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技术
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Natural Vegetative Strips (NVS) [菲律宾]

technologies_1133 - 菲律宾

完整性: 80%

1. 一般信息

1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

关键资源人

SLM专业人员:

MERCADO Agustin

a.mercado@cgiar.org / agustin9146@yahoo.com

International Center for Research in Agroforestry ICRAF

ICRAF, P.O. Box 161, Bogor

印度尼西亚

SLM专业人员:

Rondal José

joserondal@yahoo.com

Bureau of Soils and Water Management

Bureau of Soils and Water Management SRDC Bldg. Visayas Avenue corner Elliptical Road, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Metro Manila

菲律宾

SLM专业人员:

Garrity Dennis

International Center for Research in Agroforestry ICRAF

ICRAF, P.O. Box 161, Bogor

印度尼西亚

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称(如相关)
Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
Bureau of Soils and Water Management (Bureau of Soils and Water Management) - 菲律宾
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) - 肯尼亚

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

(现场)数据是什么时候汇编的?:

26/06/1999

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题,导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术?:

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2. SLM技术的说明

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Within individual cropland plots, strips of land are marked out on the contour and left unploughed in order to form permanent, cross-slope barriers of naturally established grasses and herbs.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Natural vegetative strips (NVS) are narrow live barriers comprising naturally occurring grasses and herbs. Contour lines are laid out with an A-frame or through the ‘cow's back method’ (a cow is used to walk across the slope: it tends to follow the contour and this is confirmed when its back is seen to be level). The contours are then pegged to serve as an initial guide to ploughing. The 0.3-0.5 m wide strips are left unploughed to allow vegetation to establish. Runoff flowing down the slope during intense rain is slowed, and infiltrates when it reaches the vegetative strips. Eroded soil collects on and above the strips and natural terraces form over time. This levelling is assisted by ploughing along the contour between the NVS - through ‘tillage erosion’ - which also moves soil downslope.
The vegetation on the established NVS needs to be cut back to a height of 5-10 cm: once before planting a crop, and once or twice during the cropping period. The cut material can be incorporated during land preparation, applied to the cropping area as mulch, or used as fodder. This depends on whether the farmer has livestock or not, on personal preference, and on the time of cutting. If the grass is applied as mulch or incorporated, the technology can be considered to be an agronomic, as well as a vegetative, measure.
NVS constitutes a low-cost technique because no planting material is required and only minimal labour is necessary for establishment and maintenance. Some farmers had already practiced the technology for several years before the intervention of the ICRAF (The World Agroforestry Centre) in 1993. ICRAF came to realise that farmers here preferred NVS to the recommended ‘contour barrier hedgerows’ of multipurpose trees- which land users viewed as being too labour intensive. When farmers became organised into ‘Landcare’ groups, NVS began to gain wide acceptance.
Land users appreciate the technique because it effectively controls soil erosion and prevents loss (through surface runoff) of fertilizers applied to the crop. As an option, some farmers plant fruit and timber trees, bananas or pineapples on or above the NVS. This may be during establishment of the contour lines, or later. The trees and other cash perennials provide an additional source of income, at the cost of some shading of the adjacent annual crops.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

菲律宾

区域/州/省:

Misamis Oriental

有关地点的进一步说明:

Bukidnon

注释:

The technology has been practiced by a few farmers for the past several years. With the entry of the International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) in 1993; farmers became organized and the technology gained wide adherence.

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

1993

如果不知道确切的年份,请说明大概的日期:
  • 不到10年前(最近)

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:
  • 通过项目/外部干预
注释(项目类型等):

It evolved in the area with some adaptations.

3. SLM技术的分类

3.1 该技术的主要目的

  • 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

农田

农田

  • 一年一作
  • 乔木与灌木的种植
主要农作物(经济作物及粮食作物):

Maize, vegetables; coffee; fruit trees; upland rice

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Loss of topsoil through sheet erosion and rills, leading to rapid soil fertility decline. In turn soil fertility decline results in the need for increasing levels of fertilizer inputs to maintain crop yield. However, these fertilizers are often washed away by surface runoff - a vicious circle.
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Soil productivity decline; need more inputs to maintain crop yield.

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:
  • 雨养
每年的生长季节数:
  • 2
具体说明:

Longest growing period: 240 days (Mar - Dec)

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

  • 横坡措施

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:
  • 均匀地分布在一个区域
如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上,请注明覆盖的大致区域。:
  • 100-1,000 平方千米
注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 110 m2. The technology has been practiced by a few farmers for the past several years. With the entry of the International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) in 1993; farmers became organized and the technology gained wide adherence.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

农艺措施

农艺措施

  • A1:植被和土壤覆盖层
  • A2:有机质/土壤肥力
  • A3:土壤表面处理
植物措施

植物措施

  • V2:草和多年生草本植物
注释:

Type of agronomic measures: mixed cropping / intercropping, mulching, legume inter-planting, manure / compost / residues, contour tillage
Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

土壤水蚀

土壤水蚀

  • Wt:表土流失/地表侵蚀
  • Wg:冲沟侵蚀/沟蚀
化学性土壤退化

化学性土壤退化

  • Cn:肥力下降和有机质含量下降(非侵蚀所致)
注释:

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (caused massive erosion and loss of productivity), Lack of enforcement of legislat./authority (no clear cut policy and support from LGU). Secondary causes of degradation: overgrazing (over population of livestock, low land ratio), education, access to knowledge and support services (farmers are not fully aware of simple SWC approach), Agricultural causes (unsustainable practice in farming)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:
  • 减少土地退化
注释:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4. 技术规范、实施活动、投入和成本

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

作者:

Mats Gurtner

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

A - Spacing of natural vegetative strips depends on the slope.
B - The insert shows the evolution of terraces over time through tillage and soil erosion, leading to accumulation of sediment behind the strips (steps 1-3).

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate. Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate.

Main technical functions: reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length, control of dispersed runoff. Secondary technical functions: improvement of ground cover, increase of infiltration, increase in soil fertility

Agronomic measures:
Mixed cropping / intercropping - Material/ species: annuals/perennials; Remarks: laid out alternately.
Mulching - Material/ species: crop residues; spread on the surface
Legume inter-planting - purpose: for nitrogen fixation
Manure / compost / residues - Material/ species: animal, crop residues
Contour tillage - Material/ species: Contour strips are laid into 6-10 meters apart depending on slope gradient.

Vegetative measures:
Aligned, along contour
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, F : fruit trees / shrubs, C : perennial crops, G : grass, O : other
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 5
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 8
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5

Narrow grass barriers
Vegetative material: grass
Number of plants per (ha): dense grass
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5-0.7

Trees/ shrubs species: Acacia mangium, Eucalyptus deglupta, Gmelina arbarea
Fruit trees / shrubs species: Mango, Durian, Rambutan, Jackfruit
Perennial crops species: Coffee, rubber, pineappe
Grass species: Bamboo, setara, napier, Panicum spp.
Other species: Legumes

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 30%
If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 2%
Gradient along the rows / strips: 20%

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:
  • 每个技术区域
注明尺寸和面积单位:

1 ha

具体说明成本计算所用货币:
  • 美元

4.4 技术建立活动

活动 措施类型 时间
1. Layout of contours with the use of an A-frame (or cow’s back method, see Annexe T3)) placing wooden pegs along the contours. 植物性的 dry season/before land preparation
2. Seeding (T, F, C) 植物性的 dry season
3. Transplanting 植物性的 onset of rainy season
4. Land preparation 植物性的 dry season/before planting

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 labour 1.0 15.0 15.0 100.0
设备 animal traction 1.0 40.0 40.0 100.0
设备 tools 1.0 25.0 25.0 100.0
设备 stakes (pegs) 1.0 4.0 4.0 100.0
技术建立所需总成本 84.0
注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

活动 措施类型 时间/频率
1. Initial ploughing along the contour: leaving unploughed strips. 农业学的 onset of rainy season / before each season
2. Planting 农业学的 onset of rainy season / each cropping season
3. Mulching 农业学的 dry season / only whensufficient crop residues
4. Fertilization 农业学的 early vegetative stage / each cropping season
5. Interim cultivation/weeding 农业学的 vegetative stage / each cropping season
6. Ploughing mulch into the soil during normal land cultivation. 农业学的
7. Weeding (T, F, C), Slashing grass 植物性的 rainy season /2 times
8. Spreading the cut materials evenly in the alleys (between strips) as 植物性的 rainy season /2 times (weeded materials)
9. Pruning 植物性的 before and during cropping /2 times per cropping

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入(每年)

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 labour 1.0 36.0 36.0 100.0
设备 animal traction 1.0 40.0 40.0 100.0
设备 tools 1.0 2.0 2.0 100.0
技术维护所需总成本 78.0
注释:

Machinery/ tools: plough, harrow

Costs of establishing contours and maintenance by slashing are calculated by total length of NVS. This example is from a typical field with an 18% slope: at an NVS spacing of 5 m, the approximate total linear distance for one hectare is 2,000 m. In this example, the farmer has paid for everything him/herself (see section on acceptance/adoption). Note that the establishment cost is more or less equivalent to the cost of standard land preparation by ploughing. When 'enrichment planting’ of the strips is carried out, extra cost for seedlings (of fruit trees for example) and associated labour for planting are incurred.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Slope is the dominant factor in cost calculation. The steeper the slope, the more difficult the mobility is and the more closely-spaced the contours are .

5. 自然和人文环境

5.1 气候

年降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
有关降雨的规范/注释:

Rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year.

农业气候带
  • 潮湿的
  • 半湿润

Thermal climate class: tropics

5.2 地形

平均坡度:
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形:
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
垂直分布带:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.

5.3 土壤

平均土层深度:
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土):
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
表土有机质:
  • 中(1-3%)
  • 低(<1%)
如有可能,附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息,例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soils are developed from fine-grained igeneous rocks. Soil fertility: strongly acid and with high P fixing capacity. Rapid organic matter mineralisation due to high temperature. Soil drainage is generally good except in isolated depressions.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

生产系统的市场定位:
  • 生计(自给)
  • 混合(生计/商业
非农收入:
  • 收入的10-50%
相对财富水平:
  • 平均水平
  • 丰富
机械化水平:
  • 畜力牵引
  • 机械化/电动
说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2; Annual population growth: > 4%

and own 20% of the land (5).
and own 40% of the land (30).
and own 30% of the land (65).

Off-farm income specification: Carpentry, trade, business, labour for neighbouring farms and other labour intensive agricultural activities (e.g. vegetable production)
Market orientation of production system: Upland rice is grown as subsistence. Maize is sold to feed millers.
Level of mechanization: The terrain limits the extensive use of machineries.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
注释:

Subdivision of inheritance lands. High population growth rate attributed to natural birth and envigoration of lowland population create pressure to farm site.

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:
  • 个人,未命名
  • 个人,有命名
土地使用权:
  • 租赁
  • 个人

6. 影响和结论性说明

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

作物生产

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

area competition

饲料生产

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

biomass as fertilizer (or biomass as mulch)

饲料质量

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

biomass as fertilizer (or biomass as mulch)

生产区域

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

crop area loss, before NVS evolved to cash perennials or fodder grasses

土地管理

妨碍
简化
收入和成本

农业投入费用

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

during establishment

农业收入

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

biomass was given value

经济差异

增加
降低

工作量

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

regular pruning

其它社会经济效应

very low inputs required

decreased
increased

社会文化影响

社区机构

削弱
加强

国家机构

削弱
加强
注释/具体说明:

government line agencies and educational institutions

冲突缓解

恶化
改良
注释/具体说明:

negligible socio-cultural conflicts

生态影响

水循环/径流

地表径流

增加
降低
SLM之前的数量:

45

SLM之后的数量:

8

多余水的排放

减少
改良
注释/具体说明:

partly increased water-logging (negligible)

土壤

土壤水分

降低
增加

土壤覆盖层

减少
改良

土壤流失

增加
降低
SLM之前的数量:

40

SLM之后的数量:

2

注释/具体说明:

important for sustainability

生物多样性:植被、动物

植物多样性

降低
增加

害虫/疾病控制

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

pest sanctuary

减少气候和灾害风险

风速

增加
降低
其它生态影响

soil structure

reduced
improved

soil fertility

decreased
increased

weed infestation due to seed dispersion and grass roots

increased
decreased
注释/具体说明:

spreading from the NVS to nearby areas (especially with cogon grass: Imperata cylindrica)

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

旱季稳定可靠的水流

减少
增加

下游洪水

增加
减少
注释/具体说明:

no actual measurement

下游淤积

增加
降低

地下水/河流污染

增加
减少

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

积极

长期回报:

非常积极

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

积极

长期回报:

非常积极

6.5 技术采用

在所有采用这项技术的人当中,有多少人是自发地采用该技术,即未获得任何物质奖励/付款?:
  • 50-90%
注释:

50% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support (2000 families)
50% of land user families have adopted the Technology spontaneously (without external material support) (2000 families)

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology. Factor that helped was the formation of Landcare associations which have benefited their members in various ways. There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption, especially where Landcare associations are in operation.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Easy to establish and maintain
Improve soil fertility
Prevent soil erosion
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Easy to establish and maintain (How to sustain: Transform farmers associations into cooperative which serve as conduits in marketing. Intensify information and education campaign.)
Less competition for space, sunlight, moisture and nutrient. (How to sustain: Ensure continued regular trimming of vegetative strips and use of these as fodder or mulch.)
Low labor and external inputs requirement
Effective in reducing soil erosion (by 90%) (How to sustain: Adopt other supportive technologies like mulching, zero tillage/minimum tillage, etc.)

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
High initial establishment cost Subsidy/assistance from government
Effect of technology is not readily seen Education about what long term sustainability means
High gestation period for some component of the system Proper mix of annual and perennial crops
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
Effect on yield and income is not readily felt, since reduced erosion is not
easily translated into increased income or yield
Farmers should have supplementary sources of income (eg livestock). Education about what
long-term sustainability means.
Reduction of productive area by approx 10% Optimum fertilization
to offset production loss. Nutrients are conserved under NVS and this will
result in the reduction of fertilizer requirement after some years.
Creation of a fertility gradient within the alley (soil is lost from the top
of the alley and accumulates above the NVS where fertility then concentrates)
Increased application of fertilizer on the upper part of alley.
Overall increase of production value is low Land users could ask for subsidy/assistance from Government: eg for fertilizers, establishment of nurseries, free seedlings (for higher value fruit trees).

7. 参考和链接

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Managing soil fertility on terraces forming behind vegetative filter strips: An assessment of farmer strategies

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

ICRAF, P.O. Box 161, Bogor, INDONESIA

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Crop productivity using forage legumes and grasses as contour hedgerows species in an acid upland soils

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

ICRAF, P.O. Box 161, Bogor, INDONESIA

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Garrity DP, Stark M and Mercado Jr A: Natural Vegetative Strips: a bioengineering innovation to help transform smallholderconservation. pp 263–270. 2004.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

in Barker DH, Watson AJ, Sombatpanit S, Northcutt B and Maglinao AR Ground and Water Bioengineering for ErosionControl and Slope Stabilisation.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Science Publishers inc. Enfield, USA

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Stark M, Itumay J and Nulla S Assessment of Natural VegetativeContour Strips for Soil Conservation on Shallow Calcareous Soil in the Central Philippines.. 2003.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya

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