1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

10/07/2018

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

1.4 Declaração de sustentabilidade da tecnologia descrita

A tecnologia descrita aqui é problemática em relação a degradação da terra de forma que não pode ser declarada uma tecnologia de gestão sustentável de terra?

Não

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Establishment of blueberries cultivation in plant pots on soils with bad physical or chemical properties. The technology improves productivity and generates income for the farmers. The implementation requires drip irrigation system.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

The cultivation of blueberries in plant pots has been successfully implemented in the area of Živinice municipality - on soils of poor composition, physical properties and low fertility. Many efforts have been made to introduce a conventional production of blueberries but did not bring the expected results due to the bad soil quality.
The soil (Stagnogley) is poorly permeable to water, so even moderate rainfalls cause water remain on the surface, making it difficult or completely impossible to cultivate the land. In addition, soils of high acidity are required for the successful cultivation of blueberries. Planting blueberries in a conventional way is often carried out on soils where the acidity is increased by various additives (often with wood sawdust or similar wooden materials). Practical experience has showed that in the course of time the acidic properties of the soil in the zone of the development of the blueberry root change, i.e. soil/substrate acidity decreases due to resorption processes on the primary soil. Todays' market offers multi-component substrates for the cultivation of blueberries, which, in addition to their adequate acidity, have other properties necessary for a good development of the blueberry's root system. These substrates were also used in some localities of the municipality of Živinice in conventional or modified conventional planting of blueberries (on embankments using soil and commercial substrates). This technique did not yield satisfactory results, probably because of the loss of substrate properties (decrease of soil acidity) due to resorption to the nearby original soil. The substrate keeps its desirable properties much longer if it is put into the planting where blueberries are being planted.
The basic advantage of this technology is its ability to be applied on practically all soils of poor agricultural-productive properties, including heavily degraded and low water permeable soils. Even if the cost for introducing the technology is relatively high, its maintenance is reduced to standard agro-technology (fertigation, plant protection, weed control, harvesting, etc.) due to the type of crop. In the Živinica municipality, technology is currently being applied only in the cultivation of blueberries. The results have shown that the cultivation of blueberries in plant pots provides a yield of about 15 t/ha, which is about 5 t/ha (50%) higher than in the conventional cultivation of the blueberries. The farm on which the technology is described cultivated blueberries of the Duke variety on 8 ha whose fruits are sold at prices between 3.50 and 4.50 USD/kg. The estimated life span of the blueberries grown in plant pots under full yield is 15 years.
Regarding the technical characteristics of the SLM technology, the plant pots with blueberry plantings are placed in rows of low trenches with a distance of 100-120 cm between the plant pots (from center to center); and 250-300 cm between rows. The plant pots (60 to 90 liters) are placed in later formed embankments (trussing with the original soil), thus ensuring the stability of the plant pots (e.g. from wind) and more favorable temperature and humidity conditions of the substrate in the plant pots. The technology implies possession and use of the drip irrigation system, using the water collected in accumulations and distributed from tanks situated on the farm.
The technology offers relatively innovative use of infertile or degraded soils for the intensive and profitable production of blueberries or other crops, primarily berry fruits. Positive experiences from the implementation of the technology on about 8 ha, on the observed farm resulted in the replacement of the earlier conventionally planted and grown blueberries in the wider area of Živinice. By expanding blueberries cultivation in wider areas, the municipality is considered among the leading blueberry producers in the Balkans.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Indique o ano de implementação:

2014

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• atráves de inovação dos usuários da terra

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

The technology was introduced by the endorsement of the Municipality.

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Melhora a produção
• Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo
• Criar impacto econômico benéfico

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

The land, where the described technology is applied, is characterized by bad soil physical properties (heavy soils, poorly permeable to water, even moderate rainfalls do not allow movement of workers and mechanization).

Caso o uso da terra tenha mudado devido a implementação da tecnologia, indique seu uso anterior à implementação da tecnologia:

The land was previously used for the production of grass mixtures for cattle feeding.

3.3 Mais informações sobre o uso da terra

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Irrigação completa

Número de estações de cultivo por ano:

• 1

3.4 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Crop management

3.5 Difusão da tecnologia

Especifique a difusão da tecnologia:

• Uniformemente difundida numa área

Caso a tecnologia seja uniformemente difundida numa área, indique a área coberta aproximada:

• < 0,1 km2 (10 ha)

Comentários:

In the Živinice municipality the technology of blueberry cultivation in plant pots is evenly spread on about 8 ha, with plans to replace most of the conventional blueberry plantations with this type of cultivation. There are also some plans to move blueberry production in plant pots to infertile lands formed on landfills of coal mining which are quite spread in the region.

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

The technology could be applied on practically all kinds of degraded lands if there is a possibility to provide (preferably) drip irrigation.

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Adaptar à degradação do solo

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Especificações técnicas/ explicações do desenho técnico

The proposed distance between containers is 1,0 - 1,2 m and between rows 2,5 - 3,0 m. The containers should be covered with original soil to about 3/4 of their height (stability, better temperature and moisture conditions in the substrate).
Drip irrigation system is an integral part of the technology. On the spot where the technology was described, water for drip irrigation is provided from small artificial basin (around 300 cubic meters; see sketch and photos) connected by pump with tank (3,000 L) raised above ground level, everything constructed inside the farm. The rainfall water is collected and directed to the reservoir by a network of drainage channels constructed on the farm earlier.

4.3 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Especifique como custos e entradas foram calculados:

• por área de tecnologia

Especifique a moeda utilizada para os cálculos de custo:

• Dólares norte-americanos

4.4 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade
1.	Purchasing of plantings	Vegetativo	Any time
2.	Purchase of substrate	Outras medidas	Any time
3.	Ground leveling (if necessary)	Estrutural	Any time
4.	Filling the containers with substrate and planting blueberries in containers	Agronômico	Any time
5.	Formation of rows of containers	Gestão	Any time
6.	Trussing of rows of containers by original soil	Gestão	Any time
7.	Installation of drip irrigation system	Gestão	Any time

Comentários:

Preferably blueberry plantings are 3 or 2 years old, in plant pots (containers) not smaller than 2 liters.

4.5 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Filling the containers with substrate and planting of blueberries	Person day	28,0	29,25	819,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Forming and trussing the rows of containers (embankments)	Person day	30,0	29,25	877,5	100,0
Equipamento	(Mecahnization for ground leveling - optional)	Hour	4,0	70,2	280,8	100,0
Material vegetal	Blueberry plantings in containers (2 or 3 L plant pots)	Piece	2800,0	5,26	14728,0	100,0
Outros	Plastic containers (65 l)	Piece	2800,0	5,47	15316,0	100,0
Outros	Drip irrigation system (including water tank and pump)	ha	1,0	13460,0	13460,0	100,0
Outros	Multi-functional substrate for blueberries	L	182000,0	0,07	12740,0	100,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					58221,3

Comentários:

Ground leveling with use of mechanization is not necessary on plain or relatively plain terrains.
The cost of 2 or 3 years old blueberry planting in small (2 l) container include delivery (on farm) costs.
The costs of plastic plant pots (65 l) and substrate for blueberries include delivery (on farm) costs.
The price of drip irrigation system include delivery (on farm) and installation costs. It includes water reservoir (3,000 l), pump for water transfer from the basin to the reservoir and construction of well for pump in the basin. The costs of the irrigation system does not include construction of the basin for collection of water (it was constructed earlier, by previous land user), but one can calculate the costs of such structure (basin: L - 15 m, W - 5 m, D - 4 m) under local conditions. Current estimate of costs for such construction in Živinice municipality is around 4,000 USD. The total length of drip system pipeline per ha for the presented technology is 6,000 m.
Under the concrete conditions, the land user handles land leased from the municipality. The land rental charges are not included in the costs of establishing or maintaining the technology since they are, in this case, favorable (103 USD/ha/year) and can vary considerably under other conditions.

4.6 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Tipo de medida	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Checking and maintenance of embankments (rows of containers)	Gestão	Once a year
2.	Maintenance of drip irrigation system	Gestão	During the growing season
3.	Maintenance of blueberry orchard	Agronômico	During the growing season

Comentários:

During the exploitation of the technology ordinary agro-technical measures (plant protection, applied in growing of blueberries) are applied and they are not listed here as the technology maintenance activities.

4.7 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Checking and maintenance of embankments (rows of containers)	Person day	10,0	29,25	292,5	100,0
Equipamento	Maintenance of drip irrigation system	ha	1,0	344,08	344,08
Outros	Maintenance of blueberry orchard (lump sum)	ha	1,0	20644,57	20644,57
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					21281,15

Comentários:

The costs of maintenance of the blueberry orchard include all agro-technical measures and works (fertigation, plant protection, weed control, harvest) applied in growing of blueberry (Duke variety) in plant pots. The farm provide water free of charge, from its own drip irrigation system.

4.8 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

The prices of blueberry plantings, containers, and multi functional substrate for blueberries on the market.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Indique se a tecnologia é aplicada especificamente em:

• Não relevante

5.3 Solos

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

A salinidade da água é um problema?

Não

Ocorre inundação da área?

Sim

Regularidade:

Esporadicamente

5.5 Biodiversidade

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.7 Média da área de terra própria ou arrendada por usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Comunitário/rural

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Arrendado

Direitos do uso da água:

• Acesso livre (não organizado)

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Solo

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

	Estação do ano	Tipo de mudança climática/extremo	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temperatura anual		aumento	bem
Temperatura sazonal	verão	aumento	muito bem
Precipitação pluviométrica sazonal	verão	redução/diminuição	muito bem

Comentários:

The technology also copes very well with annual rainfalls which, due to gradual climate change, are characterized with extreme fluctuations (long dry periods, mostly during the growing season, and with intense short time rainfalls, mostly during early spring and late autumn).

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• casos isolados/experimental

Entre todos aqueles que adotaram a tecnologia, quantos adotaram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo material/pagamentos?

• 90-100%

6.6 Adaptação

A tecnologia foi recentemente modificada para adaptar-se as condições variáveis?

Não

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
Much more profitable agricultural production compared to previous use of the land characterized by heavy, less fertile soils unfovorable for most of agricultural crops growing.
Decreased workload compared to conventional cultivation of blueberries.

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
Possibility to organize profitable agricultural production on less fertile, non fertile or degraded lands.
Possibilities to apply the technology at the landfill sites of many coal mines in the region.

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
Relatively high costs of the technology introduction due to high prices of the inputs for blueberry cultivation in plant pots.	Cultivation in plant pots could be applied with other crops whose plantings are cheaper and which does not need specific, multi component, expensive substrate.
Necessity of drip irrigation system.

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
Relatively short period of the exploitation of the technology (an expert estimate: 15 years).	Producing of the goods (fruits in this case) with high market prices.
Due to the high introduction costs the technology could be reasonably applied in growing of highly priced crops.

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação