1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - Itália

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Ethiopia (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) - Etiópia

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

30/05/2011

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Earh-checks are constructed of earth embankment put across in a deep gully in such a way to trap sediment and store water passing by it.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

Active deep gullies are plugged by digging earth from the bottom as well as gully sides and embanked forming a barrier to runoff passing through it. The embankment is reinforced by planting useful plants such as banana, sesbania, gravillea, gesho, etc., The purpose is to rehabilitate gullies having depth and expand along sides and towards the head. By constructing earth checks the water is stored in the checks. The water percolates down the ground enriching the ground water. The soil is trapped in the checks and later brings up the gully gradient higher. As a result, a cultivable/cropable strip is formed. Weeding and cultivation done to plants established.The gully fence and breaks are repaired. The technology is seen to be suitable to humid highlands where land loss by gully is a serious problem and land under cultivation and grazing is getting here and there. In brief it is suitable in areas where land degradation problem is increasing with currently cultivated and grazed lands are encroched by gully expansion.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• menos de 10 anos atrás (recentemente)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• através de projetos/intervenções externas

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

The technology is introduced but highly modified by adjesting design, layout and by increasing use of locally available materials for construction.

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Monocropping, soil erosion, fertility mining, overgrazing, improper runoff management.

Grazingland comments: Livestock such as cows, oxen, donkeys and horse are thethered at a very small piece of land left infront of houses usually meant for social purposes. Some farmers thether their animals in a piece of land left uncropped in the field. The most part of livestock feed comes from crop residue which is collected from crop fields. Maize stalk, teff straw and enset leaves are fed stall.

Forest products and services: timber, fuelwood, grazing / browsing

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Maize-sweet potato-Teff-potato-sorghum

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Precipitação natural

Número de estações de cultivo por ano:

• 2

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 210 Longest growing period from month to month: Apr - Oct Second longest growing period in days: 180 Second longest growing period from month to month: Aug - Jun

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Medidas de curva de nível
• Coleta de água

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Comentários:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 51.2 m2.

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wg: gully erosion / gullying

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Prevenir degradação do solo
• Reduzir a degradação do solo

Comentários:

Main goals: Also rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

SNNPR

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: water harvesting / increase water supply, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting

Secondary technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length

Early planting
Material/ species: maize
Quantity/ density: 85000/ha
Remarks: sawn in lines

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: maize-sweet potato/haricot bean
Remarks: inter cropped & strip cropped

Contour planting / strip cropping
Material/ species: maize-taro-enset

Mulching
Material/ species: enset

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: maize, potato, sweet potato, traro

Mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Material/ species: Teff, maize, sorghum

Rotations / fallows
Material/ species: maize-tarro-sorghum
Remarks: only rotations

Breaking compacted topsoil
Remarks: primary and secondary oxen tillage

Contour tillage
Remarks: tillage done following contour

Agronomic measure: harrowing

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: O : other
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.2-0.5
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 2-4
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5-2
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5-1

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 4000
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.2
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1.5x1.5
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1.5
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1.5

In blocks
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 2500
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 2x2
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 2
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 2

Trees/ shrubs species: Leucaena, Sesbania, Grevillea

Fruit trees / shrubs species: Mango, papaya, Avocado

Perennial crops species: Casava

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 10.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 8.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 0.00%

Diversion ditch/ drainage
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 100
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.6
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.5
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 100

Retention/infiltration ditch/pit, sediment/sand trap
Vertical interval between structures (m): 0.5
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.6
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.7
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 4
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.75
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.6

Terrace: backward sloping
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1.5
Spacing between structures (m): 12
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.9
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 50-75

Bund/ bank: level
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1.2
Spacing between structures (m): 10
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.6
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.7
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 50-80
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.75

Construction material (earth): Most of the structural measures are made by earth involving excavation and embankment.

Construction material (stone): Stone is mainly used for demonstration.

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 10%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 8%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Change of land use type: The land after treatment is closed

Control / change of species composition: Grazing land changed to plantation and cropping

Other type of management: change of management / intensity level - Grazing land changed to plantation and cropping

4.3 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Outro/moeda nacional (especifique):

Birr

Indique a taxa cambial do dólar norte americano para a moeda local (se relevante): 1 USD =:

8,5

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	Land preparation	Vegetativo	September, october
2.	Sugar cane planting	Vegetativo	November
3.	Sugar cane cultivation	Vegetativo	January/August
4.	Casava planting	Vegetativo	April
5.	Casava cultivation	Vegetativo	June
6.	Maize planting	Vegetativo	January-1st plough, April 2nd plough
7.	Maize cultivation	Vegetativo	June
8.	Sweet potato planting	Vegetativo	September
9.	Sweet potato cultivation	Vegetativo	October
10.	Fruite trees	Vegetativo	June
11.	Digging foundation	Estrutural	November-February
12.	Forming embankment	Estrutural	November-February
13.	Side wall shaping	Estrutural	November-February
14.	Planting trees and shrubs	Estrutural	March-1st planting & June 2nd planting
15.	Excluding animals by fencing and guarding	Gestão	all year
16.	Construct cutoff drain	Gestão	dry season
17.	Establish buffer zone between Area enclosure and crop land by strip of plantation	Gestão	June/July
18.	Construct earth checks and trenches in the gully	Gestão	dry season

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Labour	ha	1,0	282,3	282,3	100,0
Equipamento	Tools	ha	1,0	270,6	270,6	100,0
Material vegetal	Seedlings	ha	1,0	117,6	117,6	100,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					670,5

Comentários:

Duration of establishment phase: 24 month(s)

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Land preparation	Agronômico	september, october / 2 times
2.	Sweet potato planting	Agronômico	September / each cropping season
3.	Sweet potato cultivation	Agronômico	October / each cropping season
4.	Maize planting	Agronômico	January/April / each cropping season
5.	Maize cultivation	Agronômico	June / each cropping season
6.	Teff sawing	Agronômico
7.	Teff weeding	Agronômico
8.	Prunning	Vegetativo	october /once
9.	Mulching	Vegetativo	october /once
10.	Thining	Vegetativo	october /once
11.	Fencing	Vegetativo	any time /once
12.	Weeding	Estrutural	June/each cropping season
13.	Cultivation	Estrutural	March/each cropping season
14.	Replanting	Estrutural	June/each cropping season
15.	Repair in breaks	Estrutural	November-February/each cropping season
16.	Fence	Estrutural	each cropping season
17.	Repair breaks on cutoff drain and earth checks	Gestão	dry season / 2 years
18.	Prunning, weeding and cultivation	Gestão	end of rains / each cropping season

4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

Comentários:

Machinery/ tools: spade, hoe

Length and width of structure

4.8 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

Factors affecting costs in this technology are the depth and width of gully, steepness of slope, planting and replanting of vegetative materials.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a topografia:

Slopes on average: Moderate (ranked 1, about 70%), gentle and rolling (both ranked 2) and flat (ranked 3)

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Soil depth on average: Deep (Soils are very deep (75%))
Soil texture: Medium (fertile loam soils)
Soil fertility is medium (ranked 1) and high (ranked 2)
Topsoil organic matter: Medium (ranked 1, in the crop lands), low (ranked 2, degraded areas) and high (ranked 3, around the homestead)
Soil water storage capacity: Medium (ranked 1, on crop land) and high (ranked 2, on flat plateau land)

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Population density: > 500 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 2% - 3%
5% of the land users are rich.
10% of the land users are average wealthy.
45% of the land users are poor.
40% of the land users are poor.
Off-farm income specification: Farmers who have SWC measures on their land produce more and hence have better financial income, which could allow them get involved in petty trade and other activities.
Level of mechanization: Animal traction (ranked 1, crop lands) and manual work ( ranked 2, homstead and gully lands)
Market orientation of cropland production system: subsistence (self-supply, maize) and mixed (subsistence/ commercial, sweet potato, teff, coffee)

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Solo

Outros impactos ecológicos

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

Comentários:

50 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support