1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Agricultural Water, Energy, and Hazard Management for Improved Livelihood in the Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan (UIB, Pakistan)

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) - Nepal

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

O compilador e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através do WOCAT:

Sim

1.4 Declaração de sustentabilidade da tecnologia descrita

A tecnologia descrita aqui é problemática em relação a degradação da terra de forma que não pode ser declarada uma tecnologia de gestão sustentável de terra?

Não

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Water from the Hunza river was lifted through solar powered pump, stored above ground plastic tanks and applied to newly planted apple orchards through efficient drip irrigation. Mulch was applied to the plants to conserve soil moisture.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

The fragile rouged mountains prone to the effect of climate change makes the mountain com-munities in Gilgit-Baltistan of Pakistan more vulnerable. Agriculture is the major source of their livelihoods and it purely dependents on glacier meltwater which makes the community more susceptible due to the unstable behaviour of the glaciers. Irrigation is practised with traditional irrigation canals, intake of which is located at glacier terminus. On one hand lowering of glacier surface disconnects many irrigation canals. Uncertain glacier behaviour has resulted in the decline of water availability and even forced some communities to abandon their agricultural land. On the other hand, only 2% of land in Gilgit-Baltistan is used for agriculture purposes whereas a huge chunk of barren land lays above the Hunza River, which cannot be cultivated through the traditional irrigation system hence it remains unutilized.

To address both issues, ICIMOD together with a local level partner’s consortia piloted solar water lifting to irrigate barren land for establishing apple orchards along Hunza River at Passu and Morkhun Villages. These two villages are located far from each other. In each village, orchards of 2.5 hectare area were established and the drip irrigation system installed was efficiently used to irrigate apple plants. Similar technological packages (solar pump, drip irrigation and mulch) were applied in both the villages.

The pumping system comprises a submersible pump (Lorentz, Germany 1 HP) powered by 500 watts solar panels to carry the water to storage tanks (500 litres) made up of plastic that has been placed upslope at 100 feet vertical height from the river. The water from the storage tanks was routed/led to the apple saplings through the surface and pressure compensating drip irrigation system. The pumping capacity of the pump is 7.5 litres/minute, which is irrigating around 3300 apple plants at Passu and Morkhun. The storage tank was kept 60 feet vertical height from the orchard field to be irrigated. Tree to tree distance and row to row distance of apple was maintained at 15 feet in Passu and 10 feet in Morkhun. Drip irrigation (surface and pressure compensating) system was established to irrigate each apple plant, the emitter of the drip system was adjusted according to the plant to plant distance of apple seedlings to be irrigated. Pits were constructed for planting apples and later they also served as water harvesting pits /check basins. Plastic mulch was applied to each apple plants covering a radius around the trunk to minimize soil moisture losses, reduce weed and reduce soil erosion by water and wind.

The cost of an integrated package including solar pumps with accessories, storage tanks, intake and distribution systems (i.e. from river to tank and tank to trees), drip irrigation, apple plants and operational expenses (manpower) for both the sites was US$ 42000 for 5 ha of land. Village Development Organizations (VDO) of both villages take care of maintenance of technological package through a maintenance fund, which is being raised by participating households (HHs). Benefit sharing mechanism has been agreed among the participating HHs. The total income would be divided equally among participating 72 HHs in Morkhun and 135 HHs in Passu.

The technological package was applied in arid climate at an elevation ranging from 2340m to 4877 m above sea level. Passu is located at 36.49o latitude and 74.90o longitude and Morkhun is located at 36.6o N latitudes and 74.86o E longitudes. The area receives 150-200 mm annual rain-fall. The temperature ranges from 11 degree Celsius to 29 degree Celsius. The population of Passu and Morkhun is 1168 and 653 persons respectively. Both villages are semi nomadic and depend mainly on livestock rearing.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.4 Vídeos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Indique o ano de implementação:

2016

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• menos de 10 anos atrás (recentemente)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• através de projetos/intervenções externas

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

This package of practices was jointly implemented by Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR), Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) - Pakistan, and ICIMOD

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Melhora a produção
• Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo
• Adaptar a mudanças climáticas/extremos e seus impactos
• Criar impacto econômico benéfico
• Cria impacto social benéfico

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Uso do solo misturado dentro da mesma unidade de terra:

Não

3.3 O uso do solo mudou devido à implementação da Tecnologia?

O uso do solo mudou devido à implementação da Tecnologia?

• Sim (Por favor, preencha as perguntas abaixo com relação ao uso do solo antes da implementação da Tecnologia)

Uso do solo misturado dentro da mesma unidade de terra:

Não

3.4 Abastecimento de água

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Irrigação completa

Comentários:

Water supply with solar pump and distribution to apple with drip irrigation

3.5 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• Gestão de irrigação (inclusive abastecimento de água, drenagem)
• Gestão de água de superfície (nascente, rio, lagos, mar)
• Tecnologias de eficiência energética

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

Damage and dysfunction of irrigation canal intake by shifting nature of glacier as intakes are located at the glacier terminus.

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Recuperar/reabilitar solo severamente degradado

Comentários:

due to water access cultivation was possible and vegetation cover improved.

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Especifique como custos e entradas foram calculados:

• Por unidade de tecnologia

Especifique a moeda utilizada para os cálculos de custo:

• USD

4.3 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Periodicidade (estação do ano)
1.	Site identification in consultation with the communities	Pre Monsson (March)
2.	Detailed engineering surveys, design formulation, tendering and work orders etc	Pre Monsson (March )
3.	Implementation agreement with the community	Pre Monsson (March)
4.	Installation of solar-powered pumping units with four poly-crystalline solar panels.	Pre Monsson (April)
5.	Installation of storage (plastic tank) with a line filter attached to it for the operation of the drip system and avoid sediment entry into the tank	Pre Monsson (April)
6.	Digging of pits for plantation of the apple orchard at the plant to plant and row distance of 10 feet (Morkhun) and 15 feet (Passu))	Pre Monsson (April)
7.	Constructed pits for each plant used for application of compost	Pre Monsson (April)
8.	Laying of drip irrigation systems	Pre Monsson (May)
9.	Laying down plastic mulch	Pre Monsson (May)
10.	Plantation of tubed apple (Kala Kolu variety) it is bought from the local nursery	Pre Monsson (May)
11.	Training to selected farmers as caretakers of the technologies for its days to day repair and maintenance	Pre Monsson ( May)

4.4 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Skilled	Person days	136,0	14,43	1962,48
Mão-de-obra	Unskilled	Person days	745,0	7,7	5736,5
Equipamento	Spade	Number	20,0	0,0	0,0	100,0
Equipamento	Shovel	Number	20,0	0,0	0,0	100,0
Equipamento	Plumbing tool kit	Kit box	1,0	0,0	0,0	100,0
Material vegetal	Apple Plants	Number	3300,0	0,087	287,1
Material de construção	Solar panel, pump with all accessories	sites	2,0	6490,0	12980,0
Material de construção	Water storage, intake, distribution pipes and mulch	sites	2,0	6861,0	13722,0
Material de construção	Drip irrigation	sites	2,0	4173,0	8346,0
Material de construção	-Check basin (pits)	number	3300,0	0,466	1537,8
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					44571,88
Custos totais para o estabelecimento da Tecnologia em USD					44571,88

Se o usuário da terra arca com menos que 100% dos custos, indique quem cobre os custos remanescentes:

The technological package was designed and implemented by ICIMOD's Indus Basin Initiative with partners and contributes to the sustainable Development Investment Portfolio and is supported by the Australian Aid program.

Comentários:

Establishment costs and inputs for a solar pump –drip irrigation - mulch system was estimated for apple orchards piloted on a 5 hectares of total land in two villages.

4.5 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Monitoring of water pumping, storage, and drip system by a regular visit to the site.	Regular (annually)
2.	Repair and maintenance of solar pump panel and drip irrigation: fixing clogged drip lines and replacement of broken solar panel and cleaning of impellers of the solar pump.	Regular (annually)
3.	Replacement of dead apple plants	As and when required

4.6 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Unskilled	Number	26,0	7,7	200,2
Equipamento	Spade	Number	10,0	0,0	0,0	100,0
Equipamento	Plumbing tool kit	Kit box	1,0	0,0	0,0	100,0
Material vegetal	Apple ( replacement of dead plants)	number	330,0	0,087	28,71
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					228,91
Custos totais de manutenção da Tecnologia em USD					228,91

4.7 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

Equipment and labor

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Indique se a tecnologia é aplicada especificamente em:

• Não relevante

5.3 Solos

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

A salinidade da água é um problema?

Não

Ocorre inundação da área?

Sim

Regularidade:

Frequentemente

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a qualidade e a quantidade da água:

Water is available in the river but fields are higher up than river

5.5 Biodiversidade

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Relative level of wealth: Poor 35 %, average 65%

5.7 Área média de terrenos utilizados pelos usuários de terrenos que aplicam a Tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Indivíduo, intitulado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Indivíduo

Direitos do uso da água:

• Comunitário (organizado)

Os direitos de uso da terra são baseados em um sistema jurídico tradicional?

Sim

Especifique:

Most of the uncultivated land is communal, community decides uses of the land

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Solo

Outros impactos ecológicos

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres meteorológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Tempestade de vento local	bem

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Condições de inverno extremo	bem
Seca	bem

Desastres hidrológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Inundação súbita	moderadamente

Outros extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Outros (especificar)	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Heavy load of suspended river sediment	bem

Comentários:

Drip is sensitive to temperature increase; but tolerant to wind storms/dust storms and floods. Solar panel is tolerant to temperature increase.

The solar panel is sensitive to wind storm. The pump is sensitive to flood and sediment load in the river, emitters of drip clog due to sediment. Mulch is sensitive to windstorm. Apple plants at an earlier stage are sensitive to wind storm, plants are sensitive to extreme winter conditions (low temp and snowfall)

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Comentários:

The initial cost of investment would be fully recovered in 10.9 years, hence the payback period of the project is around 11 years, and the repayment of the investment would start from the eight years. Benefit-Cost Ratio is found to be 4.96.

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• 1-10%

Se disponível, determine a quantidade (número de unidades familiares e/ou área abordada):

45 Households

Comentários:

None

6.6 Adaptação

A tecnologia foi recentemente modificada para adaptar-se as condições variáveis?

Sim

Caso afirmativo, indique as condições variáveis as quais ela foi adaptada:

• Mudança climática/extremo

Especifique a adaptação da tecnologia (desenho, material/espécie, etc):

Due to heavy load of suspended sediment flowing in the Hunza River, impellers of the solar pump couldn’t function properly. Site-specific customiza-tion of the pump was carried out to make the system functional and to sustain it in the long run.
For that, an outer filter was developed for the pump to avoid sediment entry into the pump. The outer filter is UPVC pipe (of 10-inch diameter and 13 ft long) wrapped with a finely-meshed green net. The out filter was tightly bound together with the pump. The filter with the pump was placed in the river, transverse to the direction of flow. The farmers are also trained to open the clogged drip to release the sediments from time to time.
Damaged solar panel sometimes was replaced. A portion of mulch was buried under the soil. Apple plants were tied together with support stakes. Application of mulch helped to protect apple plants from low winter temperature.

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
The solar powered water lifting and drip irrigation is the first of its kind in the upper Indus basin. The system is simple and anyone once trained can operate it. It will contribute to nearly 50% of the additional income of the Passu community.
The technological package is environmentally friendly and are effective adaptation measures in the context of climate change.
Women are often most involved in agricultural activities and this intervention has provided them relief by making it possible for them to work nearer to their valley. More over, once the trees bear fruit, women will be able to sell them to generate income.

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do compilador ou de outra pessoa capacitada
The first innovative technological package in GB that is climate-resilient as compare to meltwater-dependent flood irrigation is operated by renewable solar energy.
Water application through drip irrigation is very efficient as compared to flood irrigation, per plant water applied trough drip is 2 litres/day as compared to 30 litres/day through flood irrigation. Integration of mulch enhances soil moisture.
The technological package can last more than 20 years. Maintenance cost is nominal, it is US$ 100 at the initial stage and later stage it is US$ 300.
As women are predominantly responsible for farming activities, im-proved water access and application through drip reduces their work-load and frees up time for other activities

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
Frequent maintenance operation and maintenance of the solar pump due to high sediment concentration of the river from where water is pumped.	Include capacity building activities as an integral part of the technology implementation process.
Drip irrigation and parts of solar panel may not available locally	A spare parts should be made available locally for immediate replacement as and when required.

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do compilador ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
The investment cost is high .	Explain cost-benefit analysis to aware farmers that the benefit is high in the long run.
Techniques of multiple cropping were not practised to get short term benefits from the orchard field.	Engage the agricultural department to demonstrate and train farmers on multiple cropping in the dry land.

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

ICIMOD 2017. An Innovative Approach to Agricultural Water Management in the Upper Indus basin: the Water_Energy-Food Nexus at the Local Level

Disponível de onde? Custos?

http://lib.icimod.org/record/32794/files/Innovative%20Approach.pdf

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Kifayat, U., Khan, F. A., & Ejaz, A. (2014). Determinants of poverty in the mountain region of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Developing Country Studies, 4(7), 10-19.

Disponível de onde? Custos?

Google scholar

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Amjad Ali 2019. Unpublished report on cost-benefit analysis of UIB phase 1 intervention in Upper Hunza

Disponível de onde? Custos?

ICIMOD

7.4 Comentários gerais

It has been improved a lot as compared to past 10 years .