан болохыг тодорхойл:

• газрын доройтлоос урьдчилан сэргийлэх
• Газрын доройтлыг бууруулах

Тайлбар:

The application of biochar improves soil health by improving the soil's organic carbon and enhancing the soil's water-holding capacity

4.1 Технологийн техник зураг

4.2 Материал болон зардалд хамаарах ерөнхий мэдээлэл

Үнэ өртөг, оруулсан хувь нэмрийг хэрхэн тооцсоныг тодорхойл:

• Технологийн нэгж тус бүр

бусад/үндэсний мөнгөн нэгж (тодорхойл):

INR

Хэрэв боломжтой бол үндэсний валютын Америк доллартай харьцах харьцааг бичнэ үү (тухайлбал, 1 ам.дол. = 79,9 Бразил реал): 1 ам.дол. =:

80.0

4.3 Бий болгох үйл ажиллагаа

	Үйл ажиллагаа	Хугацаа (улирал)
1.	Pyrolysis of Biomass (Lantana camara) in Biochar kiln unit	October-November and June-July (Before the winter and monsoon cropping seasons).
2.	Pulverisation of coal sticks received after the Pyrolysis process	October-November/June-July (Immediately after the Pyrolysis process )

Тайлбар:

The availability of moisture in the soil makes the uprooting/removal of Lantana camara easy, that's the reason behind its removal in the post-monsoon season. Biochar is produced by the farmers just before the cropping seasons. Monsoon (Known as Kharif) and Winter (Known as Rabi) are the most dominant cropping seasons in India.

The establishment cost of a biochar production Kiln is low, as it is specially designed for small and marginal farmers. The unit once purchased can be used for 8-10 years with a very low maintenance cost.

4.4 Бий болгоход шаардагдсан зардал, хөрөнгийн өртөг

	Зардлын нэр, төрөл	Хэмжих нэгж	Тоо хэмжээ	Нэгжийн үнэ	Зардал бүрийн нийт өртөг	Нийт дүнгээс газар ашиглагчийн төлсөн %
Тоног төхөөрөмж	Biochar Kiln	Number	1.0	7000.0	7000.0	25.0
Тоног төхөөрөмж	Pulverizer unit	Number	1.0	20000.0	20000.0	25.0
Технологи бий болгох нийт үнэ өртөг					27000.0
Технологи бий болгох нийт үнэ өртөг, ам.доллар					337.5

Хэрэв газар ашиглагч нийт зардлын 100% -иас бага хэсгийг төлсөн бол хэн голлох зардлыг гаргасан бэ:

The remaining cost is being covered by the project funds routed through community organisations

Тайлбар:

The design of the biochar kiln is simple, there is hardly any cost involved in maintaining the unit. Labour cost is required generally for the removal of Lantana Camara and for the preparation of the biochar. Exact costs cannot be indicated at this time.

4.5 Арчилгаа/ урсгал үйл ажиллагаа

	Үйл ажиллагаа	Хугацаа/ давтамж
1.	Preparation of Biochar	Before the sowing of Rabi and Kharif season (Month of October/November and June/July)
2.	Application of Biochar in the field	During the crops seasons;

Тайлбар:

No maintainance cost is involved in preparing biochar from Lantana Camara, as the design of the kiln is straightforward and cost-effective. Preventing the regrowth of Lantana Camara in the areas where it is removed is the only monitoring factor involved at regular intervals.

4.6 Арчилгаа/урсгал ажилд шаардагдсан зардал, хөрөнгийн өртөг (нэг жилд)

	Зардлын нэр, төрөл	Хэмжих нэгж	Тоо хэмжээ	Нэгжийн үнэ	Зардал бүрийн нийт өртөг	Нийт дүнгээс газар ашиглагчийн төлсөн %
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	Labor cost for removal of lantana	ha	1.0	5000.0	5000.0	25.0
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	Preparation of biochar	Person-day	2.0	200.0	400.0	100.0
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	Application of biochar in the field	Person-day	0.5	200.0	100.0	100.0
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	Transportation of lantana	Trip	1.0	200.0	200.0	100.0
Бордоо ба биоцид	Cow dung	kg	20.0	5.0	100.0	100.0
Бордоо ба биоцид	Cow urine	kg	20.0	5.0	100.0	100.0
Технологийн арчилгаа/урсгал үйл ажиллагаанд шаардагдах нийт үнэ өртөг					5900.0
Технологи арчилах ба урсгал ажлын нийт үнэ өртөг, ам.доллар					73.75

Тайлбар:

Recurring cost includes removing the lantana and preparing biochar, and cow dung and cow urine must be mixed with biochar before application in the field. In most cases, family members are engaged as labour.

4.7 Зардалд нөлөөлж байгаа хамгийн чухал хүчин зүйл

Өртөг, зардалд нөлөөлөх гол хүчин зүйл:

Cost of the biochar kiln

5.1 Уур амьсгал

5.2 Гадаргын хэлбэр

Технологи дараах асуудалд хандсан эсэхийг тодорхойл:

• хамааралгүй

Гадаргын талаархи тодорхойлолт ба бусад тайлбар:

The project area is hilly and forested (Satpura hill range) and highly undulating with narrow strips of cultivated plains in the valley portion of the river. The plateau is in the northern part, formed by basalt and east-west trending hill in the southern region. The highest elevation is 934 m amsl in the northern part, and the lowest elevation is around 400 m amsl in the northwestern part of the area. Protected forest areas cover a large majority of the site in the district as part of the Kanha National Park.

5.3 Хөрс

Боломжтой бол хөрсний бүрэн тодорхойлолт, боломжит мэдээллийг өгнө үү, жишээ нь хөрсний төрөл, хөрсний урвалын орчин/хүчиллэг байдал, катион солилцох чадавхи, азотын хэмжээ, давсжилт г.м.

Soil Testing Parameter status (Average) 2017-20 for the project areas is as follows. This data is based on the soil samples tested by the FES in its soil labs from the project villages.

Soil pH:- 5.906548628; EC (electrical conductivity):- 0.122993577; Soil Organic Carbon:- 0.83%; Nitrogen. :- 293.3696598; Phosphorus:- 25.77762582; Potassium (K):- 139.6696636; Sulphur (S):-18.93457993; Zinc (Zn):- 0.955246706; Boron (Bn):- 0.490850376

5.4 Усны хүртээмж ба чанар

Усны давсжилтын асуудал бий юу?

Үгүй

Энэ газар үерт автдаг уу?

Үгүй

Усны чанар, нөөцийн талаархи тайлбар ба бусад тодорхойлолт:

The groundwater status is within the safe limits as per the reports by the Government of Madhya Pradesh. People use water from rivers, streams, and traditional small wells for domestic purposes. In the absence of good vegetative cover, the rainwater washes off the fertile topsoil from the farmlands making the land barren and resulting in the siltation of ponds and other water bodies. Further, a heavy infestation of invasive species such as Lantana Camara compounds the degradation.
The studied block Bichhiya is in a better position in terms of stage of groundwater development with 17%, while the average of the district is 7%. The stage of groundwater development refers to the % of groundwater being used for various purposes from the available groundwater in that area e.g. net annual groundwater availability in Bichhiya block is 9087 ham (hectare meters) while the existing annual ground water draft for all usage is 1523 ham, making it a 17% groundwater development stage.
Source: http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/MP/Mandla.pdf

5.5 Биологийн олон янз байдал

Биологийн олон янз байдлын талаархи тайлбар ба бусад тодорхойлолт:

The area is surrounded by Kanha National Park and Phen Wildlife Sanctuary, with a good presence of forest area. World famous Kanha Tiger Reserve is situated in the Mandla district. Kanha is famous for Tiger and Barasingha. Kanha has numerous species of insects, butterflies, reptiles, fishes, and other lesser life forms. Important mammals, birds, reptiles, crustaceans, amphibians, insects, mollusks, and fishes are found in Kanha National Park. The faunal diversity of the district represents 32 wild animals, 63 birds, 4 fishes, and 9 reptile species, respectively. Regarding floral diversity, out of 1006 plant species available in the district, 162 are tree species, followed by 71 species of shrubs, 681 species of herbs, 51 species of climbers, 39 species of grasses, and 2 species of parasites. Mandla is richer in herbaceous species than other adjoining districts like Jabalpur and Seoni.
Source:- Documentation of Biodiversity Status in Mandla District of Madhya Pradesh https://mpsbb.mp.gov.in/completedProject/MB.pdf

5.6 Технологи нэвтрүүлсэн газар ашиглагчдын тухай мэдээлэл

Газар ашиглагчдын бусад шинж чанарыг тодорхойл:

The large majority of the user belong to the tribal community, including some households from an ethnic community called Baiga.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiga_tribe

5.7 Газар ашиглагчийн технологи нэвтрүүлсэн газрын дундаж талбайн хэмжээ

5.8 Газар эзэмшил, газар ашиглах эрх, ус ашиглах эрх

Газар өмчлөл:

• нэгдлийн/ тосгон
• хувь хүн, өмчийн гэрчилгээтэй

Газар ашиглах эрх:

• хувь хүн

Ус ашиглах эрх:

• нэгдлийн хэлбэрээр (зохион байгуулалттай)
• хувь хүн

Газар ашиглах эрх нь уламжлалт эрхзүйн тогтолцоонд суурилсан уу?

Тийм

Тодорхойлно уу:

The concerned authorities have issued landowners the land certificates.

5.9 Дэд бүтэц, үйлчилгээний хүртээмж

6.1 Технологийн талбайд үзүүлсэн нөлөө

Нийгэм-эдийн засгийн үр нөлөө

Үйлдвэрлэл

Усны хүртээмж ба чанар

Нийгэм-соёлын үр нөлөө

Экологийн үр нөлөө

Биологийн олон янз байдал: ургамал, амьтан

Уур амьсгал болон гамшгийн эрсдлийг бууруулах

6.2 Технологийн талбайн гадна үзүүлсэн үр нөлөө

6.4 Өртөг ба ашгийн шинжилгээ

Бий болгох зардалтай харьцуулахад ямар ашиг өгсөн бэ (газар ашиглагчийн бодлоор)?

Арчилгаа/урсгал зардалтай харьцуулахад ямар ашиг өгсөн бэ (газар ашиглагчийн бодлоор)?

Тайлбар:

The cost of biochar production is almost negligible for farmers as it is made using local resources, while the benefits are multifold in terms of crop production, quality, and soil health improvement.

6.5 Технологи нэвтрүүлэлт

• 1-10 %

Технологи нэвтрүүлсэн хүмүүсээс хэд нь өөрийн хүчээр технологийг хэрэгжүүлсэн бэ, өөрөөр хэлбэл гадны тусламж дэмжлэг авалгүйгээр?

• 0-10%

Тайлбар:

A number of farmers adopted the technology without any financial support from the project

6.6 Дасан зохицох

Бий болсон өөрчлөлтөд зохицуулан технологийг өөрчилсөн үү?

Тийм

Бусад (тодорхойлно уу):

Technology

Дасан зохицох зорилгоор технологид хийсэн өөрчлөлт (хийц, материал, төрөл зүйл г.м.):

Several farmers adopted biochar production using a traditional method of digging a pit and preparing the biochar.

6.7 Технологийн давуу тал/боломжууд

Газар ашиглагчдын тодорхойлсон давуу тал/боломжууд
Communities have found biochar as an essential input to meet the nutrient requirement of their soil. They have improved the quality of their farm produce by applying biochar.
Preparation of Biochar using Lantana Camara has emerged as an excellent use for the invasive species, which otherwise was not having any use and was growing like fire in the area
Improved production of the farm produce

Эмхэтгэгч, бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн өнцгөөс тодорхойлсон давуу тал/боломжууд
Biochar is an excellent input for improving soil organic carbon. It can lead to healthy soil with an improved capacity of the soil to sequester carbon.
Over the years, soils have degraded to a great extent in the project geography. Biochar can reverse this process.
Farmers can grow short-duration crops and fodder for their animals in a rainfed area, with improved soil moisture. This will help improve farmers' income.

6.8 Технологийн дутагдалтай/сул тал/аюул болон тэдгээрийг хэрхэн даван туулах арга зам

Газар ашиглагч нарын тодорхойлсон сул тал/ дутагдал/ эрсдэл	Тэдгээрийг хэрхэн даван туулах вэ?
The capacity of existing biochar kiln units is limited, and farmers have to wait for their turn	More units can be mobilized with community-based engagement and support from externally funded projects
Hard work and a long process involved uprooting lantana, drying, transportation, burning, and application	Communities need handholding and training about its importance and more technological advances

Эмхэтгэгч, бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн өнцгөөс тодорхойлсон сул тал/ дутагдал/ эрсдэл	Тэдгээрийг хэрхэн даван туулах вэ?
In the long run, the easy accessibility of Lantana may be a concern if it is implemented on a large scale. The availability of other biomass is very much limited.	An assessment of the availability of Lantana and its annual requirement for biochar preparation can be done
Biochar has long-term benefits, while communities look for short-term solutions	Handholding the communities along with linking them with carbon credit-related projects may be a good option to keep farmers motivated
Regular application of biochar over the years	Regular communication with farmers about the positive outcome aligned with other financial incentives linked to soil organic carbon improvement

7.1 Мэдээлэл цуглуулсан арга/эх үүсвэр

7.2 Ном, хэвлэлийн ишлэл

Гарчиг, зохиогч, он, ISBN:

Invasive plants as potential sustainable feedstocks for biochar production and multiple applications: A review, Qianwei Feng a, Bing Wang a b c, Miao Chen a b c, Pan Wu a b c, Xinqing Lee d, Ying Xing e

Хаанаас авч болох вэ? Зардал?

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105204

Гарчиг, зохиогч, он, ISBN:

Biochar for Soil Health Enhancement and Crop Productivity Improvement, Awtar Singh1*, A.P. Singh2, V. Singh1, Arijit Barman1, Sagar Vibhute1 and R.S. Tolia

Хаанаас авч болох вэ? Зардал?

Innovative Farming, 1(4): 137-140, 2016

Гарчиг, зохиогч, он, ISBN:

A review of Lantana camara studies in India, Neena Priyanka*,**, P. K. Joshi*

Хаанаас авч болох вэ? Зардал?

International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 10, October 2013 ISSN 2250-3153

Гарчиг, зохиогч, он, ISBN:

Annual Progress Report on Promotion of Biochar in Mandla, developed by FES for the year 2021-22

Хаанаас авч болох вэ? Зардал?

Internal document of FES, shared as part of the project report to GIZ. This document can be obtained from the GIZ office, India

7.3 Холбогдох мэдээллийн интернет холбоос

Гарчиг/ тодорхойлолт:

District at a glance by Central Ground Water Board

URL:

http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/MP/Mandla.pdf

Гарчиг/ тодорхойлолт:

Low cost Kiln for Biochar Production

URL:

http://www.nicra-icar.in/nicrarevised/images/Home/NICRA%20Technical%20Brochure%20Portable%20Kiln.pdf

Гарчиг/ тодорхойлолт:

Baiga Tribes

URL:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiga_tribe

Гарчиг/ тодорхойлолт:

Biochar on soil properties and crop performance

URL:

https://www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in/research/biochar-soil-properties-and-crop-performance

Гарчиг/ тодорхойлолт:

Video by FES on Biochar production (Hindi)

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPj4_I5BFRE

Гарчиг/ тодорхойлолт:

A review of Lantana camara studies in India

URL:

https://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-1013/ijsrp-p2207.pdf

Гарчиг/ тодорхойлолт:

Low Cost Portable Kiln for Biochar Production

URL:

http://www.nicra-icar.in/nicrarevised/images/Home/NICRA%20Technical%20Brochure%20Portable%20Kiln.pdf