1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Bureau of Soils and Water Management (Bureau of Soils and Water Management) - Filipinas

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) - Quênia

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

26/06/1999

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

1.4 Declaração de sustentabilidade da tecnologia descrita

A tecnologia descrita aqui é problemática em relação a degradação da terra de forma que não pode ser declarada uma tecnologia de gestão sustentável de terra?

Não

1.5 Referência ao(s) questionário(s) sobre as abordagens da GST

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Within individual cropland plots, strips of land are marked out on the contour and left unploughed in order to form permanent, cross-slope barriers of naturally established grasses and herbs.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

Natural vegetative strips (NVS) are narrow live barriers comprising naturally occurring grasses and herbs. Contour lines are laid out with an A-frame or through the ‘cow's back method’ (a cow is used to walk across the slope: it tends to follow the contour and this is confirmed when its back is seen to be level). The contours are then pegged to serve as an initial guide to ploughing. The 0.3-0.5 m wide strips are left unploughed to allow vegetation to establish. Runoff flowing down the slope during intense rain is slowed, and infiltrates when it reaches the vegetative strips. Eroded soil collects on and above the strips and natural terraces form over time. This levelling is assisted by ploughing along the contour between the NVS - through ‘tillage erosion’ - which also moves soil downslope.
The vegetation on the established NVS needs to be cut back to a height of 5-10 cm: once before planting a crop, and once or twice during the cropping period. The cut material can be incorporated during land preparation, applied to the cropping area as mulch, or used as fodder. This depends on whether the farmer has livestock or not, on personal preference, and on the time of cutting. If the grass is applied as mulch or incorporated, the technology can be considered to be an agronomic, as well as a vegetative, measure.
NVS constitutes a low-cost technique because no planting material is required and only minimal labour is necessary for establishment and maintenance. Some farmers had already practiced the technology for several years before the intervention of the ICRAF (The World Agroforestry Centre) in 1993. ICRAF came to realise that farmers here preferred NVS to the recommended ‘contour barrier hedgerows’ of multipurpose trees- which land users viewed as being too labour intensive. When farmers became organised into ‘Landcare’ groups, NVS began to gain wide acceptance.
Land users appreciate the technique because it effectively controls soil erosion and prevents loss (through surface runoff) of fertilizers applied to the crop. As an option, some farmers plant fruit and timber trees, bananas or pineapples on or above the NVS. This may be during establishment of the contour lines, or later. The trees and other cash perennials provide an additional source of income, at the cost of some shading of the adjacent annual crops.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Indique o ano de implementação:

1993

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• menos de 10 anos atrás (recentemente)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• através de projetos/intervenções externas

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

It evolved in the area with some adaptations.

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Loss of topsoil through sheet erosion and rills, leading to rapid soil fertility decline. In turn soil fertility decline results in the need for increasing levels of fertilizer inputs to maintain crop yield. However, these fertilizers are often washed away by surface runoff - a vicious circle.
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Soil productivity decline; need more inputs to maintain crop yield.

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Precipitação natural

Número de estações de cultivo por ano:

• 2

Especifique:

Longest growing period: 240 days (Mar - Dec)

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Medidas de curva de nível

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Especifique a difusão da tecnologia:

• Uniformemente difundida numa área

Caso a tecnologia seja uniformemente difundida numa área, indique a área coberta aproximada:

• 100-1.000 km2

Comentários:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 110 m2. The technology has been practiced by a few farmers for the past several years. With the entry of the International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) in 1993; farmers became organized and the technology gained wide adherence.

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Type of agronomic measures: mixed cropping / intercropping, mulching, legume inter-planting, manure / compost / residues, contour tillage
Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (caused massive erosion and loss of productivity), Lack of enforcement of legislat./authority (no clear cut policy and support from LGU). Secondary causes of degradation: overgrazing (over population of livestock, low land ratio), education, access to knowledge and support services (farmers are not fully aware of simple SWC approach), Agricultural causes (unsustainable practice in farming)

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Reduzir a degradação do solo

Comentários:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

A - Spacing of natural vegetative strips depends on the slope.
B - The insert shows the evolution of terraces over time through tillage and soil erosion, leading to accumulation of sediment behind the strips (steps 1-3).

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate. Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate.

Main technical functions: reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length, control of dispersed runoff. Secondary technical functions: improvement of ground cover, increase of infiltration, increase in soil fertility

Agronomic measures:
Mixed cropping / intercropping - Material/ species: annuals/perennials; Remarks: laid out alternately.
Mulching - Material/ species: crop residues; spread on the surface
Legume inter-planting - purpose: for nitrogen fixation
Manure / compost / residues - Material/ species: animal, crop residues
Contour tillage - Material/ species: Contour strips are laid into 6-10 meters apart depending on slope gradient.

Vegetative measures:
Aligned, along contour
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, F : fruit trees / shrubs, C : perennial crops, G : grass, O : other
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 5
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 8
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5

Narrow grass barriers
Vegetative material: grass
Number of plants per (ha): dense grass
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5-0.7

Trees/ shrubs species: Acacia mangium, Eucalyptus deglupta, Gmelina arbarea
Fruit trees / shrubs species: Mango, Durian, Rambutan, Jackfruit
Perennial crops species: Coffee, rubber, pineappe
Grass species: Bamboo, setara, napier, Panicum spp.
Other species: Legumes

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 30%
If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 2%
Gradient along the rows / strips: 20%

4.3 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Especifique como custos e entradas foram calculados:

• por área de tecnologia

Especifique a moeda utilizada para os cálculos de custo:

• Dólares norte-americanos

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	Layout of contours with the use of an A-frame (or cow’s back method, see Annexe T3)) placing wooden pegs along the contours.	Vegetativo	dry season/before land preparation
2.	Seeding (T, F, C)	Vegetativo	dry season
3.	Transplanting	Vegetativo	onset of rainy season
4.	Land preparation	Vegetativo	dry season/before planting

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	labour		1,0	15,0	15,0	100,0
Equipamento	animal traction		1,0	40,0	40,0	100,0
Equipamento	tools		1,0	25,0	25,0	100,0
Equipamento	stakes (pegs)		1,0	4,0	4,0	100,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					84,0

Comentários:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Initial ploughing along the contour: leaving unploughed strips.	Agronômico	onset of rainy season / before each season
2.	Planting	Agronômico	onset of rainy season / each cropping season
3.	Mulching	Agronômico	dry season / only whensufficient crop residues
4.	Fertilization	Agronômico	early vegetative stage / each cropping season
5.	Interim cultivation/weeding	Agronômico	vegetative stage / each cropping season
6.	Ploughing mulch into the soil during normal land cultivation.	Agronômico
7.	Weeding (T, F, C), Slashing grass	Vegetativo	rainy season /2 times
8.	Spreading the cut materials evenly in the alleys (between strips) as	Vegetativo	rainy season /2 times (weeded materials)
9.	Pruning	Vegetativo	before and during cropping /2 times per cropping

4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	labour		1,0	36,0	36,0	100,0
Equipamento	animal traction		1,0	40,0	40,0	100,0
Equipamento	tools		1,0	2,0	2,0	100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					78,0

Comentários:

Machinery/ tools: plough, harrow

Costs of establishing contours and maintenance by slashing are calculated by total length of NVS. This example is from a typical field with an 18% slope: at an NVS spacing of 5 m, the approximate total linear distance for one hectare is 2,000 m. In this example, the farmer has paid for everything him/herself (see section on acceptance/adoption). Note that the establishment cost is more or less equivalent to the cost of standard land preparation by ploughing. When 'enrichment planting’ of the strips is carried out, extra cost for seedlings (of fruit trees for example) and associated labour for planting are incurred.

4.8 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

Slope is the dominant factor in cost calculation. The steeper the slope, the more difficult the mobility is and the more closely-spaced the contours are .

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Soils are developed from fine-grained igeneous rocks. Soil fertility: strongly acid and with high P fixing capacity. Rapid organic matter mineralisation due to high temperature. Soil drainage is generally good except in isolated depressions.

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2; Annual population growth: > 4%

and own 20% of the land (5).
and own 40% of the land (30).
and own 30% of the land (65).

Off-farm income specification: Carpentry, trade, business, labour for neighbouring farms and other labour intensive agricultural activities (e.g. vegetable production)
Market orientation of production system: Upland rice is grown as subsistence. Maize is sold to feed millers.
Level of mechanization: The terrain limits the extensive use of machineries.

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Indivíduo, não intitulado
• Indivíduo, intitulado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Arrendado
• Indivíduo

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Renda e custos

Outros impactos socioeconômicos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

Biodiversidade: vegetação, animais

Clima e redução de riscos de desastre

Outros impactos ecológicos

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

Entre todos aqueles que adotaram a tecnologia, quantos adotaram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo material/pagamentos?

• 50-90%

Comentários:

50% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support (2000 families)
50% of land user families have adopted the Technology spontaneously (without external material support) (2000 families)

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology. Factor that helped was the formation of Landcare associations which have benefited their members in various ways. There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption, especially where Landcare associations are in operation.

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
Easy to establish and maintain
Improve soil fertility
Prevent soil erosion

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
Easy to establish and maintain (How to sustain: Transform farmers associations into cooperative which serve as conduits in marketing. Intensify information and education campaign.)
Less competition for space, sunlight, moisture and nutrient. (How to sustain: Ensure continued regular trimming of vegetative strips and use of these as fodder or mulch.)
Low labor and external inputs requirement
Effective in reducing soil erosion (by 90%) (How to sustain: Adopt other supportive technologies like mulching, zero tillage/minimum tillage, etc.)

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
High initial establishment cost	Subsidy/assistance from government
Effect of technology is not readily seen	Education about what long term sustainability means
High gestation period for some component of the system	Proper mix of annual and perennial crops

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
Effect on yield and income is not readily felt, since reduced erosion is not easily translated into increased income or yield	Farmers should have supplementary sources of income (eg livestock). Education about what long-term sustainability means.
Reduction of productive area by approx 10%	Optimum fertilization to offset production loss. Nutrients are conserved under NVS and this will result in the reduction of fertilizer requirement after some years.
Creation of a fertility gradient within the alley (soil is lost from the top of the alley and accumulates above the NVS where fertility then concentrates)	Increased application of fertilizer on the upper part of alley.
Overall increase of production value is low	Land users could ask for subsidy/assistance from Government: eg for fertilizers, establishment of nurseries, free seedlings (for higher value fruit trees).

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Managing soil fertility on terraces forming behind vegetative filter strips: An assessment of farmer strategies

Disponível de onde? Custos?

ICRAF, P.O. Box 161, Bogor, INDONESIA

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Crop productivity using forage legumes and grasses as contour hedgerows species in an acid upland soils

Disponível de onde? Custos?

ICRAF, P.O. Box 161, Bogor, INDONESIA

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Garrity DP, Stark M and Mercado Jr A: Natural Vegetative Strips: a bioengineering innovation to help transform smallholderconservation. pp 263–270. 2004.

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

in Barker DH, Watson AJ, Sombatpanit S, Northcutt B and Maglinao AR Ground and Water Bioengineering for ErosionControl and Slope Stabilisation.

Disponível de onde? Custos?

Science Publishers inc. Enfield, USA

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Stark M, Itumay J and Nulla S Assessment of Natural VegetativeContour Strips for Soil Conservation on Shallow Calcareous Soil in the Central Philippines.. 2003.

Disponível de onde? Custos?

World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya