1.2 Технологийг үнэлэх, баримтжуулах ажилд хамаарах мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүс, байгууллагуудын холбоо барих мэдээлэл

Технологи баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн байгууллага(ууд)-ын нэр (шаардлагатай бол)

University of Haifa (uhaifa)

1.3 ВОКАТ-аар баримтжуулсан өгөгдлийг ашиглахтай холбоотой нөхцөл

Эмхэтгэгч болон гол мэдээлэгч хүн(хүмүүс) WOCAT аргачлалаар баримтжуулсан мэдээллийг ашиглахтай холбоотой нөхцлийг хүлээн зөвшөөрсөн:

Тийм

1.4 Технологи тогтвортой гэдгийг баталгаажуулах

Энэ технологийг газрын доройтлыг бууруулж, газрын тогтвортой менежментийг хангахад тохиромжтой гэж үзэж болох уу?

Үгүй

Тайлбар:

This intervention is explicitly designed to reverse and restore previously degraded soils (monoculture exhaustion, fertility decline, low biodiversity).

2.1 Технологийн товч тодорхойлолт

Технологийн тодорхойлолт:

Converting conventional monoculture farmland into a food forest-based agroforestry system restores soil health, increases vegetation cover, enhances biodiversity while diversifying production. The intervention improves soil organic matter and ecological resilience through multi-storey planting, reduced soil disturbance, and nature-based land management.

2.2 Технологийн дэлгэрэнгүй тодорхойлолт

Тодорхойлолт:

The development of a “food forest” was in response to visible soil degradation caused by years of wheat-based monoculture in Bethlehem of Galilee. The previous land use consisted of annual wheat production, tractor-powered deep ploughing, and routine use of herbicides and pesticides. Over time, these practices depleted soil organic matter, reduced microbial activity, and increased vulnerability to erosion, compaction, and moisture loss. The current food forest, covering approximately 1.5 acres (0.6 hectare), represents a transformative shift from this intensive, extractive system toward a sustainable, perennial, multi-strata agroforestry model.
The primary purpose of this site is research and education. It is not intended to be a commercial enterprise, but to demonstrate principles and practices of sustainable land management. The income generated is not from crops but from research grants, workshops and community activities.
The site has been under continuous restoration for approximately eight years, during which it has gradually developed into a multi-layered food forest. The upper canopy includes species such as ficus, tipa, mulberry, pecan, plane trees, and nitrogen-fixing “ice-cream bean” (Inga edulis), which together generate shade, biomass, and structural diversity. The productive mid-storey contains fruit-bearing species including lemon, plum, pomegranate, avocado, and additional deciduous trees. Beneath these layers, aromatic shrubs such as lavender and rosemary provide perennial cover, habitat complexity, and year-round biomass production. A dedicated lower layer supports seasonal vegetables: carrots, radishes, turnips, lettuces and other greens, interplanted within tree alleys and cultivated using organic methods.
Production follows a diversified model typical of food forests. Tree crops currently yield modest but consistent quantities of lemons, plums, mulberries, pomegranates, and herbs, primarily for consumption by visitors, volunteers, and workers on site rather than large-scale commercial sale. The adjoining vegetable-growing area produces additional crops for small-scale marketing, providing a modest revenue stream while maintaining ecological integrity. As the system is still maturing, productive output is expected to increase over the coming years.
The project is privately managed by a couple in their thirties, who own and oversee all aspects of the site. Labour requirements were most intensive during the establishment phase of planting, mulching, earth-shaping, and infrastructure setup. As the food forest enters a more stable successional stage, labour demands have gradually decreased, with current activities centred on pruning, biomass recycling, vegetable cultivation, and occasional enrichment planting. No chemical inputs are applied at any stage.
Irrigation was originally supported by a drip system installed to establish young trees and early perennial layers. Today, irrigation needs have significantly decreased due to higher soil organic matter, increased shade, and improved microclimate regulation. Drip irrigation is now used only minimally and mainly within the annual vegetable plots, while most perennial components rely primarily on natural rainfall.
Overall, this food forest demonstrates a replicable nature-based solution for Mediterranean environments, showcasing how degraded wheat monoculture fields can be restored into resilient, biodiverse, and ecologically functional agroforestry systems. The long-term transition highlights substantial gains in soil health, water retention, and landscape diversity, while supporting small-scale production and community-oriented engagement.

2.3 Технологийн гэрэл зураг

2.5 Энэ үнэлгээнд хамрагдсан технологийг хэрэгжүүлсэн улс орон/ бүс нутаг/ байршил

2.6 Хэрэгжсэн хугацаа

Хэрэгжүүлсэн он:

2017

Байгуулсан тодорхой оныг мэдэхгүй бол баримжаа хугацааг тодорхойл:

• <10 жилийн өмнө (саяхны)

2.7 Технологийн танилцуулга

Технологийг хэрхэн нэвтрүүлснийг тодорхойл:

• Газар ашиглагчдын санаачилгаар
• Туршилт/судалгааны үр дүн
• Гадны төсөл/хөтөлбөрийн дэмжлэгтэйгээр

Тайлбар (төслийн төрөл г.м.):

The landowners developed the site as part of a holistic environmental vision and continue to refine it through ongoing learning, experimentation, and renewal. They actively initiate collaborations with research institutions in Israel and abroad to support long-term monitoring of the site and to advance the food-forest practice within a scientific and evidence-based framework.

3.1 Технологийн үндсэн зорилго (ууд)

• газрын доройтлыг бууруулах, сэргийлэх, нөхөн сэргээх
• экосистемийг хамгаалах
• биологийн төрөл зүйлийг хамгаалах / сайжруулах
• уур амьсгалын өөрчлөлт/ экстрим байдал болон түүний нөлөөлөлд дасан зохицох
• нийгэмд үзүүлэх үр нөлөөг бий болгох

3.2 Технологи нэвтрүүлсэн газрын одоогийн газар ашиглалтын хэлбэр(үүд)

Нэг газр нутгийн хэмжээнд хэрэгжих холимог газар ашиглалт:

Тийм

Газар ашиглалтын холимог тогтолцоог (тарилан/бэлчээр/ой мод) тодорхойл:

• ХАА-н ойжуулалт

3.3 Технологи хэрэгжүүлснээр газар ашиглалтад өөрчлөлт гарсан уу?

Технологи хэрэгжүүлснээр газар ашиглалтад өөрчлөлт гарсан уу?

• Тийм (Технологи хэрэгжүүлэхээс өмнөх үеийн газар ашиглалтын талаархи асуулгыг бөглөнө үү)

Нэг газр нутгийн хэмжээнд хэрэгжих холимог газар ашиглалт:

Үгүй

3.4 Усан хангамж

Технологи хэрэгжүүлсэн газрын усан хангамж:

• Байгалийн/усалгаатай арга хосолсон

Тайлбар:

Irrigation was originally supported by a drip system installed to establish young trees and early perennial layers. Today, irrigation needs have significantly decreased due to higher soil organic matter, increased shade, and improved microclimate regulation. Drip irrigation is now used only minimally and mainly within the annual vegetable plots, while most perennial components rely primarily on natural rainfall.

3.5 Технологи ГТМ-ийн аль бүлэгт хамаарах вэ

• ХАА-н ойжуулалт
• хөрс/ ургамлын бүрхэвч сайжруулах
• хөрсийг бага гүнд боловсруулах

3.6 Технологийг бүрдүүлэх ГТМ арга хэмжээ

3.7 Технологид харгалзах газрын доройтлын төрөл

Тайлбар:

For this pilot, the technology primarily addresses soil degradation (chemical + physical + biological) that resulted from long-term monoculture and herbicide-based management.

3.8 Газрын доройтлоос урьдчилан сэргийлэх, сааруулах ба нөхөн сэргээх

Газрын доройтолтой холбоотойгоор Технологи ямар зорилго тавьсан болохыг тодорхойл:

• Газрын доройтлыг бууруулах
• Хүчтэй доройтсон газрыг нөхөн сэргээх/ сайжруулах

4.1 Технологийн техник зураг

4.2 Материал болон зардалд хамаарах ерөнхий мэдээлэл

Үнэ өртөг, оруулсан хувь нэмрийг хэрхэн тооцсоныг тодорхойл:

• Технологийн нэгж тус бүр

Үнэ өртөгийг тооцоход ашигласан мөнгөн нэгж:

• Ам.доллар

4.3 Бий болгох үйл ажиллагаа

	Үйл ажиллагаа	Хугацаа (улирал)
1.	Initial site assessment and mapping of soil condition and exposure	Late winter / early spring
2.	Discontinuation of tillage and herbicide applications	Immediately prior to establishment
3.	Soil preparation without deep tillage (light loosening, mulching base layer)	Early spring
4.	Planting of trees in primary layout (skeleton layer)	Spring
5.	Planting of shrubs and understory companion species	Late spring / early summer
6.	Installation of organic mulch cover to protect soil and retain moisture	After planting (early summer)
7.	Enrichment planting / filling gaps with additional groundcover species	Late summer / following spring
8.	Protection of young trees/shrubs if needed (guards, shading, temporary watering)	First growing season
9.	Establishment of biomass cycling (chop-and-drop, composting on-site)	After vegetation takes root
10.	Transition into maintenance phase (reduced intervention, natural succession)	Once canopy begins forming

4.4 Бий болгоход шаардагдсан зардал, хөрөнгийн өртөг

	Зардлын нэр, төрөл	Хэмжих нэгж	Тоо хэмжээ	Нэгжийн үнэ	Зардал бүрийн нийт өртөг	Нийт дүнгээс газар ашиглагчийн төлсөн %
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	Manual labour	Person-days	139.0	158.2	21989.8	100.0
Тоног төхөөрөмж	Tools and maintenance equipment		1.0	5000.0	5000.0	100.0
Тоног төхөөрөмж	Tractor (for construction)		1.0	7200.0	7200.0	100.0
таримал материал	Seedlings, cuttings, and seeds		1.0	14000.0	14000.0	100.0
Бордоо ба биоцид	Compost		1.0	10500.0	10500.0	100.0
Барилгын материал	Irrigation system		1.0	14500.0	14500.0	100.0
Барилгын материал	Pruned biomass mulch		1.0	6500.0	6500.0	100.0
Технологи бий болгох нийт үнэ өртөг					79689.8
Технологи бий болгох нийт үнэ өртөг, ам.доллар					79689.8

Хэрэв газар ашиглагч нийт зардлын 100% -иас бага хэсгийг төлсөн бол хэн голлох зардлыг гаргасан бэ:

Land user bore all costs: but note the primary purpose of this site is research and education. It is not intended to be a commercial enterprise, but to demonstrate principles and practices of sustainable land management. The income generated is not from crops but from research grants, workshops and community activities.

Тайлбар:

No chemical fertilizers or pesticides are used; fertilization is based solely on compost

4.5 Арчилгаа/ урсгал үйл ажиллагаа

	Үйл ажиллагаа	Хугацаа/ давтамж
1.	Mulching with organic biomass (leaf litter, pruning residues, woodchips, etc.)	2–3 times per year, mainly after rainy season and mid-summer
2.	Selective pruning of trees and shrubs to maintain structure and light balance	Annually / as needed (late winter or autumn)
3.	Enrichment planting and succession planting of understorey species	Seasonally, as ecosystem matures or gaps appear
4.	Weeding by ecological suppression (groundcover strengthening) rather than removal	Continuous, low-intensity maintenance
5.	Soil moisture conservation (biomass renewal / occasional supportive watering in drought years)	Seasonally during dry periods (as needed)
6.	Monitoring soil condition and vegetation health	Ongoing, at least once per season
7.	Replacement of failed or weak young plants	Annually during early growth seasons
8.	Maintenance of biodiversity guilds / companion planting structure	Continuous, adaptive to natural succession

4.6 Арчилгаа/урсгал ажилд шаардагдсан зардал, хөрөнгийн өртөг (нэг жилд)

	Зардлын нэр, төрөл	Хэмжих нэгж	Тоо хэмжээ	Нэгжийн үнэ	Зардал бүрийн нийт өртөг	Нийт дүнгээс газар ашиглагчийн төлсөн %
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	Manual labour	Person-days	110.0	158.2	17402.0	100.0
Тоног төхөөрөмж	Equipment renewal and maintenance		1.0	5000.0	5000.0	100.0
таримал материал	Cuttings and seeds		1.0	4000.0	4000.0	100.0
Бусад	Water bills		1.0	5500.0	5500.0	100.0
Бусад	Products selling kits		1.0	2000.0	2000.0	100.0
Технологийн арчилгаа/урсгал үйл ажиллагаанд шаардагдах нийт үнэ өртөг					33902.0
Технологи арчилах ба урсгал ажлын нийт үнэ өртөг, ам.доллар					33902.0

Тайлбар:

The establishment costs refer to the initial food forest area of approximately 1.5 acres, while the annual maintenance costs refer to the forest in its current state, covering about 3 acres. Land user bore all costs: but note that the primary purpose of this site is research and education. It is not intended to be a commercial enterprise, but to demonstrate principles and practices of sustainable land management. The income generated is not from crops but from research grants, workshops and community activities.

4.7 Зардалд нөлөөлж байгаа хамгийн чухал хүчин зүйл

Өртөг, зардалд нөлөөлөх гол хүчин зүйл:

The most significant cost factor, both during establishment and ongoing maintenance, is labour. All work is carried out manually using hand tools, and apart from the initial establishment phase, no heavy machinery is used

5.1 Уур амьсгал

5.2 Гадаргын хэлбэр

Технологи дараах асуудалд хандсан эсэхийг тодорхойл:

• хамааралгүй

5.3 Хөрс

5.4 Усны хүртээмж ба чанар

Усны давсжилтын асуудал бий юу?

Үгүй

Энэ газар үерт автдаг уу?

Үгүй

5.5 Биологийн олон янз байдал

Биологийн олон янз байдлын талаархи тайлбар ба бусад тодорхойлолт:

Both species diversity and habitat diversity have transformed due to the establishment of the food forest, and are now both high. This is a very agrobiodiverse system.

5.6 Технологи нэвтрүүлсэн газар ашиглагчдын тухай мэдээлэл

5.7 Газар ашиглагчийн технологи нэвтрүүлсэн газрын дундаж талбайн хэмжээ

5.8 Газар эзэмшил, газар ашиглах эрх, ус ашиглах эрх

Газар өмчлөл:

• хувь хүн, өмчийн гэрчилгээтэй

Газар ашиглах эрх:

• хувь хүн

Ус ашиглах эрх:

• хувь хүн

Газар ашиглах эрх нь уламжлалт эрхзүйн тогтолцоонд суурилсан уу?

Үгүй

5.9 Дэд бүтэц, үйлчилгээний хүртээмж

6.1 Технологийн талбайд үзүүлсэн нөлөө

Нийгэм-эдийн засгийн үр нөлөө

Орлого, зарлага

Нийгэм-соёлын үр нөлөө

Экологийн үр нөлөө

Усны эргэлт/ илүүдэл

Хөрс

Биологийн олон янз байдал: ургамал, амьтан

Уур амьсгал болон гамшгийн эрсдлийг бууруулах

Талбайд илэрсэн үр нөлөөг үнэлнэ үү (хэмжилт):

The assessment of on-site impacts combines both social-cultural learning processes and quantitative biophysical measurements. On the social, cultural, and economic side, the site hosts workshops, guided learning sessions, and community activities designed to understand the meaning, role, and value of the food forest for local stakeholders. These engagements provide qualitative insights into cultural benefits, community strengthening, and the educational function of the place. For the more tangible biophysical parameters – soil health, vegetation condition, biodiversity, and ecological recovery – the monitoring relies on analytical laboratory tests and systematic long-term sampling. Soil samples collected at different stages of the establishment process were analyzed for organic matter, nutrients, structure, and biological activity, providing a clear picture of soil improvement over time. In addition, the site is monitored through remote-sensing-based indicators developed in collaboration with the University of Haifa, which track temporal changes in vegetation cover, biomass, soil moisture proxies, and overall ecological function. Together, these qualitative and quantitative assessments offer a comprehensive understanding of the site’s development, documenting both the ecological restoration underway and the parallel social and educational impacts generated by the food forest.

6.2 Технологийн талбайн гадна үзүүлсэн үр нөлөө

Талбайн гадна илрэх үр нөлөөллийн үнэлгээг тайлбарлана уу (хэмжилтүүд):

Off-site impacts were assessed through a combination of qualitative and quantitative indicators that capture how the food-forest system influences the surrounding landscape and community beyond the plot boundaries. Hydrological effects were inferred from reduced surface runoff and improved infiltration within the site, which collectively lower downstream sedimentation and erosion risks; these implications were evaluated using rainfall records, soil-moisture trends, and comparison of runoff behavior between the restored area and adjacent conventionally managed fields. Vegetation development and canopy expansion – monitored through Sentinel-2 time-series and UAV imagery – provide additional evidence of landscape-scale improvements such as enhanced microclimatic buffering and habitat connectivity. Social and cultural off-site impacts were evaluated through participation in workshops, educational programs, and community events, which extend ecological knowledge and stewardship beyond the site itself. Together, these measurements and observations offer a coherent picture of how the food forest contributes to broader environmental and community benefits outside its physical boundaries.

6.3 Технологийн уур амьсгалын өөрчлөлт, цаг агаарын гамшигт үзэгдэлд өртөх байдал ба эмзэг байдал (газар ашиглагчийн бодлоор)

Уур амьсгалын аажим өөрчлөлт

Уур амьсгалын аажим өөрчлөлт

	Улирал	Өсөх эсвэл буурах	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
жилийн дундаж температур		Өсөлт	дунд зэрэг
жилийн дундаж хур тундас		Бууралт	сайн

Уур амьсгалаас хамаарах аюул (гамшиг)

Цаг уурын гамшигт үзэгдэл

	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
орон нутгийн аадар бороо	дунд зэрэг

Уур амьсгалын гамшиг

	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
хэт халалт	сайн
ган гачиг	сайн

6.4 Өртөг ба ашгийн шинжилгээ

Бий болгох зардалтай харьцуулахад ямар ашиг өгсөн бэ (газар ашиглагчийн бодлоор)?

Арчилгаа/урсгал зардалтай харьцуулахад ямар ашиг өгсөн бэ (газар ашиглагчийн бодлоор)?

Тайлбар:

The slightly negative short-term balance does not reflect external subsidies but rather the intentional design and purpose of the site. The food forest is not a commercial enterprise and was never intended to generate profit from agricultural production. Its primary function is research, education, and community engagement, and therefore its revenues come from workshops, collaborations, and research grants rather than crop sales. The short-term financial deficit simply reflects the fact that the landowners invest in a long-term ecological and educational project whose value is measured in environmental and social outcomes rather than immediate economic returns. It should not be interpreted as dependence on agricultural subsidies or market-based support.

6.5 Технологи нэвтрүүлэлт

• жишээ/ туршилт

Боломжтой бол, тоогоор илэрхийл (өрхийн тоо эсвэл бүрхэх талбай):

One household: 1.5 acres

Технологи нэвтрүүлсэн хүмүүсээс хэд нь өөрийн хүчээр технологийг хэрэгжүүлсэн бэ, өөрөөр хэлбэл гадны тусламж дэмжлэг авалгүйгээр?

• 0-10%

6.6 Дасан зохицох

Бий болсон өөрчлөлтөд зохицуулан технологийг өөрчилсөн үү?

Тийм

Хэрэв Тийм бол ямар өөрчлөлтөд дасан зохицсон бэ:

• уур амьсгалын өөрчлөлт/ экстрим үзэгдэл

Дасан зохицох зорилгоор технологид хийсэн өөрчлөлт (хийц, материал, төрөл зүйл г.м.):

The design and composition of the food forest are continuously adapted as the system matures and as new insights emerge from ongoing learning by the landowners and collaborating researchers. Species selection, spatial arrangement, and management practices have been refined over time in response to observed ecological dynamics - such as canopy development, soil improvement, microclimatic changes, and species performance. Additional trees, shrubs, and groundcovers have been introduced to enhance diversity, strengthen ecological functions, and address emerging needs such as shade regulation, soil enrichment, or habitat creation. This adaptive approach reflects the core principle of the technology: the food forest is a living system that evolves through observation, experimentation, and evidence-based adjustments informed by both practical experience and scientific collaboration.

6.7 Технологийн давуу тал/боломжууд

Газар ашиглагчдын тодорхойлсон давуу тал/боломжууд
Restores soil fertility and structure without relying on chemicals and reduces weed pressure naturally through permanent groundcover
Improves moisture retention and reduces drought stress over time and supports biodiversity and creates a healthier farm ecosystem
Transformational: turns degraded land into a productive long-term asset

Эмхэтгэгч, бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн өнцгөөс тодорхойлсон давуу тал/боломжууд
Demonstrates a replicable nature-based solution for restoring degraded agricultural soils in Mediterranean climates
Increases soil organic matter and biological activity, improving long-term soil function and carbon sequestration
Serves as a living demonstration site with high educational and upscaling potential for regenerative farming in the region

6.8 Технологийн дутагдалтай/сул тал/аюул болон тэдгээрийг хэрхэн даван туулах арга зам

Газар ашиглагч нарын тодорхойлсон сул тал/ дутагдал/ эрсдэл	Тэдгээрийг хэрхэн даван туулах вэ?
Slow establishment phase before benefits become visible	Patience + phased planting; choose fast-growing pioneer species to accelerate canopy formation
Requires knowledge and ecological management skills	Ongoing guidance from experts / capacity building / training
Young plants vulnerable to drought during first summers	Supplemental irrigation in the first years and thicker mulching to reduce evaporation

Эмхэтгэгч, бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн өнцгөөс тодорхойлсон сул тал/ дутагдал/ эрсдэл	Тэдгээрийг хэрхэн даван туулах вэ?
Long ecological recovery timeline before system reaches full functionality	Use succession planning and pioneer/perennial nurse species to accelerate canopy closure and soil regeneration
Success depends on appropriate species selection for local microclimate and soil	Improve site-specific design using adaptive planting trials, monitoring, and locally adapted cultivars
Knowledge-intensive management compared to conventional systems	Provide technical training, extension support, and farmer-to-farmer learning
Restoration outcomes may vary with drought years and extreme heat events	Increase biomass cover, soil shading, and water retention strategies in early establishment years

7.1 Мэдээлэл цуглуулсан арга/эх үүсвэр

7.2 Ном, хэвлэлийн ишлэл

Гарчиг, зохиогч, он, ISBN:

Zbedat, G., & Brook, A. (2025). Land Restoration Effectiveness Assessed by Satellite-Based Remote Sensing Technologies as A New Monitoring Approach. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 48, 149-155.

Хаанаас авч болох вэ? Зардал?

Google Scholar

Гарчиг, зохиогч, он, ISBN:

T. A. Cohen, A. Brook and G. Zbedat, "Long-Term Land Restoration Assessment Using Remote Sensing in Mediterranean Ecosystems," 2024 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Agriculture and Forestry (MetroAgriFor), Padua, Italy, 2024, pp. 179-183, doi: 10.1109/MetroAgriFor63043.2024.10948855.

Хаанаас авч болох вэ? Зардал?

Google Scholar

7.3 Холбогдох мэдээллийн интернет холбоос

Гарчиг/ тодорхойлолт:

React4Med site

URL:

https://react4med.eu

Гарчиг/ тодорхойлолт:

Bethlehem of Galilee Food Forest Collection

URL:

https://haifa.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/collectionDiscovery?vid=972HAI_MAIN:HAU&inst=972HAI_MAIN&collectionId=81263109080002791