1.2 Технологийг үнэлэх, баримтжуулах ажилд хамаарах мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүс, байгууллагуудын холбоо барих мэдээлэл

Технологи баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн төслийн нэр (шаардлагатай бол)

Community-based sustainable land and forest management in Afghanistan

Технологи баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн байгууллага(ууд)-ын нэр (шаардлагатай бол)

FAO Afghanistan (FAO Afghanistan) - Афганистан

1.3 ВОКАТ-аар баримтжуулсан өгөгдлийг ашиглахтай холбоотой нөхцөл

Эмхэтгэгч болон гол мэдээлэгч хүн(хүмүүс) WOCAT аргачлалаар баримтжуулсан мэдээллийг ашиглахтай холбоотой нөхцлийг хүлээн зөвшөөрсөн:

Тийм

1.4 Технологи тогтвортой гэдгийг баталгаажуулах

Энэ технологийг газрын доройтлыг бууруулж, газрын тогтвортой менежментийг хангахад тохиромжтой гэж үзэж болох уу?

Үгүй

Тайлбар:

The technology is sustainable and easily replicable by local communities.

2.1 Технологийн товч тодорхойлолт

Технологийн тодорхойлолт:

Artificial reseeding is a key method for restoring degraded rangelands. It involves reintroducing native, palatable fodder species to improve vegetation cover, soil health, and biodiversity. This process boosts forage for grazing animals, stabilizes soil, and helps combat desertification, enhancing ecosystem health and productivity.

2.2 Технологийн дэлгэрэнгүй тодорхойлолт

Тодорхойлолт:

The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) project of “Community-based sustainable land and forest management in Afghanistan” aimed to conserve vegetation cover and ecosystems through introducing community-based sustainable land and forest management (SLM/SFM) practices in rangeland and forest areas within five targeted provinces, including Bamyan, that benefited rural communities that rely on these ecosystems for their livelihood. The project introduced an integrated, community-based approach of SLM/SFM in Afghanistan for promoting biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation, and rangeland productivity.

To enhance rangeland productivity in Bamyan province, artificial reseeding of native, locally adapted, and drought-resistant fodder species plays a vital role in restoring health and productivity of the degraded rangeland ecosystem, improving soil quality, and increasing fodder availability for livestock, which contributed to local livelihoods and environmental resilience.

Communities carefully identify highly vulnerable and degraded rangelands for reseeding initiatives. These include previously rain-fed wheat fields cultivated for human consumption, overgrazed sites, and areas with restricted grazing to support vegetation recovery before reseeding. Attention is also given to areas prone to snow avalanches and flash floods causing landslides and soil erosion, which impact downstream residential areas, irrigation systems, trails, roads, and farmlands. These zones are prioritized and mutually agreed upon for reseeding and restoration efforts.

This reseeding local fodder species technology involves several key activities.

1.Identification of locally adapted drought-resistant and palatable fodder species by livestock owners and land users.
2.Identification of highly producing areas of selected fodder species to collect quality seeds.
3.Defer grazing and delay fodder harvest for the purpose of seed maturity in the targeted area.
4.Awareness raising about the maturity stages of different fodder species seeds: Through project intervention and awareness campaigns, rural residents have gained a better understanding of the seed ripening, collecting, and cultivation stages.
5.Collecting, drying, and storing seed: The fodder species’ seeds are collected manually by hand. These fodder species produce longer main stems with inflorescence and spikelets on the top at an average person's breast height. Collected seed is brought to the storing facility and laid out under sunlight for drying. Once seed reaches a certain moisture content, it's stored in a cool and dry place until the day of reseeding under the direct supervision of the rangeland management association (RMA).
6.Season of reseeding local fodder seed: Reseeding activities typically begin in the autumn season, just before the first snowfall. Seeds remain in the soil throughout the winter, allowing them to overcome dormancy and germinate in the spring of the following year. Local fodder species used for reseeding include various Fennel species and other plants traditionally relied upon for winter fodder. These include: Umbelliferae ferulus (Gheghu), Winklera silaifolia (Pali), Prangos sp. (Kami), Ferula sp. (Badran), Rheum spp. (Chukri), Koeleria cristata (Khola), a shrub locally known as Qarghna.
7.Method of Reseeding: The inter and intra-row space between seeding pits (max. 2-3 seeds in one pit) depends on the slope of the terrain, canopy of the fodder, and extent of vegetation cover. If the % slope of the terrain is increasing and canopy of planted species is small, then the space between two rows and two plants decreases and vice versa. Normally, the space between two rows is 1-1.5 m and two plants are about 40-60 cms apart. On the day of reseeding, some land users dig small pits using a hoe and shovel approximately five centimeters deep, followed by another person who puts seeds in the pit and covers the seed with soil using his own boot. The distance between pits is estimated through a person's step. One person reseeds 3.5 kgs of seed per working day. Roughly, a total of 15 kgs of fodder seed is needed for 1 ha of rangeland. It's worth mentioning that the quantity of seed per ha depends on the space between rows and plants and the size of the fodder seed itself.

The seeds are collected using the cash-for-work model. This served (i) to provide income support to poor, vulnerable men and women through short-term employment and (ii) to rehabilitate public assets (rangelands) that are vital for sustaining the livelihoods of livestock rearing. Both men and women-headed vulnerable households benefited from the cash-for-work program of seed collection. More importantly, these fodder species’ seeds are fresh, locally adapted, nutritious for livestock (help fatten livestock), available locally, and inexpensive compared to other types of fodder seed. The germination percentage of the seed and growth of the fodder is significantly high in the reseeded area.

Traditionally, rural communities knew that fodder crops grew from seeds; however, the main stems with inflorescences and spikelets were harvested before maturity and used as fuelwood for heating and cooking. Through awareness-raising campaigns and training workshops within the project, farmers were encouraged to leave the main stems intact for seed maturation, allowing for natural seed dispersal and seed collection for reseeding. The success of natural reseeding is limited compared to artificial reseeding due to several factors. In natural reseeding, seeds are often exposed and not covered by soil, making them vulnerable to environmental conditions. Moisture availability may also be insufficient for germination, and existing vegetation can compete with new growth. In contrast, artificial reseeding ensures that seeds are properly covered, protected, and placed in areas with optimal moisture, which increases the likelihood of successful germination and establishment. Recently, the demand for the local fodder seed has dramatically increased because many non-profit organizations and private businesses are purchasing these seeds. It created a new source of income for the rural communities.

Finally, the technology combines both traditional knowledge and scientific understanding, contributing to more effective restoration of the degraded rangeland ecosystem, improving soil health, and increasing fodder availability, which contributed to livelihood resilience and improvement.

2.3 Технологийн гэрэл зураг

2.4 Технологийн дүрс бичлэг

2.5 Энэ үнэлгээнд хамрагдсан технологийг хэрэгжүүлсэн улс орон/ бүс нутаг/ байршил

2.6 Хэрэгжсэн хугацаа

Хэрэгжүүлсэн он:

2021

2.7 Технологийн танилцуулга

Технологийг хэрхэн нэвтрүүлснийг тодорхойл:

• Гадны төсөл/хөтөлбөрийн дэмжлэгтэйгээр

Тайлбар (төслийн төрөл г.м.):

The Food and Agriculture Organization's (FAO) project of “Community-based sustainable land and forest management in Afghanistan” is an environmental project funded by Global Environmental Facility (GEF) which focused on reducing land degradation, enhance biodiversity and climate change mitigation.

3.1 Технологийн үндсэн зорилго (ууд)

• үйлдвэрлэлийг сайжруулах
• газрын доройтлыг бууруулах, сэргийлэх, нөхөн сэргээх
• экосистемийг хамгаалах
• биологийн төрөл зүйлийг хамгаалах / сайжруулах
• уур амьсгалын өөрчлөлт/ экстрим байдал болон түүний нөлөөлөлд дасан зохицох

3.2 Технологи нэвтрүүлсэн газрын одоогийн газар ашиглалтын хэлбэр(үүд)

Нэг газр нутгийн хэмжээнд хэрэгжих холимог газар ашиглалт:

Үгүй

Тайлбар:

It has been agreed among community members that, following the reseeding program, the area will be quarantined for at least 4-5 years. During this period, no grazing, shrub collection, or fodder harvesting will be allowed in order to enhance vegetation coverage.
The exact number of livestock in the reseeding area of the rangeland is currently unknown, as no formal count has been conducted. The numbers provided reflect an estimated count of livestock in the target districts of Yakawlang 1 and Punjab. The data was sourced from the Department of Livestock and Animal Health of the Provincial Directorate of Agriculture, Livestock, and Irrigation of Bamyan.

3.3 Технологи хэрэгжүүлснээр газар ашиглалтад өөрчлөлт гарсан уу?

Технологи хэрэгжүүлснээр газар ашиглалтад өөрчлөлт гарсан уу?

• Тийм (Технологи хэрэгжүүлэхээс өмнөх үеийн газар ашиглалтын талаархи асуулгыг бөглөнө үү)

Нэг газр нутгийн хэмжээнд хэрэгжих холимог газар ашиглалт:

Тийм

Газар ашиглалтын холимог тогтолцоог (тарилан/бэлчээр/ой мод) тодорхойл:

• Агро-бэлчээр (тарилан-мал аж ахуйн хослуулсан тогтолцоог хамруулан ойлгоно)

3.4 Усан хангамж

Технологи хэрэгжүүлсэн газрын усан хангамж:

• Байгалийн усалгаатай

Тайлбар:

The rangeland is rainfed and experiences heavy snowfall during the winter season.

3.5 Технологи ГТМ-ийн аль бүлэгт хамаарах вэ

• Газар нутаг чөлөөлөх (ашиглалтыг зогсоох, нөхөн сэргээх)
• Бэлчээрийн мал аж ахуй ба бэлчээрийн газрын менежмент
• хөрс/ ургамлын бүрхэвч сайжруулах

• rangeland restoration

3.6 Технологийг бүрдүүлэх ГТМ арга хэмжээ

Тайлбар:

The land is closed/rested for both natural and artificial vegetation to recover.

3.7 Технологид харгалзах газрын доройтлын төрөл

Тайлбар:

Reseeding of various fodder crops help control soil degradation by restoring plant cover, which stabilizes the soil and reduces erosion. Soil cover reduces loss of fertile soil and can increase soil organic matter that then can lead to improved fertility.

3.8 Газрын доройтлоос урьдчилан сэргийлэх, сааруулах ба нөхөн сэргээх

Газрын доройтолтой холбоотойгоор Технологи ямар зорилго тавьсан болохыг тодорхойл:

• газрын доройтлоос урьдчилан сэргийлэх
• Хүчтэй доройтсон газрыг нөхөн сэргээх/ сайжруулах

Тайлбар:

Reseeding technology helps restore degraded land by introducing vegetation that stabilizes soil, improves water retention, and prevents erosion. Once the land is restored, reseeding continues to prevent further degradation by maintaining protective vegetation that sustains soil health and reduces environmental pressures.

4.1 Технологийн техник зураг

4.2 Материал болон зардалд хамаарах ерөнхий мэдээлэл

Үнэ өртөг, оруулсан хувь нэмрийг хэрхэн тооцсоныг тодорхойл:

• Технологийн нэгж тус бүр

бусад/үндэсний мөнгөн нэгж (тодорхойл):

AFN

Хэрэв боломжтой бол үндэсний валютын Америк доллартай харьцах харьцааг бичнэ үү (тухайлбал, 1 ам.дол. = 79,9 Бразил реал): 1 ам.дол. =:

69.0

4.3 Бий болгох үйл ажиллагаа

	Үйл ажиллагаа	Хугацаа (улирал)
1.	Identification of locally adapted drought-resistant and palatable fodder species by livestock owners and land users.	April and May
2.	Identification of highly producing areas of selected fodder species for seed collection.	June and July
3.	Defer grazing and delay fodder harvest for the purpose of seed maturity in the targeted area.	June, July, August and September
4.	Awareness raising about the maturity stages of different fodder species seeds:	August and September
5.	Collecting, drying, and storing seed	September
6.	Sites identification for reseeding	September
7.	Mobilization of community members for reseeding campaign	September and October
8.	Reseeding: Transporting seed and agricultural tools to the area, preparation of field, digging planting pits, reseeding and covering the seed.	October and November
9.	Control grazing in the next growing season	April, May, June, July (following year)

4.4 Бий болгоход шаардагдсан зардал, хөрөнгийн өртөг

	Зардлын нэр, төрөл	Хэмжих нэгж	Тоо хэмжээ	Нэгжийн үнэ	Зардал бүрийн нийт өртөг	Нийт дүнгээс газар ашиглагчийн төлсөн %
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	Collecting of local fodder seed (Kami, Ghegho, Chukri, Khola, Badra, Qarghana)	person-days	5.0	350.0	1750.0
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	Drying and storing of local fodder seed	person-days	3.0	350.0	1050.0
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	Reseeding of local fodder seed in rangeland	person-days	8.0	350.0	2800.0	100.0
Тоног төхөөрөмж	Pit digging equipment i.e., shovel, hoe, pick mattock	no.	5.0	250.0	1250.0	100.0
Тоног төхөөрөмж	Plastic bags for collecting seed (reusable)	pieces	3.0	20.0	60.0	100.0
Технологи бий болгох нийт үнэ өртөг					6910.0
Технологи бий болгох нийт үнэ өртөг, ам.доллар					100.14

Хэрэв газар ашиглагч нийт зардлын 100% -иас бага хэсгийг төлсөн бол хэн голлох зардлыг гаргасан бэ:

The cost of collecting the plant material is paid by the project under the cash-for-work intervention (110 AFN/kg))

Тайлбар:

In reference to the agreement with the Rangeland Management Association, reseeding is voluntarily carried out by its members. Additionally, the necessary farming equipment for digging pits is provided by the members themselves.

4.5 Арчилгаа/ урсгал үйл ажиллагаа

	Үйл ажиллагаа	Хугацаа/ давтамж
1.	Control grazing and fodder harvesting	12 months/ annually
2.	Restrict cutting perennial shrubs for forage, firewood and their uprooting	12 months/ annually
3.	Reseeding is done in the pits where there was no germination.	Growing season/ once a year
4.	Conduct workshops and awareness raising for herders on SLM.	Growing season/ twice a year

Тайлбар:

After reseeding, the area is closed off for 4-5 years to prevent grazing, fodder collection, and shrub harvesting or uprooting as firewood. Once the area has recovered, it will be sustainably used by harvesting one-third as fodder after it matures and the seeds have naturally dispersed.

4.6 Арчилгаа/урсгал ажилд шаардагдсан зардал, хөрөнгийн өртөг (нэг жилд)

	Зардлын нэр, төрөл	Хэмжих нэгж	Тоо хэмжээ	Нэгжийн үнэ	Зардал бүрийн нийт өртөг	Нийт дүнгээс газар ашиглагчийн төлсөн %
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	Community members, acting as rangers, patrol the area to control grazing, fodder collection, and shrub harvesting	person-day	240.0	200.0	48000.0	100.0
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	Reseeding of pits where there was no germination.	person-day	2.0	350.0	700.0	100.0
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	Conduct awareness raising for herders on SLM.	no.	3.0	3000.0	9000.0
Технологийн арчилгаа/урсгал үйл ажиллагаанд шаардагдах нийт үнэ өртөг					57700.0
Технологи арчилах ба урсгал ажлын нийт үнэ өртөг, ам.доллар					836.23

Хэрэв газар ашиглагч нийт зардлын 100% -иас бага хэсгийг төлсөн бол хэн голлох зардлыг гаргасан бэ:

Once there is no cash for work from the project, the community still collects seeds, reseed some in reseeding area and the rest is sold in the open market depending on the demand.

Тайлбар:

Patrolling reseeded rangeland to prevent grazing, fodder harvesting, and shrub collection is a critical step in sustainable rangeland management, particularly in regions like Bamyan, Afghanistan, where rangelands are vital for pastoralist livelihoods. The community selects one or two herders to monitor and manage land use for eight months each year, until livestock return to indoor barns for the winter season. Rangers are paid annually for patrolling the entire rangeland area, rather than by hectare, which makes it challenging to calculate the cost per hectare. The land is divided into different zones, including grazing areas during specific periods, rotational grazing zones, and restricted grazing areas such as reseeded land. Rangers are trained to enforce the agreed regulations and ensure compliance effectively.

4.7 Зардалд нөлөөлж байгаа хамгийн чухал хүчин зүйл

Өртөг, зардалд нөлөөлөх гол хүчин зүйл:

The most important factors affecting the costs are the seed of local fodder types and their availability during the growing season, as well as the cost of rangers patrolling the technology area.

5.1 Уур амьсгал

5.2 Гадаргын хэлбэр

Технологи дараах асуудалд хандсан эсэхийг тодорхойл:

• хамааралгүй

Гадаргын талаархи тодорхойлолт ба бусад тайлбар:

Bamyan, located in Afghanistan's central highlands, is characterized by a mix of high mountain ranges, valleys, and plateaus. The Hindu Kush Mountain range 4,000 meters (13,100 feet) contributes to the region's cold climate and water source. The Bamyan Valley, known for its ancient Buddha statues, supports agricultural activities. High-altitude plateaus create grazing lands for pastoralist communities. The Kunduz River and seasonal streams sustain the region's water systems.

5.3 Хөрс

Боломжтой бол хөрсний бүрэн тодорхойлолт, боломжит мэдээллийг өгнө үү, жишээ нь хөрсний төрөл, хөрсний урвалын орчин/хүчиллэг байдал, катион солилцох чадавхи, азотын хэмжээ, давсжилт г.м.

The soil characteristics of Bamyan Province, as detailed by FAO's Afghanistan Soil Information System (AfSIS) and the FAO Soil Atlas of Afghanistan, indicate that the soils are predominantly loamy to sandy with varying organic content. They are slightly alkaline, with pH levels ranging from 7 to 8 in many areas. The topsoil is characterized by low organic matter content, typical of arid and semi-arid regions, and moderate cation exchange capacity. Nitrogen levels are low, necessitating careful management to ensure sustainable agricultural productivity. Salinity levels are generally low to moderate across most parts of the region.

5.4 Усны хүртээмж ба чанар

Усны давсжилтын асуудал бий юу?

Үгүй

Энэ газар үерт автдаг уу?

Үгүй

Усны чанар, нөөцийн талаархи тайлбар ба бусад тодорхойлолт:

Water salinity does not appear to be a major problem in Bamyan Province. Most water sources, including those originating from snow and glacier melt, show good quality for drinking, with low to moderate salinity levels. However, localized issues such as high total dissolved solids (TDS) or electrical conductivity (EC) have been identified in certain areas, indicating potential salinity concerns, particularly for irrigation or drinking in specific contexts.

5.5 Биологийн олон янз байдал

Биологийн олон янз байдлын талаархи тайлбар ба бусад тодорхойлолт:

The state of biodiversity in Bamyan Province varies across its ecosystems and is influenced by factors such as altitude, land use, and conservation measures. In protected areas such as Band-e-Amir National Park and Shah Foladi, which are rich in endemic plant species, wildlife species such as snow leopards, ibex, wolves, and a variety of bird species. Outside protected zones, biodiversity is under pressure due to overgrazing, hunting, unsustainable land use, and land degradation, which reduce the habitat quality for native plants and animals. Medicinal plant species, important for local use, are declining due to unsustainable harvesting practices. Overall, biodiversity in Bamyan's protected areas is better preserved than in unprotected regions.

5.6 Технологи нэвтрүүлсэн газар ашиглагчдын тухай мэдээлэл

Газар ашиглагчдын бусад шинж чанарыг тодорхойл:

The main characteristics of land users in Bamyan Province are predominantly rural, with around 90% of the population engaged in agriculture, agroforestry, and livestock farming. These communities rely heavily on the rangelands for grazing, fuelwood, and other natural resources. The province is home to agro-pastoralists, where both crop farming and animal husbandry are integral to their livelihoods.

5.7 Газар ашиглагчийн технологи нэвтрүүлсэн газрын дундаж талбайн хэмжээ

5.8 Газар эзэмшил, газар ашиглах эрх, ус ашиглах эрх

Газар өмчлөл:

• нэгдлийн/ тосгон

Газар ашиглах эрх:

• нэгдлийн хэлбэрээр (зохион байгуулалттай)

Ус ашиглах эрх:

• нэгдлийн хэлбэрээр (зохион байгуулалттай)
• хувь хүн

Газар ашиглах эрх нь уламжлалт эрхзүйн тогтолцоонд суурилсан уу?

Тийм

Тодорхойлно уу:

Customary systems (Jirgas and Shuras)

Тайлбар:

Land use rights in Bamyan are governed by traditional legal systems, blending customary laws, Islamic Sharia, and state regulations. Customary practices such as Jirgas and Shuras, often mediated by local elders, dominate in rural areas but frequently conflict with state laws over issues like grazing rights and communal resources. These overlapping systems lead to disputes, particularly between nomadic and settled communities, with ongoing efforts to create a unified legal framework.

5.9 Дэд бүтэц, үйлчилгээний хүртээмж

Тайлбар:

Access to services and infrastructure in Bamyan Province is limited due to its remote location and mountainous terrain. Basic services such as healthcare, education, and clean water are available but often insufficient, particularly in rural areas. Infrastructure like roads and electricity is underdeveloped.

6.1 Технологийн талбайд үзүүлсэн нөлөө

Нийгэм-эдийн засгийн үр нөлөө

Үйлдвэрлэл

Усны хүртээмж ба чанар

Орлого, зарлага

Нийгэм-соёлын үр нөлөө

Экологийн үр нөлөө

Хөрс

Биологийн олон янз байдал: ургамал, амьтан

Уур амьсгал болон гамшгийн эрсдлийг бууруулах

6.2 Технологийн талбайн гадна үзүүлсэн үр нөлөө

Талбайн гадна илрэх үр нөлөөллийн үнэлгээг тайлбарлана уу (хэмжилтүүд):

The off-site impacts of reseeding local fodder seeds in degraded rangelands are measured through improvements in water infiltration, reduced soil erosion, expanded vegetation cover, enhanced biodiversity, and increased carbon sequestration. Social and economic benefits, such as higher incomes from fodder sales and reduced grazing pressure on communal resources, are assessed through community surveys.

6.3 Технологийн уур амьсгалын өөрчлөлт, цаг агаарын гамшигт үзэгдэлд өртөх байдал ба эмзэг байдал (газар ашиглагчийн бодлоор)

Уур амьсгалын аажим өөрчлөлт

Уур амьсгалын аажим өөрчлөлт

	Улирал	Өсөх эсвэл буурах	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
жилийн дундаж температур		Бууралт	сайн
жилийн дундаж хур тундас		Өсөлт	сайн

Уур амьсгалаас хамаарах аюул (гамшиг)

Уур амьсгалын гамшиг

	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
ган гачиг	дунд зэрэг

Усзүйн гамшиг

	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
шар усны үер	маш сайн
хөрсний гулсалт	маш сайн
цасан нуранги	маш сайн

Тайлбар:

Reseeding mitigates gradual climate change by sequestering CO₂, stabilizing soil, and improving water retention, while reducing the impacts of climate-related extremes like floods, droughts, and erosion by restoring ecosystems and enhancing local climate resilience.

6.4 Өртөг ба ашгийн шинжилгээ

Бий болгох зардалтай харьцуулахад ямар ашиг өгсөн бэ (газар ашиглагчийн бодлоор)?

Арчилгаа/урсгал зардалтай харьцуулахад ямар ашиг өгсөн бэ (газар ашиглагчийн бодлоор)?

Тайлбар:

Reseeding Bamyan rangelands requires investment in seeds, labor, and maintenance, but provides long-term benefits like better vegetation, soil stability, and carbon sequestration. It improves grazing, reduces flood and erosion risks, and helps mitigate climate impacts. The ecological and economic gains outweigh the initial costs.

6.5 Технологи нэвтрүүлэлт

• 11-50%

Технологи нэвтрүүлсэн хүмүүсээс хэд нь өөрийн хүчээр технологийг хэрэгжүүлсэн бэ, өөрөөр хэлбэл гадны тусламж дэмжлэг авалгүйгээр?

• 0-10%

6.6 Дасан зохицох

Бий болсон өөрчлөлтөд зохицуулан технологийг өөрчилсөн үү?

Үгүй

6.7 Технологийн давуу тал/боломжууд

Газар ашиглагчдын тодорхойлсон давуу тал/боломжууд
Enhances the availability of high-quality forage, leading to better livestock health and productivity.
Restores degraded land which increasing grazing rangeland area.
Alternative source of income through temporary employment.
It's easy to adopt and many pastoral communities have already replicated.
It requires locally available seeds, labor, and traditional knowledge, making it cost-effective and practical for communities to implement.
Community members choose palatable, nutritious and drought resistant fodder species which enhance their livestock production.

Эмхэтгэгч, бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн өнцгөөс тодорхойлсон давуу тал/боломжууд
Reseeded areas help control soil erosion and improve soil fertility through vegetation cover.
Improved biodiversity through the reintroduction of native species.
Reseeding supports carbon sequestration and contributes to climate resilience and adaptation.
The technology involved local communities which ensures better understanding, ownership, replication and sustainability of the process.
Local or indigenous species used in reseeding are well-adapted to local conditions, increasing the likelihood of successful germination and growth.
Through training and awareness raising, now community members are allowing fodder to grow until seeds are fully mature ensures effective seed production (collection) and natural dispersal, aiding in rangeland regeneration and biodiversity improvement.
Alternative income through employment in local fodder seed collection and sales.

6.8 Технологийн дутагдалтай/сул тал/аюул болон тэдгээрийг хэрхэн даван туулах арга зам

Газар ашиглагч нарын тодорхойлсон сул тал/ дутагдал/ эрсдэл	Тэдгээрийг хэрхэн даван туулах вэ?
Reseeding requires an initial investment in establishing a rangeland management association, seeds and labor.	By establishing RMA and mobilizing community members to contribute and seek funding from governments, NGOs, or international organizations.
Control grazing: Livestock grazing in reseeded areas can damage young plants, reducing effectiveness.	Require an agreement with community to control grazing in the area. Also, implement rotational grazing systems and fencing to protect reseeded areas until vegetation is established.
Benefits from reseeding take time to return, potentially discouraging land users seeking quick results.	Identify alternative grazing area. Provide short-term solution of supplemental feed to address immediate needs.

Эмхэтгэгч, бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн өнцгөөс тодорхойлсон сул тал/ дутагдал/ эрсдэл	Тэдгээрийг хэрхэн даван туулах вэ?
Implementing reseeding may limit access to grazing lands temporarily, potentially causing disputes among land users, especially in areas with shared resources.	Agreement of all land users is required.
Reseeding success is highly dependent on favorable weather conditions. Drought or erratic rainfall can lead to poor germination and growth.	Explore the potential to integrate rainwater harvesting structures in future reseeding activities

7.1 Мэдээлэл цуглуулсан арга/эх үүсвэр

7.2 Ном, хэвлэлийн ишлэл

Гарчиг, зохиогч, он, ISBN:

The Status of Forage Production in Afghanistan: Forage Options for Smallholder Livestock in Water-Scarce Environments of Afghanistan. Ates, S., Hassan, S., Soofizada, Q., Biradar, C., Esmati, H., & Louhaichi, M. (2018).

Хаанаас авч болох вэ? Зардал?

https://research.aciar.gov.au/aik-saath/sites/_co-lab.aciar.gov.au.aik-saath/files/2020-08/ICARDA%20forage%20Afghanistan_0.pdf

Гарчиг, зохиогч, он, ISBN:

FAO brings life to degraded rangeland thanks to GEF funding. FAO, 2022

Хаанаас авч болох вэ? Зардал?

https://www.fao.org/afghanistan/news/detail-events/en/c/1505486/

Гарчиг, зохиогч, он, ISBN:

Community-based Sustainable Land and Forest Management in Afghanistan,

Хаанаас авч болох вэ? Зардал?

https://www.thegef.org/projects-operations/projects/9285

Гарчиг, зохиогч, он, ISBN:

An introductory guide to sources of traditional fodder and forage and usage, Anthony Fitzherbert, 2014

Хаанаас авч болох вэ? Зардал?

https://www.acbar.org/upload/1493193872857.pdf

7.3 Холбогдох мэдээллийн интернет холбоос

Гарчиг/ тодорхойлолт:

Rangeland rehabilitation measures reduces pressure on land, boosts household income and induces peace of mind

URL:

https://www.fao.org/afghanistan/news/detail-events/fr/c/1606232/

Гарчиг/ тодорхойлолт:

Managing rangelands: promoting sustainable practices: Reseeding: a practical and costeffective technique that enhances ecological sustainability while strengthening system resilience

URL:

https://dspacetest.mel.cgiar.org/items/a8eee495-817c-4dfb-a737-90db7eb19378

Гарчиг/ тодорхойлолт:

Reseeding improved soil and plant characteristics of degraded alfalfa (Medicago sativa) grassland in loess hilly plateau region, China

URL:

https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/271742/1-s2.0-S0925857423X00032/1-s2.0-S0925857423000423/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEH4aCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQD3T2VNZYEr3aSuPiqIB%2BrFarS8RQXlWNUJd9eV1MHa2wIhAOTmszFUNpOgWgs2rvkxfFWu%2FtyDr0deq4kp4Ytkz%2F%2BCKrMFCCYQBRoMMDU5MDAzNTQ2ODY1IgwoXO8sdzB5A1xzYE0qkAW%2FZw%2F9bgO%2BKFg9iCfslLE01ANYhMnSDoaX8g7Pvy7dpTxLjw4rBvTCJsIOus%2FHHzuUWQb%2ByL4ne4mRVs4OHcZkmbbo7FxbyIzVnmCvn2QEFcneRX2VjxKsgmVjYC6QjVbAVR6EUAa0JHv6NB5n8LgI9kQCNti1OHeAjuH9hTcUnus2QMLZhDFEWxkuUmhaZE7p81ZypqZuENHYywVw5LXF1ctJOV8vKDtuxdq7zCG4OkusqlAWVW0dN%2F49OxCc4mT1ihIlFIiFZOemqYH2X2K7%2BVgPsCDQq9Ru7pXlQrG%2FrvnU71QY6vZF%2F0ZsT6jImwz36Vjy8Q%2B%2Fgba3kVcua5e8W%2FxQ5GZ0wYu3f2NT2gZf%2BEe1hUbHtDLUz6GkSVbjqmKEcqb7t3x8oC0ugPE%2BhBCwLtUHUOVohxDTiqLC%2BSvNCtB7PcYTbJ2gqAIG7J%2BnRklhh8WfQ%2Fj68Hem6lzXOhkmrvs78tQ2hpbbvkdalAaGUvmw4Y9wJgvNZZQrzchIKTXBTM2zAbbMF%2FQOWgagPhYAO7P7HMccBJ5syuYXL9HhDYhDeOuK2MwduI7IKFhDA%2BXA7NyLcu4YSiBExUVxSaCDWaSNg5FiCE3Xi7l80Y8iUuCij8sc%2Fi2Fc6OV36ZmIhkSF%2B5AtR5kHP0PMJ2NCTvI%2FNj16hGvUhtclYx3KaqmtU7yNLiSFEba7CncTs38LydQYg4ToBUxyeHFZzdvkq3RXG7BJgv4%2FkkPEpVKs2dsQ%2FJEwdDW%2F3JFxxJkDfwIPEGmdD607FBpDyw9C%2BvfMF4T6r1uVyxqjHwkeMxrH%2BDh0QMt2q2gIwbfYWeKDtA571zpg752C8851tpCCMPSeL%2BW3JdgsdjL4ng0VWLdUXd3zjC1tJW6BjqwARofYsHni1Xzn9OgNnont1g19Z0VSFHYkyaTzXs2nKfM%2FdNVkoXtu%2BX6u0gNmy0a7ed%2FqrC7p8fKqYxAT3FwOjrQBWDK%2Bm8xHfvyk%2B%2BESKBVsXMmC8KhodGoX318C7esUlWpsv953SgG%2FxWob5bsnNe0t470flsh%2F5MhbT%2BCpLRFnBtjwq5JcmDT9QqWAc%2FdxQNd8zPWUPIFh2n3Wtuhg8x9Pmuw5MXc8hiTAmjjlsV4&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20241126T060240Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYRWMK75KH%2F20241126%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=7a5092467ceabe0252cbb05beaac0328e6ecfabcc339848f188b3a2bec804b5e&hash=7568b619a05163bde587f16f742fee7be12c85d1b227b62b701e53c7e9720c71&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S0925857423000423&tid=spdf-fb3cf116-0053-4002-ac10-7417b6a882b9&sid=93e7b4418d

Гарчиг/ тодорхойлолт:

Highland Rangelands of Afghanistan

URL:

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwis2PTzqfmJAxXMlP0HHeLQKG8QFnoECBsQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Flib.icimod.org%2Fapi%2Ffiles%2Fb329e25d-b7b2-439c-b29f-471fde5d2ead%2F2.HAR.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1PptmgEEuGRY1LyVLMO4ZR&opi=89978449

Гарчиг/ тодорхойлолт:

Dryland agriculture and rangeland restoration priorities in Afghanistan

URL:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272524566_Dryland_agriculture_and_rangeland_restoration_priorities_in_Afghanistan

Гарчиг/ тодорхойлолт:

Combating land degradation and biodiversity loss by promoting sustainable rangeland management and biodiversity conservation in Afghanistan

URL:

https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/web-documents/10169_MFA_Afghanistan_PIF.pdf

Гарчиг/ тодорхойлолт:

Community-Based Ecosystem Restoration and Climate Change Adaptation in Afghanistan

URL:

https://kosmospublishers.com/community-based-ecosystem-restoration-and-climate-change-adaptation-in-afghanistan-2/

Гарчиг/ тодорхойлолт:

Flora and Vegetation of Afghanistan

URL:

https://www.doc-developpement-durable.org/file/Culture/Fertilisation-des-Terres-et-des-Sols/cultureIntercalaire/Flora&VegetationOfAfghanistan_Siegmar&Breckle.pdf

Гарчиг/ тодорхойлолт:

Constraints to Forage Production and Rangeland Management in Afghanistan

URL:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306344635_Constraints_to_Forage_Production_and_Rangeland_Management_in_Afghanistan

Гарчиг/ тодорхойлолт:

Effect of Planting Atriplex seedlings in micro-catchments on attributes of natural vegetation in arid rangelands

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0140196320301038

7.4 Ерөнхий мэдээлэл

WOCAT is a highly regarded platform for sharing and documenting knowledge on sustainable land management (SLM). Its extensive database of practices and technologies serves as a valuable resource for practitioners worldwide. Users appreciate the detailed and well-organized questionnaires, which make it easier to document and analyze SLM practices comprehensively. However, some feedback suggests that simplifying the questionnaires could improve accessibility and save time during data entry. Additionally, enhancing the platform's search functionality and incorporating more visual tools, such as maps and graphs, could further improve the user experience and accessibility of the database. Thank you