1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - Suíça

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Soil Science Institute (Soil Science Institute) - Tajiquistão

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

1.5 Referência ao(s) questionário(s) sobre abordagens GST (documentado(s) usando WOCAT)

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

An agroforestry system where legumes and cereals are planted in fruit orchards, giving simultaneous production and conservation benefits.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

In the Faizabad region, Tajikistan, an area which is characterised by hilly topography, and deep but highly erodible loess soils, farmers traditionally cultivate beans and wheat in combination with fruit trees. This was a rather unsystematic agroforestry system, and during Soviet times (in the 1980s) fruit production was intensified. Pure-stand orchards were established: the land was levelled and on slopes exceeding 20%, terraces were constructed mechanically. The density of trees was increased, and the little space remaining between was used for hay production. Annual cropping was stopped.

Purpose of the Technology: After the Soviet era, farmers reduced the number of trees, allowing room for inter-cropping. They also established new orchards according to this same pattern. Those who farm rented land merely inter crop wheat, whereas the few farmers who own their land, rotate crops with two years of wheat, followed by one of legumes (beans or lucern). Crops are grown both for home consumption and sale.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The density of apples was reduced by expanding the spacing from approx 5 m to 10 m between rows, and from 2 m to 4 m within rows. Along each row of trees a 2-3 m strip of grass was left to grow. The layout of fruit trees in lines is a compromise between being along the contour, and against the prevailing wind. After harvesting of the fruit, between August and October, farmers sow their annual crops.

Natural / human environment: This agroforestry system provides protection against strong winds, heavy rains and flooding. Soil erosion (by water) has been reduced due to improved soil cover by the inter cropping, and through leaf litter, which is left to decompose on the ground. Furthermore, after harvesting, about three quarters of the crop residues are left on the field as mulch. The remainder is used as fodder. Soil organic matter within the current agroforestry system is considerably higher than in the surrounding grazing areas. Soil fertility has improved also: beans can fix 60-80 kg/ha/year of nitrogen. Compared with other crops, wheat provides the best erosion protection. Since the lateral rooting system of the apple trees reaches only 1-1.5 m from the trunk, competition for nutrients is not a major problem. Neither is there a problem with shade, since during the crop establishment period the trees have lose their leaves. In order to increase production, farmers plan to apply supplementary irrigation where possible.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• 10-50 anos atrás

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• atráves de inovação dos usuários da terra

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Uso do solo misturado dentro da mesma unidade de terra:

Sim

Especificar o uso misto da terra (culturas/ pastoreio/ árvores):

• Agrofloresta

Comentários:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Most of the rains fall in late autumn and early spring, and the rains coincide with very strong winds. The topsoil is therefore exposed to erosion during this period if left uncovered, and without a windbreak. A particular problem during the soviet period was that the intensive orchard system meant annual food crops were left out of the production system: soil cover was reduced and there was less food.

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: two years of wheat followed by one of legumes (beans or lucerne)

3.4 Abastecimento de água

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Precipitação natural

3.5 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Agrofloresta
• Quebra-vento/cerca de árvores
• Solo/cobertura vegetal melhorada

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Main measures: agronomic measures, vegetative measures, structural measures

Type of agronomic measures: mulching, rotations / fallows

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -against wind

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Et: loss of topsoil, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

Main causes of degradation: other human induced causes (specify) (The suplementary irrigation system could not be maintained after state farms stopped recieving government support. Thus, it became more interesting to increase crop production through intercropping.)

Secondary causes of degradation: governance / institutional (With the transformation of the planned economy to a market economy, for the state farm areas new forms of management had to be found.)

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Prevenir degradação do solo

Comentários:

Main goals: prevention of land degradation

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Especifique a moeda utilizada para os cálculos de custo:

• USD

4.3 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Periodicidade (estação do ano)
1.	Planting of fruit orchard
2.	Thinning: doubling the spacing between trees (by farmers, after Soviet period)
3.	Hand planting of fruit tree seedlings
4.	planting fruit trees
5.	1. Levelling of steep land into terraces with graders
6.	Planting of fruit orchards

4.4 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Planting of fruit orchard	ha	1,0	60,0	60,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Thinning and hand lanting	ha	2,0	10,0	20,0	100,0
Equipamento	machine use	ha	1,0	120,0	120,0	100,0
Equipamento	tools		1,0	10,0	10,0	100,0
Material vegetal	seedlings	ha	1,0	250,0	250,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	fertilizer	ha	1,0	50,0	50,0	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	biocides	ha	1,0	30,0	30,0	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	pesticides	ha	1,0	30,0	30,0	100,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					570,0
Custos totais para o estabelecimento da Tecnologia em USD					570,0

4.5 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Applying organic manure for crops and trees	(November to March)
2.	Ploughing to depth of 25–30 cm for annual crops	(November to March)
3.	Disc ploughing and harrowing .	(March)
4.	Chemical fertiliser application to crops	(once during season).
5.	Pest management with chemicals	(two-three times where possible/affordable)
6.	harvesting: wheat is the only crop, which can be harverted if tractor and petrol is available
7.	mulching trees (humus cover)
8.	cutting trees

4.6 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	applying organic manure for crops and trees	ha	1,0	45,0	45,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	ploughing	ha	2,0	10,0	20,0	100,0
Equipamento	labour animal traction	ha	1,0	10,0	10,0	100,0
Equipamento	labour harvesting	ha	1,0			100,0
Equipamento	labour mulching and cutting	ha	1,0	50,0	50,0	100,0
Material vegetal	seeds	ha	1,0	30,0	30,0	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	fertilizer	ha	1,0	50,0	50,0	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	biocides	ha	1,0	5,0	5,0	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	compost manure	ha	1,0	10,0	10,0	100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					220,0
Custos totais de manutenção da Tecnologia em USD					220,0

Comentários:

Cost calculation refers to farmers who established new agroforestry plots (without receiving any incentives). These are farmers who have rented land from state farms. However, conversion of Soviet orchards is more common than the establishment of new agroforestry plots (information on costs not available).

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Indique se a tecnologia é aplicada especificamente em:

• Não relevante

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a topografia:

Landforms also mountain slopes.

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Soil fertility: low

Soil drainage / infiltration: good

Soil water storage capacity: medium

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

5.5 Biodiversidade

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Off-farm income specification: trade and business; young men often migrate to Russia (seasonally or for several years) to search for jobs

Level of mechanization manual work: pruning of trees, harvesting, applying herbizids

Level of mechanization animal traction: ploughing if no fuel for tractors is available

Level of mechanization mechanized/motorized: Disc ploughing and harrowing, if petrol is available

5.7 Área média de terrenos utilizados pelos usuários de terrenos que aplicam a Tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Estado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Arrendado

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Renda e custos

Outros impactos socioeconômicos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

Clima e redução de riscos de desastre

Outros impactos ecológicos

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• 11-50%

Se disponível, determine a quantidade (número de unidades familiares e/ou área abordada):

3500 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support in an area of 45 km^2

De todos aqueles que adotaram a Tecnologia, quantos o fizeram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo/ pagamento material?

• 91-100%

Comentários:

3500 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Adoption rate is high: 3,500 households in the region, who rented the orchards, have converted them themselvs without any incentives.

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
Easy to convert orchards How can they be sustained / enhanced? Land reform from state to private ownership would assist the process and strengthen farmers' associations.
Helps provide employment (mainly self- employment, partial employment of additional labourers) and increased self-sufficiency. With the cultivation of wheat, some farmers can solve their food problems and do not need an off-farm income.
Improvement of soil fertility and soil organic matter content How can they be sustained / enhanced? Use all the crop residue and leaves of trees as cover (mulch).
Considerable reduction of soil erosion How can they be sustained / enhanced? Adopt cover crop and rotate with other legumes and minimum tillage system.
Wider spacing between the rows of trees (to 10 m) is best for the agroforestry How can they be sustained / enhanced? Remaining orchards with the original Soviet spacing of 5m between the rows should be thinned.

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
The irrigation system established during Soviet times required high maintenance inputs due to siltation of the canals. During the period of the civil war systems ceased to function, the canals filled up with sediments and finally overflowed during rain storms causing gully formation	Control of water flow within the orchard using cutoff drains and drainage ditches.
Lines of trees which are planted up and down the slope to provide wind.	Compromise in layout design (see description).
Orchards managed by state farms are often not well looked after.	Leasing of land and awarding landholder certificates leads to improved orchard management.

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação

7.3 Links para informações on-line relevantes

Título/ descrição:

Loes Masselink. 2012. Monitoring SLM Practices in Tajikistan. BSc thesis, Land Degradation and Development Group, International Land and Water Management at Wageningen University. The Netherlands.

URL:

https://www.wocat.net/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/Theses/Masselink2012.pdf