1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

O compilador e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através do WOCAT:

Sim

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Development of degraded lands through plantation of productive tree species for long term benefit (conservation and economic) and cultivation of intercrop for short term benefit.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

The technology can be described as a combination of tree cultivation ( mainly horticulture species) along with intercrop of pulse crops on degraded private lands, supported by in-situ measures for soil and water conservation. The supportive technology required is provision of water for protective irrigation during establishment phase.

Purpose of the Technology: the technology serves the folowing purposes 1. Short and long term economic benefits to land owners 2. Employment generation leading to reduced migration 3. Conservation of soil and water through vegetative and mechanical measures.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: 1. Community organisation, formation of Village Development Association, Identification and training of beneficiaries 2. Delineation of micro-watersheds and plantation blocks. 3. Establishment of farmers's nurseries 4. Land preparation, sinking bore-well, plantation and inter-cropping 5. Watch and ward.

Natural / human environment: The environment is semi-arid, drought prone and subject to wind erosion. Soil depth is good.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

País:

Índia

Região/Estado/Província:

Tamilnadu

Especifique a difusão da tecnologia:

• Uniformemente difundida numa área

Se a Tecnologia estiver uniformemente distribuída por uma área, especifique a área coberta (em km2):

3,83

Comentários:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 3.83 km2.

The area is predominantly degraded land affected by wind erosion. The annual rainfall is <600 mm, however distribution is erratic resulting in drought conditions. People are mostly small farmers engaged in rainfed agriculture, however large areas have been abandoned due to frequent crop failure. The technology has been applied in a gross area of over 300 sq.km.

Map

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2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• mais de 50 anos atrás (tradicional)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• através de projetos/intervenções externas

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

The technology evolved out farmers suggestions and project experiences while implementing the shelter programme to combat wind erosion.

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Melhora a produção
• Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Uso do solo misturado dentro da mesma unidade de terra:

Sim

Especificar o uso misto da terra (culturas/ pastoreio/ árvores):

• Agrofloresta

Terra de cultivo

• Cultura anual
• Cultura de árvores e arbustos

Cultivo anual - Especificar culturas:

• Legumes e leguminosas - feijão
• Legumes e leguminosas - outras
• culturas de oleaginosas - amendoim

• euphorbia sp.

Cultivo de árvores e arbustos - Especificar culturas:

• castanha de caju
• frutas, outros
• manga, mangostão, goiaba

• Tamarandus indicus, Emblica officianalis

Número de estações de cultivo por ano:

• 1

Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 100 Longest growing period from month to month: Oct - Jan

Floresta/bosques

Tipo de árvore:

• Azadirachta indica

• Albizia lebeck

Comentários:

Crop: agace, euphorbia sp.
Trees/ shrubs species: Azadirachta indica, Albizia lebeck
Fruit trees / shrubs species: Anacardium occidentale, Tamarandus indicus, Emblica officianalis, Mangifera incica
Other species: Phaseolus mungo, Arachis hypogea

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Uncontrolled grazing on un-cultivated lands, abandonment of fields by poor farmers due to recurrent crop failure as a result of drought.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Crop lands are not economocal to cultivate due to recurrent crop failure as a result of drought. This has lead to abandonment of fields and increase in numbers of small livestock which are left free to graze.

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: The area is single cropped and hence only one food crop is taken per year.

3.4 Abastecimento de água

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Misto de precipitação natural-irrigado

3.5 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Agrofloresta

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Medidas agronômicas

Comentários:

Type of agronomic measures: better crop cover, mixed cropping / intercropping, mulching, pits, deep tillage / double digging

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Erosão do solo pela água

• Wt: Perda do solo superficial/erosão de superfície
• Wg: Erosão por ravinas/ravinamento

Erosão do solo pelo vento

• Et: Perda do solo superficial

Comentários:

Main type of degradation addressed: Et: loss of topsoil

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wg: gully erosion / gullying

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

Especificações técnicas (relacionada ao desenho técnico):

Technical Drawing Agro-forestry

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover

Secondary technical functions: control of raindrop splash, reduction in wind speed

Better crop cover
Material/ species: trees + legume crops
Quantity/ density: 125 trees/
Remarks: Block plantation/ intercorp

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: trees + legume crops
Quantity/ density: 125 trees/
Remarks: Block plantation/ intercorp

Mulching
Material/ species: soil mulch
Quantity/ density: 125 basins
Remarks: 1 m. diameter basin per tree

Agronomic measure: vegetative hedges
Material/ species: agace, euphorbia sp.
Quantity/ density: 15 cm. Spa
Remarks: Along field boundries

Pits
Remarks: 125 pits/ha., 9 m. spacing. 45*45*45 cm for local species & 60*60*60 cm for grafts.

Deep tillage / double digging
Remarks: disc ploughing before pitting in first year, tiller ploughing annually at sowing of intercorp..

Trees/ shrubs species: Azadirachta indica, Albizia lebeck

Fruit trees / shrubs species: Anacardium occidentale, Tamarandus indicus, Emblica officianalis, Mangifera incica

Other species: Phaseolus mungo, Arachis hypogea

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 3.00%

Change of land use type: open grazing, cropping to agro-forestry

Change of land use practices / intensity level: open access to protected

Layout change according to natural and human environment: borewell blocks formed as per human environment but within watershed boundary.

Control / change of species composition: scrub clearance followed by plantation of agro-horticulture species.

Other type of management: VDA established - to manage all activities at village level

Autor:

D. Samraj, Tiruneveli, Tamilna

4.2 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Outro/moeda nacional (especifique):

Indian Rupee

Se for relevante, indique a taxa de câmbio do USD para moeda local (por exemplo, 1 USD = 79,9 Real): 1 USD =:

48,85

4.3 Atividades de implantação

4.4 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

Comentários:

Duration of establishment phase: 24 month(s)

4.5 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

4.6 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

Comentários:

- The costs were calculated for establishment of one block (average area 12.5 ha.) of horticulture plantation with project support. The agriculture component was implemented by farmer with project support for seeds during first monsoon and tiller ploughing during second monsoon.

4.7 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

- Establishment of the technology requires high labor input, specially for watering and watch & ward, which adds significantly to the cost. - Presence of hard pan necessiates deep ploughing with machinery. - Horticulture tree species were selected over forest species.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a topografia:

Landforms: Plateau/plains (level lands lying between hill slopes of Western mountain range & East coast of south India.)
Slopes on average: Flat (level land with some gullies passing through (originating in upper hilly area))

5.3 Solos

Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Soil depth on average: Moderately deep (ranked 1) and deep (ranked 2, patches of deep soil)
Soil texture: Medium (sandy loam)
Soil fertility: Medium (loss of top soil due to erosion)
Topsoil organic matter: Medium (originally low before agro-forestry)
Soil drainage/infiltration level: Medium (presence of hardpan below six inch depth. However, no waterlogging is observed due to runoff.)
Soil water storage capacity: Medium (has improved due to deep ploughing post treatment)

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Population density: 100-200 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 1% - 2%
11% of the land users are rich and own 18% of the land (large holdings > 2 ha.).
50% of the land users are average wealthy and own 56% of the land (holdings of 1 to 2 ha.).
39% of the land users are poor and own 26% of the land (holdings < 1 ha.).
Off-farm income specification: Off farm sources are; poor - rolling beedis (locally made cigarettes), daily wage labor in fields and brick kilns. Average / rich; Business, livestock.
Level of mechanization: Manual labour (ranked 1, pitting, planting, watering, cultivating, watch and ward), mechanised (ranked 2, deep ploughing, tiller ploughing, drilling borewell) and animal traction (ranked 3, ploughing)

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Indivíduo, intitulado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Indivíduo

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

Comentários:

99% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

284 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

1% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

2 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Farmers are purchasing seedlings for plantation on their fields in small patches around existing water sources - Farmers who did not participate initially are now expressing a desire to treat their lands under the project.

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Review reports.

Disponível de onde? Custos?

Chief Engineer, Agriculture Engineering Department, Anna Salai-439, Nandanam, Chennai-600035

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Project Implementation Plan. 2001.

Disponível de onde? Custos?

Programme Coordinator, WDCU, 11/1 Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-110016.

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Participatory Impact Evaluation. 2001.