1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Decision Support for Mainstreaming and Scaling out Sustainable Land Management (GEF-FAO / DS-SLM)

Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)

Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geography and Geoecology (IGG) - Mongólia

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

O compilador e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através do WOCAT:

Sim

1.4 Declaração de sustentabilidade da tecnologia descrita

A tecnologia descrita aqui é problemática em relação a degradação da terra de forma que não pode ser declarada uma tecnologia de gestão sustentável de terra?

Não

Comentários:

This technology is a SLM technology, because it returned abandoned land to productive agricultural land while building up soil health.

1.5 Referência ao(s) questionário(s) sobre abordagens GST (documentado(s) usando WOCAT)

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

This technology aimed to restore abandoned cropland which was used for crop and fodder production during the 1970s-1980s. Since 2016, the farmer applied conservation agriculture and mixed cropping to reduce land degradation, revive cropping practices, increase land productivity for agriculture and enhance soil health.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

The land in Kherlen soum, Khentii province, spanning 500 hectares, was used for crop production and later for producing fodder for livestock. However, since 1984, it has been left abandoned. To rehabilitate the area and revive cropland, conservation agriculture combined with mixed cropping was introduced in 2014.
Mixed cropping encompasses various agrotechnical practices that involve the cultivation of different crops together, making use of their ability to interact with each other. The aim is to sustain crop yield in regions with limited moisture, protect the soil surface, regulate soil moisture levels, and enhance the availability of micro and macro-nutrients. In Kherlen soum, Khentii province, mixed cropping was implemented by planting seed mixtures of different proportions, taking into consideration the specific requirements and differences among various crops. Presently, annual crops such as mustard, peas, Cape rice, and wheat, rye along with rapeseeds, are successfully cultivated mixed and/or in rotation in the area.
Conservation agriculture in soil protection agriculture offers several advantages, including the enhancement of soil, its resilience to external factors such as erosion by wind, regulation of soil fertility and microorganism populations, avoidance of highly toxic substances in agriculture, and increased productivity. One significant aspect of conservation agriculture is using no-till and direct sowing techniques to minimize soil disturbance. During harvesting, only the crop heads are collected, while the remaining rootsystems and stems are left in and above the soil contributing to increasing soil organic matter. Other residues and parts of plants, such as straw/ stalks and leaves, are shredded and spread across the field to reduce soil moisture evaporation and protect it from the sun and wind. Soil erosion by wind can be mitigated by covering the soil as much and long as possible either by leaving the crop residues on the soil and/or including cover crops into crop rotations. Furthermore, this technology improves the soil health and microenvironment/ microclimate.
To initiate and implement this technology, the land user leased most of his land through a proposal, aimed at improving the soil quality of abandoned land, to the local government, and also purchased a certain amount of land through a land auction announced on the government website. Initial preparation of land for sowing consisted of removing stones from the field and spraying herbicides to get rid of weeds and their seeds. A minimal dose of herbicides with low toxicity is used to control the growth and spread of weed plants commonly found in abandoned fields. Later on mustard was incorporated into mixed cropping and rotations suppressing the growth of weed.
In the first year, the farmer planted a mixture of mustard, oilseed rape and lucerne to enhance soil penetration and break up compacted soil, as well as wheat in a 40 cm strip on stony soil with low fertility. First few years 2014-2018), the farmer didn’t harvest all the yields to keep the soil covered and improve the soil quality.
In 2019 the farmer built a fence to protect against grazing and yields significantly improved. Moreover, various equipment such as direct seeder for no till or minimum tillage crop cultivation, combine harvester, tractor, herbicide spraying machine and seed sorting machines to improve the quality of produce for the market (clean and separate seeds of different sizes and different types of crops) were bought with a bank loan.
A comprehensive knowledge of the interactions and symbiotic relationships between different crops is also essential to plan for crop mixtures and rotations. Crop morphology such as root system, competition for nutrients and water should be considered. Mustard-pea mixture facilitates harvesting as pea is difficult to harvest in monoculture and mustard can provide biological weed control.
He divided the land / field into 12 plots, which were planted with different crop mixtures and in rotation, maintaining soil fertility, limiting pests and diseases, and increasing crop yields. Legumes can improve soil fertility by adding nitrogen to the soil. The farmer practiced five-field rotation in his cropland using legumes including pea, bean, lentils and alfalfa. The rotation plan depends on climate conditions.
The levels of potassium and phosphorous in the soil were monitored and regularly measured. Only when a deficit occurred the land user used mineral fertilizers.
According to farmers who practice conservation agriculture and mixed farming, these technologies effectively maintains soil stability, ensuring its long-term sustainability.

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

2.6 Data da implementação

Indique o ano de implementação:

2014

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:

• menos de 10 anos atrás (recentemente)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:

• atráves de inovação dos usuários da terra
• durante experiências/ pesquisa

Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

The farmer planted mustard, rapeseed, and alfalfa in rotation and mixture based on national and international experiences and research on conservation agriculture. These plants have taproot systems that penetrate the soil, enhance water uptake from lower soil depth and make the hardpan soil more porous. After implementing this technology, the land user observed and monitored the field himself. He observed that the retention of soil moisture has increased, soil erosion has significantly decreased, and biological diversity, including microorganisms, insects, and birds, has also increased due to the presence of cover plants.

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

• Melhora a produção
• Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo
• Preservar/melhorar a biodiversidade
• Adaptar a mudanças climáticas/extremos e seus impactos
• Criar impacto econômico benéfico

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Uso do solo misturado dentro da mesma unidade de terra:

Não

3.3 O uso do solo mudou devido à implementação da Tecnologia?

O uso do solo mudou devido à implementação da Tecnologia?

• Sim (Por favor, preencha as perguntas abaixo com relação ao uso do solo antes da implementação da Tecnologia)

Uso do solo misturado dentro da mesma unidade de terra:

Não

3.4 Abastecimento de água

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:

• Precipitação natural

Comentários:

Irrigation systems are not used throughout the field.

3.5 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

• sistema rotativo (rotação de culturas, pousios, cultivo itinerante)
• Solo/cobertura vegetal melhorada
• Perturbação mínima ao solo

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Comentários:

Abandoned land had been converted into annual cropland. According to the classification of Mongolian Land Unified Fund, land was classified as abandoned land and changed into agricultural land after starting to use it.

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Comentários:

The soil in the abandoned land became infertile due to water and wind erosion, and thus, there had been a decrease in biodiversity in the soil as well as in plant diversity and productivity.

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:

• Recuperar/reabilitar solo severamente degradado

Comentários:

The technology aims to revive the agricultural practice in abandoned cropland, protect the soil from erosion, enhance its moisture and organic matter, and improve biological diversity by planting a variety of plants, thereby allowing opportunities for long-term sustainable use.

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

4.2 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Especifique como custos e entradas foram calculados:

• por área de tecnologia

Outro/moeda nacional (especifique):

Tugrik

Se for relevante, indique a taxa de câmbio do USD para moeda local (por exemplo, 1 USD = 79,9 Real): 1 USD =:

3453,0

4.3 Atividades de implantação

	Atividade	Periodicidade (estação do ano)
1.	Build fence	before sowing
2.	Prepare (picking stones) and plough land	before sowing
3.	Buy and spray herbicide	before sowing
4.	Purchase tractor	before sowing
5.	Purchase direct seeder	before sowing
6.	Purchase combine harvester	before sowing
7.	Purchase spray machine	before sowing
8.	Purchase seed cleaning machine	before sowing
9.	Purchase stone picker machine	before sowing
10.	Purchase or rent pile machine for fencing	before sowing
11.	Purchase silos	before harvesting
12.	Storage shed	before harvesting

Comentários:

Establishing a fence before the technology is an essential activity to protect from grazing and retain cover plants. The farmer empahsized that it is important to choose materials with good quality for building fence. He used imported fencing material from Canada of which the price was higher than average local market price.

4.4 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Build fence	person	2,0	15000000,0	30000000,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Spray herbicide	person	2,0	350000,0	700000,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Sowing	person	1,0	4000000,0	4000000,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Stone picking	person	1,0	4800000,0	4800000,0	100,0
Equipamento	Tractor	piece	1,0	220000000,0	220000000,0	100,0
Equipamento	Direct seeder	piece	1,0	224000000,0	224000000,0	100,0
Equipamento	Combine harvester	piece	2,0	397000000,0	794000000,0	100,0
Equipamento	Agriculture spray machine	piece	1,0	170000000,0	170000000,0	100,0
Equipamento	Stone picker machine	piece	1,0	15000000,0	15000000,0	100,0
Equipamento	Seed cleaning machine	piece	3,0	35000000,0	105000000,0	100,0
Equipamento	Pile machine for fencing	piece	1,0	6900000,0	6900000,0	100,0
Equipamento	Silos	tonnes (holding capacity)	700,0	714285,72	500000004,0	100,0
Material vegetal	Seeds first year	tonnes	70,5	4400000,0	310200000,0	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Herbicide	l	2400,0	8000,0	19200000,0	100,0
Material de construção	Poles and net for fence	km	25,0	10800000,0	270000000,0	100,0
Outros	Land lease	ha	800,0	500000,0	400000000,0	100,0
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia					3073800004,0
Custos totais para o estabelecimento da Tecnologia em USD					890182,45

Comentários:

The implementation of conservation agriculture and mixed cropping was self-funded by land user. For certain initial investments he took a loan from the bank. The fence materials were imported from Canada, for its good quality.

4.5 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

	Atividade	Periodicidade/frequência
1.	Sowing/ direct seeding	April to May per year
2.	Harvesting and separating harvested seeds	once in August to September
3.	Reproducing seed for own use and sowing	after harvest
4.	Spray herbicide	if necessary, once in 2-3 year
5.	Monitoring on plant development (e.g. germination, flowering, maturity)	at each plant development stage
6.	Monitoring soil fertility	once a year, in August

Comentários:

Soil samples are taken and sent to a specialized laboratory for analysis.

4.6 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

	Especifique a entrada	Unidade	Quantidade	Custos por unidade	Custos totais por entrada	% dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra	Spray herbicide	person	2,0	1400000,0	2800000,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Harvesting	person	4,0	1500000,0	6000000,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Separating seeds	person	2,0	1000000,0	2000000,0	100,0
Mão-de-obra	Sowing seeds	person	2,0	1500000,0	3000000,0	100,0
Equipamento	Spare parts and maintenance of machines	ha	800,0	10500,0	8400000,0	100,0
Equipamento	Spraying machine (fuel)	l/year	400,0	2400,0	960000,0	100,0
Equipamento	Sowing machine (fuel)	l/year	4000,0	2400,0	9600000,0	100,0
Equipamento	Combine harvesting machine (fuel)	l/year	4000,0	2400,0	9600000,0	100,0
Material vegetal	Seeds	tonne/year	13,7	4400000,0	60280000,0	100,0
Fertilizantes e biocidas	Herbicide (different types)	l	1,0	30000,0	30000,0	100,0
Outros	Land use tax	MNT/year	1,0	1900000,0	1900000,0	100,0
Outros	Soil sampling and testing	MNT/year	1,0	830000,0	830000,0	100,0
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia					105400000,0
Custos totais de manutenção da Tecnologia em USD					30524,18

Comentários:

The amount of herbicide used in a given year depends on the type of weed and its distribution. Initially, the land user spent 19 million (2400 litres) on herbicide to prepare the field for cultivation, and the price was relatively low compared to today (8000 MNT on average). But, in 2022, different types of herbicides were bought for different types of weeds distributed in the field and 120 million MNT (1800 litres) were spent because the price became high compared to other years due to the border closure (COVID). But in 2023, only 30 000 MNT (1 litre) was spent on herbicides in the whole field.
The land user and a permanent help receive a monthly salary.

4.7 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

Factors that mainly affect the cost are inflation and the MNT exchange rate (mainly relevant when purchasing imported products). In addition, in the event of extreme weather and disastrous conditions, extra labor may be required to mitigate damage.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografia

Indique se a tecnologia é aplicada especificamente em:

• Posições côncavas

5.3 Solos

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

A salinidade da água é um problema?

Não

Ocorre inundação da área?

Sim

Regularidade:

Esporadicamente

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a qualidade e a quantidade da água:

It depends on intensity of rainfall.

5.5 Biodiversidade

Comentários e outras especificações sobre biodiversidade:

Based on an animal and plant richness research study, biodiversity in this region is classified as moderate. After the implementation of the technology, more species of insects and birds were found in the fields due to the increase in agrobiodiversity.

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

Khentiin Tarialan LLC is a company with theland user and an aid are employed and with seasonally hired labour.

5.7 Área média de terrenos utilizados pelos usuários de terrenos que aplicam a Tecnologia

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:

• Estado

Direitos do uso da terra:

• Arrendado

Direitos do uso da água:

• Indivíduo

Os direitos de uso da terra são baseados em um sistema jurídico tradicional?

Não

Comentários:

Land is rented for a period of 15 years and when duration is over, the contract can be extended. Land users pay land use tax every year. Land use rights for agricultural production was leased by auction.

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Renda e custos

Impactos socioculturais

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Solo

Biodiversidade: vegetação, animais

Clima e redução de riscos de desastre

Especificar a avaliação dos impactos no local (medidas):

In winter, vertical stems of plants hold snow well. It has an important effect on soil protection and increasing soil moisture in spring.

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

Especificar a avaliação dos impactos fora do local (medidas):

The land user, implementing the technology, made a conclusion based on his own observations.

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual

	Estação do ano	aumento ou diminuição	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temperatura anual		aumento	bem
Temperatura sazonal	verão	aumento	moderadamente
Temperatura sazonal	inverno	redução/diminuição	não bem
Precipitação pluviométrica sazonal	verão	redução/diminuição	não bem
Precipitação pluviométrica sazonal	primavera	redução/diminuição	moderadamente

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres meteorológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Tempestade de neve local	moderadamente
Tempestade de areia/tempestade de poeira	não bem

Desastres climatológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Onde de calor	muito bem
Seca	muito bem

Desastres biológicos

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Doenças epidêmicas	bem

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

Outras consequências relacionadas ao clima

	Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Período de crescimento reduzido	não bem

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?

Comentários:

Establishment cost for 800 hectare of agricultural farm was approximately 3.6 billion MNT and there is no income in first several years. In long term, annual cost have decreased and, annual income became 320 million MNT, net income 128 million MNT. Thus, income can be positive in long term.

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

• casos isolados/experimental

Se disponível, determine a quantidade (número de unidades familiares e/ou área abordada):

1 household

De todos aqueles que adotaram a Tecnologia, quantos o fizeram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo/ pagamento material?

• 91-100%

Comentários:

All expenses were paid by own.

6.6 Adaptação

A tecnologia foi recentemente modificada para adaptar-se as condições variáveis?

Sim

Caso afirmativo, indique as condições variáveis as quais ela foi adaptada:

• Mudança climática/extremo

Especifique a adaptação da tecnologia (desenho, material/espécie, etc):

Crop rotation decisions are made based on spring weather conditions and soil moisture of the planting year. In some years, the crop rotation and mixture is not changed.

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
The technology provides higher yields than traditional monoculture in climate condition in Mongolia.
The technology allows to plant crops early in spring, because soil moisture absorbed from winter snow provide convenient condition.
Soil erosion and sand accumulation have been significantly reduced.
Conservation agricuture can significantly improve the physical properties of soil, providing sustainable and ecological rehabilitation of abandoned land.
Over time, soil fertility should improve as a result of increased soil organic matter.

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do compilador ou de outra pessoa capacitada
Abandoned land can be restored at the lowest cost.
Soil conservation technology was used without reducing the soil fertility as well as returning of abandoned land into use.
The use of machinery in medium-scale farming is advantageous because it reduces labor costs.
Planting with low seed rates increases the economic efficiency in the long term.

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra	Como eles podem ser superados?
Due to climate change and aridity, in some years, crop loss occurs during the planting and growing period.	Install irrigation system for seasonal irrigation or irrigation when needed.
When harvesting, it is necessary to leave a plant cover as high as possible, which requires particular harvesting machine.	A combine harvester or a machine (head stripper) that collects only heads of the crop is required.

Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do compilador ou de outra pessoa capacitada	Como eles podem ser superados?
The use of imported seeds increases the cost.	To cultivate crop seeds in small isolated areas.
With climate change, the lack of irrigation facilities increases risk of production failure.	More water harvesting techniiques and soil moisture conservation/accumulation technologies to be identified and implemented. Installation of an irrigation system for supplementary irrigation or irrigation when needed.
It is difficult to separate the seeds after harvesting due to the lack of techniques and appropriate equipement. Sorted seeds will increase market value.	Improve seed sorting mechanism.
Due to the lack of appriopriate harvesting equipment, the crop cannot be harvested completely.	Buy a new type of combine harvester or rent from others.

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Guidelines for Intercropping. Charles L. Mohler, Sue Ellen Johnson. 2009. ISBN 978-1-933395-21-0

Disponível de onde? Custos?

https://www.sare.org/wp-content/uploads/Crop-Rotation-on-Organic-Farms.pdf

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Reference Work. Second Edition. 2013. ISBN 978-0123847195

Disponível de onde? Custos?

https://www.amazon.com/Encyclopedia-Biodiversity-2nd-Set/dp/0123847192

7.3 Links para informações on-line relevantes

Título/ descrição:

Intercropping: benefits and types

URL:

https://geopard.tech/blog/what-is-intercropping-and-how-does-it-work/

Título/ descrição:

Intercropping: Ergonomic And Efficient Farming

URL:

https://eos.com/blog/intercropping/

Título/ descrição:

INTERCROPPING

URL:

http://nwrm.eu/measure/intercropping