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Cultivation of blueberries on infertile/degraded soils using plant pots [波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那]

Kontejnerski uzgoj borovnice na neplodnim ili degradiranim tlima

technologies_4126 - 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那

完整性: 86%

1. 一般信息

1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

关键资源人

SLM专业人员:
SLM专业人员:

Čustović Hamid

++387 33 22 57 27 / ++387 61 77 52 11

custovic.hamid@gmail.com / h.custovic@ppf.unsa.ba

Universiyt of Sarajevo, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences

Zmaja od Bosne 8, Kampus UNSA, 71000 Sarajevo

波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那

co-compiler:
Agronomist of the Živinice Municipality:

Butković Mirsad

++387 35 74 33 01

mirsad@opcinazivinice.ba

Municipality of Živinice - Department of Local Economic Development, Finance and Treasury

Alije Izetbegovića 28, 75270 Živinice

波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那

土地使用者:

Đogić Alija

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

(现场)数据是什么时候汇编的?:

10/07/2018

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题,导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术?:

2. SLM技术的说明

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Establishment of blueberries cultivation in plant pots on soils with bad physical or chemical properties. The technology improves productivity and generates income for the farmers. The implementation requires drip irrigation system.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The cultivation of blueberries in plant pots has been successfully implemented in the area of Živinice municipality - on soils of poor composition, physical properties and low fertility. Many efforts have been made to introduce a conventional production of blueberries but did not bring the expected results due to the bad soil quality.
The soil (Stagnogley) is poorly permeable to water, so even moderate rainfalls cause water remain on the surface, making it difficult or completely impossible to cultivate the land. In addition, soils of high acidity are required for the successful cultivation of blueberries. Planting blueberries in a conventional way is often carried out on soils where the acidity is increased by various additives (often with wood sawdust or similar wooden materials). Practical experience has showed that in the course of time the acidic properties of the soil in the zone of the development of the blueberry root change, i.e. soil/substrate acidity decreases due to resorption processes on the primary soil. Todays' market offers multi-component substrates for the cultivation of blueberries, which, in addition to their adequate acidity, have other properties necessary for a good development of the blueberry's root system. These substrates were also used in some localities of the municipality of Živinice in conventional or modified conventional planting of blueberries (on embankments using soil and commercial substrates). This technique did not yield satisfactory results, probably because of the loss of substrate properties (decrease of soil acidity) due to resorption to the nearby original soil. The substrate keeps its desirable properties much longer if it is put into the planting where blueberries are being planted.
The basic advantage of this technology is its ability to be applied on practically all soils of poor agricultural-productive properties, including heavily degraded and low water permeable soils. Even if the cost for introducing the technology is relatively high, its maintenance is reduced to standard agro-technology (fertigation, plant protection, weed control, harvesting, etc.) due to the type of crop. In the Živinica municipality, technology is currently being applied only in the cultivation of blueberries. The results have shown that the cultivation of blueberries in plant pots provides a yield of about 15 t/ha, which is about 5 t/ha (50%) higher than in the conventional cultivation of the blueberries. The farm on which the technology is described cultivated blueberries of the Duke variety on 8 ha whose fruits are sold at prices between 3.50 and 4.50 USD/kg. The estimated life span of the blueberries grown in plant pots under full yield is 15 years.
Regarding the technical characteristics of the SLM technology, the plant pots with blueberry plantings are placed in rows of low trenches with a distance of 100-120 cm between the plant pots (from center to center); and 250-300 cm between rows. The plant pots (60 to 90 liters) are placed in later formed embankments (trussing with the original soil), thus ensuring the stability of the plant pots (e.g. from wind) and more favorable temperature and humidity conditions of the substrate in the plant pots. The technology implies possession and use of the drip irrigation system, using the water collected in accumulations and distributed from tanks situated on the farm.
The technology offers relatively innovative use of infertile or degraded soils for the intensive and profitable production of blueberries or other crops, primarily berry fruits. Positive experiences from the implementation of the technology on about 8 ha, on the observed farm resulted in the replacement of the earlier conventionally planted and grown blueberries in the wider area of Živinice. By expanding blueberries cultivation in wider areas, the municipality is considered among the leading blueberry producers in the Balkans.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那

区域/州/省:

Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Tuzla Canton

有关地点的进一步说明:

Živinice municipality

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2014

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:
  • 通过土地使用者的创新
注释(项目类型等):

The technology was introduced by the endorsement of the Municipality.

3. SLM技术的分类

3.1 该技术的主要目的

  • 改良生产
  • 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
  • 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

农田

农田

  • 乔木与灌木的种植
主要农作物(经济作物及粮食作物):

Blueberry

注释:

The land, where the described technology is applied, is characterized by bad soil physical properties (heavy soils, poorly permeable to water, even moderate rainfalls do not allow movement of workers and mechanization).

如果由于技术的实施而导致土地用途发生变化,则在技术实施前说明土地利的用途。:

The land was previously used for the production of grass mixtures for cattle feeding.

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:
  • 充分灌溉
每年的生长季节数:
  • 1

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

  • Crop management

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:
  • 均匀地分布在一个区域
如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上,请注明覆盖的大致区域。:
  • < 0.1 平方千米(10 公顷)
注释:

In the Živinice municipality the technology of blueberry cultivation in plant pots is evenly spread on about 8 ha, with plans to replace most of the conventional blueberry plantations with this type of cultivation. There are also some plans to move blueberry production in plant pots to infertile lands formed on landfills of coal mining which are quite spread in the region.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

植物措施

植物措施

  • V1:乔木和灌木覆盖层
管理措施

管理措施

  • M2:改变管理/强度级别

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

化学性土壤退化

化学性土壤退化

  • Cn:肥力下降和有机质含量下降(非侵蚀所致)
物理性土壤退化

物理性土壤退化

  • Pc:压实
  • Pk:熟化和结壳
  • Pu:由于其他活动而导致生物生产功能的丧失
其它

其它

注释:

The technology could be applied on practically all kinds of degraded lands if there is a possibility to provide (preferably) drip irrigation.

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:
  • 适应土地退化

4. 技术规范、实施活动、投入和成本

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

作者:

Milenko Blesić

日期:

25/11/2018

作者:

Milenko Blesić

日期:

06/03/2019

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

The proposed distance between containers is 1,0 - 1,2 m and between rows 2,5 - 3,0 m. The containers should be covered with original soil to about 3/4 of their height (stability, better temperature and moisture conditions in the substrate).
Drip irrigation system is an integral part of the technology. On the spot where the technology was described, water for drip irrigation is provided from small artificial basin (around 300 cubic meters; see sketch and photos) connected by pump with tank (3,000 L) raised above ground level, everything constructed inside the farm. The rainfall water is collected and directed to the reservoir by a network of drainage channels constructed on the farm earlier.

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:
  • 每个技术区域
注明尺寸和面积单位:

1 ha

具体说明成本计算所用货币:
  • 美元
注明雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:

29.25 USD

4.4 技术建立活动

活动 措施类型 时间
1. Purchasing of plantings 植物性的 Any time
2. Purchase of substrate 其它措施 Any time
3. Ground leveling (if necessary) 结构性的 Any time
4. Filling the containers with substrate and planting blueberries in containers 农业学的 Any time
5. Formation of rows of containers 管理 Any time
6. Trussing of rows of containers by original soil 管理 Any time
7. Installation of drip irrigation system 管理 Any time
注释:

Preferably blueberry plantings are 3 or 2 years old, in plant pots (containers) not smaller than 2 liters.

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Filling the containers with substrate and planting of blueberries Person day 28.0 29.25 819.0 100.0
劳动力 Forming and trussing the rows of containers (embankments) Person day 30.0 29.25 877.5 100.0
设备 (Mecahnization for ground leveling - optional) Hour 4.0 70.2 280.8 100.0
植物材料 Blueberry plantings in containers (2 or 3 L plant pots) Piece 2800.0 5.26 14728.0 100.0
其它 Plastic containers (65 l) Piece 2800.0 5.47 15316.0 100.0
其它 Drip irrigation system (including water tank and pump) ha 1.0 13460.0 13460.0 100.0
其它 Multi-functional substrate for blueberries L 182000.0 0.07 12740.0 100.0
技术建立所需总成本 58221.3
注释:

Ground leveling with use of mechanization is not necessary on plain or relatively plain terrains.
The cost of 2 or 3 years old blueberry planting in small (2 l) container include delivery (on farm) costs.
The costs of plastic plant pots (65 l) and substrate for blueberries include delivery (on farm) costs.
The price of drip irrigation system include delivery (on farm) and installation costs. It includes water reservoir (3,000 l), pump for water transfer from the basin to the reservoir and construction of well for pump in the basin. The costs of the irrigation system does not include construction of the basin for collection of water (it was constructed earlier, by previous land user), but one can calculate the costs of such structure (basin: L - 15 m, W - 5 m, D - 4 m) under local conditions. Current estimate of costs for such construction in Živinice municipality is around 4,000 USD. The total length of drip system pipeline per ha for the presented technology is 6,000 m.
Under the concrete conditions, the land user handles land leased from the municipality. The land rental charges are not included in the costs of establishing or maintaining the technology since they are, in this case, favorable (103 USD/ha/year) and can vary considerably under other conditions.

4.6 维护/经常性活动

活动 措施类型 时间/频率
1. Checking and maintenance of embankments (rows of containers) 管理 Once a year
2. Maintenance of drip irrigation system 管理 During the growing season
3. Maintenance of blueberry orchard 农业学的 During the growing season
注释:

During the exploitation of the technology ordinary agro-technical measures (plant protection, applied in growing of blueberries) are applied and they are not listed here as the technology maintenance activities.

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入(每年)

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Checking and maintenance of embankments (rows of containers) Person day 10.0 29.25 292.5 100.0
设备 Maintenance of drip irrigation system ha 1.0 344.08 344.08
其它 Maintenance of blueberry orchard (lump sum) ha 1.0 20644.57 20644.57
技术维护所需总成本 21281.15
注释:

The costs of maintenance of the blueberry orchard include all agro-technical measures and works (fertigation, plant protection, weed control, harvest) applied in growing of blueberry (Duke variety) in plant pots. The farm provide water free of charge, from its own drip irrigation system.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The prices of blueberry plantings, containers, and multi functional substrate for blueberries on the market.

5. 自然和人文环境

5.1 气候

年降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
指定年平均降雨量(若已知),单位为mm:

894.00

有关降雨的规范/注释:

The highest precipitations appear during spring and early summer, (June 111 L/m2; February 55 L/m2). Heavy downpours during the summer are one of the climatic features of this area.

注明所考虑的参考气象站名称:

Tuzla

农业气候带
  • 半湿润

5.2 地形

平均坡度:
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形:
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
垂直分布带:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
说明该技术是否专门应用于:
  • 不相关

5.3 土壤

平均土层深度:
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土):
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
土壤质地(地表以下> 20厘米):
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
表土有机质:
  • 中(1-3%)

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

地下水位表:

表面上

地表水的可用性:

中等

水质(未处理):

仅供农业使用(灌溉)

水的盐度有问题吗?:

该区域正在发生洪水吗?:

规律性:

偶然

5.5 生物多样性

物种多样性:
  • 中等
栖息地多样性:
  • 中等

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

定栖或游牧:
  • 定栖的
生产系统的市场定位:
  • 商业/市场
非农收入:
  • 低于全部收入的10%
相对财富水平:
  • 丰富
个人或集体:
  • 员工(公司、政府)
机械化水平:
  • 机械化/电动
性别:
  • 男人
土地使用者的年龄:
  • 中年人

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
这被认为是小规模、中规模还是大规模的(参照当地实际情况)?:
  • 大规模的

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:
  • 社区/村庄
土地使用权:
  • 租赁
用水权:
  • 自由进入(无组织)

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

健康:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
教育:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
技术援助:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
就业(例如非农):
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
市场:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
能源:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
道路和交通:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
饮用水和卫生设施:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
金融服务:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的

6. 影响和结论性说明

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

作物生产

降低
增加

作物质量

降低
增加
水资源可用性和质量

灌溉用水需求

增加
降低
收入和成本

农业投入费用

增加
降低

农业收入

降低
增加

社会文化影响

SLM/土地退化知识

减少
改良

生态影响

土壤

土壤覆盖层

减少
改良

土壤压实

增加
减少

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性(土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害)

渐变气候

渐变气候
季节 气候变化/极端天气的类型 该技术是如何应对的?
年温度 增加
季节性温度 夏季 增加 非常好
季雨量 夏季 减少 非常好
注释:

The technology also copes very well with annual rainfalls which, due to gradual climate change, are characterized with extreme fluctuations (long dry periods, mostly during the growing season, and with intense short time rainfalls, mostly during early spring and late autumn).

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

消极

长期回报:

非常积极

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

积极

长期回报:

非常积极

6.5 技术采用

  • 单例/实验
在所有采用这项技术的人当中,有多少人是自发地采用该技术,即未获得任何物质奖励/付款?:
  • 90-100%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件?:

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Much more profitable agricultural production compared to previous use of the land characterized by heavy, less fertile soils unfovorable for most of agricultural crops growing.
Decreased workload compared to conventional cultivation of blueberries.
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Possibility to organize profitable agricultural production on less fertile, non fertile or degraded lands.
Possibilities to apply the technology at the landfill sites of many coal mines in the region.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
Relatively high costs of the technology introduction due to high prices of the inputs for blueberry cultivation in plant pots. Cultivation in plant pots could be applied with other crops whose plantings are cheaper and which does not need specific, multi component, expensive substrate.
Necessity of drip irrigation system.
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
Relatively short period of the exploitation of the technology (an expert estimate: 15 years). Producing of the goods (fruits in this case) with high market prices.
Due to the high introduction costs the technology could be reasonably applied in growing of highly priced crops.

7. 参考和链接

7.1 信息的方法/来源

  • 实地考察、实地调查

In total, three field visits and surveys were conducted from May to October 2018 during which blueberry production plots (fully conventional, modified conventional - embankments, and plant pot growing) were examined.

  • 与土地使用者的访谈

The most valuable information regarding the technology were provided by agronomist/technician Mr. Alija Đogić who manage blueberry growing plots on the spot where the technology was described.

  • 与SLM专业人员/专家的访谈

Valuable information, especially about the possibility of spreading the technology to the degraded lands in the area of coal mining, were provided by the engineer Mr. Mirsad Butković from the Živinice municipality administration.

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