1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

The Transboundary Agro-ecosystem Management Project for the Kagera River Basin (GEF-FAO / Kagera TAMP )

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - Itália

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - Itália

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Use of indigenous trees to provide shade and leaves droppings as mulch for coffee production

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

Establishment of Robusta coffee farms by an individual,on a cropland by mixing indigenous tree spp which provide a shade and dropping leaves save as natural mulch.The technology has been developed through land user initiatives over 40 years ago. Establishment activities include land clearing and preparation,preparation of holes,seed collection and planting which involve family labor Seeds are collected from neighboring village from mature trees. Holes are prepared randomly about 4 meters apart. No inputs are applied at the establishment stage only hand tools are used (hand hoe, matchet)
Shade trees are planted after establishment of coffee which are randomly planted, tree spp dominating is Cordia abbysinica which has broader leaves and easy to decompose.Other tree spp included are Erythrina,Meosopsis eminii,Ficus thornngii,Makhamia lutea and Tephrosia vogelii.
Maintenance include weeding which is done by pulling weeds by hand or using hand hoe at early stage after establishment because few leaves have dropped. The farm is mainly meant for coffee production however,few crops which are cassava bananas, fruit trees Jack fruit, Mangoes, Citrus spp which are planted in the peripherals,and Dracaena sppplanted to demarcate the farm along road side.
Pruning of tree branches is done before the shade is heavy as to allow ventilation.Coffee pruning is done to an individual tree depending on number of branches it has at time of harvesting, normally 4 branches are left. Bending of coffee branches is practiced to avoid branch breaking during harvesting.
Settlement is within the farm with few livestock which are sheep, cattle and chicken.

Purpose of the Technology: To increase coffee production by mixing coffee with indigenous tree spp which drop / shed its leaves.Selected trees are those broad leaved which its leaves decompose easily hence improve soil fertility and due to high accumulation of dropped leaves there is an increase in soil moisture content.
Trees act as wind break hence no flower drop.Dracaena spp are planted very close along the road side to demarcate his plot from neighbors and public infrastructure and this helps to reduce land conflicts among neighbors and community as well.
Hand weeding is done as the technology suppress weeds to the big shade.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: A farmer bought a piece of land from the village government.Establishment activities include land clearance by removal of shrubs using a matchet.This is followed by land preparations and planting holes which are 30cm depth and 30cm width. These activities are done from May to July by family labor.Planting is normally done between September and October by collecting seedlings from mature trees in neighbors fields.Planting of indigenous tree spp is done randomly after coffee planting to allow ventilation 80 different spps are planted in 1.5 acres. Seeds and seedlings are obtained from neighbors farms.Maintenance includes weeding which is done using family labor who use hand hoe. This is done twice a year in May and December to January. Pruning and bending of coffee tree branches is done once per year after harvesting of coffee as well as trees in June and July using a matchet. Each coffee tree is treated individually only 4 branches are allowed per tree. Bending is done to avoid breaking of branches during coffee harvesting.
Gap filling is done few months after transplanting between February and March at the beginning of long rains. and this was followed pruning and bending of coffee branches.
Demarcation of coffee farm using Dracaena (shrub) done on one side of his farm along the road.

Natural / human environment: Land use type: Establishment of coffee has been done on crop land.
Agronomic: Natural mulch from leaves falling on ground.
Vegetative: Demarcation of boundary using Dracaena spp.
Climatic zone: Sub humid more than 269 growing days.
slope: 2-5% gentle slope
Soil type: Clay loam
Soil depth: Deep
Tools and inputs: Hand hoes,bush knife,axe, seeds and cuttings.
Land ownership: Individually owned.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• 10-50 anos atrás

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• através de projetos/intervenções externas

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

The technology was adopted from Muleba district and adapted in Kirusya village

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Comentários:

Livestock density (if relevant):

10-25 LU /km2

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil erosion, water loss/moisture stress, loss of nutrients through leaching and flower drop which lead to reduced yield.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Poor soil fertility and water stress

3.4 Abastecimento de água

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Precipitação natural

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Type of agronomic measures: mulching, manure / compost / residues, minimum tillage

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -along boundary, scattered / dispersed

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Main causes of degradation: crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (indigenous tree,fruits and coffee. (shrubs)), change in temperature (Loss of water due to evapo transpiration), labour availability (Vegetation degradation)

Secondary causes of degradation: change of seasonal rainfall (Change of seasonal rainfall), wind storms / dust storms (De flowering leading to production loss)

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Prevenir degradação do solo
• Reduzir a degradação do solo

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Outro/moeda nacional (especifique):

Tanzanian shillings

Se for relevante, indique a taxa de câmbio do USD para moeda local (por exemplo, 1 USD = 79,9 Real): 1 USD =:

1600,0

4.3 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Periodicidade (estação do ano)
1.	Hole preparation	Nov.
2.	Seed collection and preparation	Nov to Dec
3.	Seedling planting	Dec
4.	Demarcation and excavation of small trench	September-before long rains
5.	Preparation of cuttings	September-December
6.	Actual planting	September-December
7.	labour
8.	pangas (matchet)
9.	handhole
10.	tree & coffee seedlings

4.4 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	labour		1,0	2510,4	2510,4	100,0
Equipamento	tools		1,0	21,88	21,88	100,0
Material vegetal	seeds		1,0	31,25	31,25	100,0
Material vegetal	seedlings		1,0	61,73	61,73	100,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					2625,26
Custos totais para o estabelecimento da Tecnologia em USD					1,64

Comentários:

Duration of establishment phase: 6 month(s)

4.5 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Pruning-Trees-Coffee	After harvesting, June-July
2.	Weeding	after long rain season
3.	Gap filling	March,during short rains
4.	Bending and layering	Once after harvesting
5.	Gap filling	before short rains
6.	Prunning	Dry season

4.6 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	labour		1,0	63,63	63,63	100,0
Material vegetal	seedlings		1,0	33,05	33,05	100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					96,68
Custos totais de manutenção da Tecnologia em USD					0,06

Comentários:

Machinery/ tools: Hand hoe, panga (matchet) and axe, Panga (Matchet), hand hoe and axe

The cost assesment was completed on 18 February 2014. The cost of labour can be reduced during the onset of rain when the soil is a bit workable.

4.7 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

Labour

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

5.3 Solos

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

5.5 Biodiversidade

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Tree and coffee pruning is done by men because it needs climbing

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

80% of the land users are average wealthy and own 80% of the land (He is getting income from coffee).
20% of the land users are poor and own 20% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: Most of the residents are permanent farmers

5.7 Área média de terrenos utilizados pelos usuários de terrenos que aplicam a Tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Indivíduo, não intitulado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Indivíduo

Direitos do uso da água:

• Comunitário (organizado)

Comentários:

Water is accessed friendly, land is inherited.

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

Biodiversidade: vegetação, animais

Clima e redução de riscos de desastre

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

	Estação do ano	aumento ou diminuição	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temperatura anual		aumento	bem

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres meteorológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temporal local	bem
Tempestade de vento local	bem

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Seca	bem

Desastres hidrológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Inundação geral (rio)	não conhecido

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Período de crescimento reduzido	não conhecido

Comentários:

Introduction of contour ridge

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Comentários:

In 10 years he has obtained more money from sales of coffee and tree products

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

Comentários:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
Increased production How can they be sustained / enhanced? Promote technology among other farmers
Easy maintenance acctivities e.g. easy to keep weeds under control How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto
Fuel wood availability How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto
Availability of fruits How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto
Improved kowlledge regarding SLM and soil erosion How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
This is cheap and affordable technology which can be used by smallholder farmers How can they be sustained / enhanced? Promote technology among other farmers
Large potential for increased income (higher coffee yields) How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto
Improve soil fertility How can they be sustained / enhanced? Promote crop and livestock intergration (manure production)
Increased soil moisture How can they be sustained / enhanced? Appropriate maintenance acttivities
Erosion control How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintain sufficient soil cover

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
Land competition with food crops	Promote technology among other farmers
High cost of tools, especially pruning scissors	Provide required tools

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
Risk to fire during dry season	Introduce fire breaks
In areas where frost persist can lead to fungal diseases if not well pruned	Improve pruning

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Kagera TAMP project website

Disponível de onde? Custos?

http://www.fao.org/nr/kagera/en/