1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Decision Support for Mainstreaming and Scaling out Sustainable Land Management (GEF-FAO / DS-SLM)

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geography and Geoecology (IGG) - Mongolie

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.4 Déclaration sur la durabilité de la Technologie décrite

Est-ce que la Technologie décrite ici pose problème par rapport à la dégradation des terres, de telle sorte qu'elle ne peut pas être déclarée comme étant une technologie de gestion durable des terres?

Non

Commentaires:

This technology is a SLM technology, because it returned abandoned land to productive agricultural land while building up soil health.

1.5 Référence au(x) Questionnaires sur les Approches de GDT (documentées au moyen de WOCAT)

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

This technology aimed to restore abandoned cropland which was used for crop and fodder production during the 1970s-1980s. Since 2016, the farmer applied conservation agriculture and mixed cropping to reduce land degradation, revive cropping practices, increase land productivity for agriculture and enhance soil health.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

The land in Kherlen soum, Khentii province, spanning 500 hectares, was used for crop production and later for producing fodder for livestock. However, since 1984, it has been left abandoned. To rehabilitate the area and revive cropland, conservation agriculture combined with mixed cropping was introduced in 2014.
Mixed cropping encompasses various agrotechnical practices that involve the cultivation of different crops together, making use of their ability to interact with each other. The aim is to sustain crop yield in regions with limited moisture, protect the soil surface, regulate soil moisture levels, and enhance the availability of micro and macro-nutrients. In Kherlen soum, Khentii province, mixed cropping was implemented by planting seed mixtures of different proportions, taking into consideration the specific requirements and differences among various crops. Presently, annual crops such as mustard, peas, Cape rice, and wheat, rye along with rapeseeds, are successfully cultivated mixed and/or in rotation in the area.
Conservation agriculture in soil protection agriculture offers several advantages, including the enhancement of soil, its resilience to external factors such as erosion by wind, regulation of soil fertility and microorganism populations, avoidance of highly toxic substances in agriculture, and increased productivity. One significant aspect of conservation agriculture is using no-till and direct sowing techniques to minimize soil disturbance. During harvesting, only the crop heads are collected, while the remaining rootsystems and stems are left in and above the soil contributing to increasing soil organic matter. Other residues and parts of plants, such as straw/ stalks and leaves, are shredded and spread across the field to reduce soil moisture evaporation and protect it from the sun and wind. Soil erosion by wind can be mitigated by covering the soil as much and long as possible either by leaving the crop residues on the soil and/or including cover crops into crop rotations. Furthermore, this technology improves the soil health and microenvironment/ microclimate.
To initiate and implement this technology, the land user leased most of his land through a proposal, aimed at improving the soil quality of abandoned land, to the local government, and also purchased a certain amount of land through a land auction announced on the government website. Initial preparation of land for sowing consisted of removing stones from the field and spraying herbicides to get rid of weeds and their seeds. A minimal dose of herbicides with low toxicity is used to control the growth and spread of weed plants commonly found in abandoned fields. Later on mustard was incorporated into mixed cropping and rotations suppressing the growth of weed.
In the first year, the farmer planted a mixture of mustard, oilseed rape and lucerne to enhance soil penetration and break up compacted soil, as well as wheat in a 40 cm strip on stony soil with low fertility. First few years 2014-2018), the farmer didn’t harvest all the yields to keep the soil covered and improve the soil quality.
In 2019 the farmer built a fence to protect against grazing and yields significantly improved. Moreover, various equipment such as direct seeder for no till or minimum tillage crop cultivation, combine harvester, tractor, herbicide spraying machine and seed sorting machines to improve the quality of produce for the market (clean and separate seeds of different sizes and different types of crops) were bought with a bank loan.
A comprehensive knowledge of the interactions and symbiotic relationships between different crops is also essential to plan for crop mixtures and rotations. Crop morphology such as root system, competition for nutrients and water should be considered. Mustard-pea mixture facilitates harvesting as pea is difficult to harvest in monoculture and mustard can provide biological weed control.
He divided the land / field into 12 plots, which were planted with different crop mixtures and in rotation, maintaining soil fertility, limiting pests and diseases, and increasing crop yields. Legumes can improve soil fertility by adding nitrogen to the soil. The farmer practiced five-field rotation in his cropland using legumes including pea, bean, lentils and alfalfa. The rotation plan depends on climate conditions.
The levels of potassium and phosphorous in the soil were monitored and regularly measured. Only when a deficit occurred the land user used mineral fertilizers.
According to farmers who practice conservation agriculture and mixed farming, these technologies effectively maintains soil stability, ensuring its long-term sustainability.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Indiquez l'année de mise en œuvre:

2014

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a moins de 10 ans (récemment)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• grâce à l'innovation d'exploitants des terres
• au cours d'expérimentations / de recherches

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

The farmer planted mustard, rapeseed, and alfalfa in rotation and mixture based on national and international experiences and research on conservation agriculture. These plants have taproot systems that penetrate the soil, enhance water uptake from lower soil depth and make the hardpan soil more porous. After implementing this technology, the land user observed and monitored the field himself. He observed that the retention of soil moisture has increased, soil erosion has significantly decreased, and biological diversity, including microorganisms, insects, and birds, has also increased due to the presence of cover plants.

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• améliorer la production
• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées
• conserver/ améliorer la biodiversité
• s'adapter au changement et aux extrêmes climatiques et à leurs impacts
• créer un impact économique positif

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Les divers types d'utilisation des terres au sein du même unité de terrain: :

Non

3.3 Est-ce que l’utilisation des terres a changé en raison de la mise en œuvre de la Technologie ?

Est-ce que l’utilisation des terres a changé en raison de la mise en œuvre de la Technologie ?

• Oui (Veuillez remplir les questions ci-après au regard de l’utilisation des terres avant la mise en œuvre de la Technologie)

Les divers types d'utilisation des terres au sein du même unité de terrain: :

Non

3.4 Approvisionnement en eau

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• pluvial

Commentaires:

Irrigation systems are not used throughout the field.

3.5 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• système de rotation (rotation des cultures, jachères, agriculture itinérante)
• Amélioration de la couverture végétale/ du sol
• perturbation minimale du sol

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

Abandoned land had been converted into annual cropland. According to the classification of Mongolian Land Unified Fund, land was classified as abandoned land and changed into agricultural land after starting to use it.

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

The soil in the abandoned land became infertile due to water and wind erosion, and thus, there had been a decrease in biodiversity in the soil as well as in plant diversity and productivity.

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• restaurer/ réhabiliter des terres sévèrement dégradées

Commentaires:

The technology aims to revive the agricultural practice in abandoned cropland, protect the soil from erosion, enhance its moisture and organic matter, and improve biological diversity by planting a variety of plants, thereby allowing opportunities for long-term sustainable use.

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Spécifiez la manière dont les coûts et les intrants ont été calculés:

• par superficie de la Technologie

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

Tugrik

Indiquez le taux de change des USD en devise locale, le cas échéant (p.ex. 1 USD = 79.9 réal brésilien): 1 USD = :

3453,0

4.3 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Calendrier des activités (saisonnier)
1.	Build fence	before sowing
2.	Prepare (picking stones) and plough land	before sowing
3.	Buy and spray herbicide	before sowing
4.	Purchase tractor	before sowing
5.	Purchase direct seeder	before sowing
6.	Purchase combine harvester	before sowing
7.	Purchase spray machine	before sowing
8.	Purchase seed cleaning machine	before sowing
9.	Purchase stone picker machine	before sowing
10.	Purchase or rent pile machine for fencing	before sowing
11.	Purchase silos	before harvesting
12.	Storage shed	before harvesting

Commentaires:

Establishing a fence before the technology is an essential activity to protect from grazing and retain cover plants. The farmer empahsized that it is important to choose materials with good quality for building fence. He used imported fencing material from Canada of which the price was higher than average local market price.

4.4 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% du coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Build fence	person	2,0	15000000,0	30000000,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Spray herbicide	person	2,0	350000,0	700000,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Sowing	person	1,0	4000000,0	4000000,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Stone picking	person	1,0	4800000,0	4800000,0	100,0
Equipements	Tractor	piece	1,0	220000000,0	220000000,0	100,0
Equipements	Direct seeder	piece	1,0	224000000,0	224000000,0	100,0
Equipements	Combine harvester	piece	2,0	397000000,0	794000000,0	100,0
Equipements	Agriculture spray machine	piece	1,0	170000000,0	170000000,0	100,0
Equipements	Stone picker machine	piece	1,0	15000000,0	15000000,0	100,0
Equipements	Seed cleaning machine	piece	3,0	35000000,0	105000000,0	100,0
Equipements	Pile machine for fencing	piece	1,0	6900000,0	6900000,0	100,0
Equipements	Silos	tonnes (holding capacity)	700,0	714285,72	500000004,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Seeds first year	tonnes	70,5	4400000,0	310200000,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	Herbicide	l	2400,0	8000,0	19200000,0	100,0
Matériaux de construction	Poles and net for fence	km	25,0	10800000,0	270000000,0	100,0
Autre	Land lease	ha	800,0	500000,0	400000000,0	100,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					3073800004,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD)					890182,45

Commentaires:

The implementation of conservation agriculture and mixed cropping was self-funded by land user. For certain initial investments he took a loan from the bank. The fence materials were imported from Canada, for its good quality.

4.5 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Sowing/ direct seeding	April to May per year
2.	Harvesting and separating harvested seeds	once in August to September
3.	Reproducing seed for own use and sowing	after harvest
4.	Spray herbicide	if necessary, once in 2-3 year
5.	Monitoring on plant development (e.g. germination, flowering, maturity)	at each plant development stage
6.	Monitoring soil fertility	once a year, in August

Commentaires:

Soil samples are taken and sent to a specialized laboratory for analysis.

4.6 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% du coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Spray herbicide	person	2,0	1400000,0	2800000,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Harvesting	person	4,0	1500000,0	6000000,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Separating seeds	person	2,0	1000000,0	2000000,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Sowing seeds	person	2,0	1500000,0	3000000,0	100,0
Equipements	Spare parts and maintenance of machines	ha	800,0	10500,0	8400000,0	100,0
Equipements	Spraying machine (fuel)	l/year	400,0	2400,0	960000,0	100,0
Equipements	Sowing machine (fuel)	l/year	4000,0	2400,0	9600000,0	100,0
Equipements	Combine harvesting machine (fuel)	l/year	4000,0	2400,0	9600000,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	Seeds	tonne/year	13,7	4400000,0	60280000,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	Herbicide (different types)	l	1,0	30000,0	30000,0	100,0
Autre	Land use tax	MNT/year	1,0	1900000,0	1900000,0	100,0
Autre	Soil sampling and testing	MNT/year	1,0	830000,0	830000,0	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					105400000,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD)					30524,18

Commentaires:

The amount of herbicide used in a given year depends on the type of weed and its distribution. Initially, the land user spent 19 million (2400 litres) on herbicide to prepare the field for cultivation, and the price was relatively low compared to today (8000 MNT on average). But, in 2022, different types of herbicides were bought for different types of weeds distributed in the field and 120 million MNT (1800 litres) were spent because the price became high compared to other years due to the border closure (COVID). But in 2023, only 30 000 MNT (1 litre) was spent on herbicides in the whole field.
The land user and a permanent help receive a monthly salary.

4.7 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

Factors that mainly affect the cost are inflation and the MNT exchange rate (mainly relevant when purchasing imported products). In addition, in the event of extreme weather and disastrous conditions, extra labor may be required to mitigate damage.

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Indiquez si la Technologie est spécifiquement appliquée dans des:

• situations concaves

5.3 Sols

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

La salinité de l'eau est-elle un problème? :

Non

La zone est-elle inondée?

Oui

Régularité:

épisodiquement

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la qualité et la quantité d'eau:

It depends on intensity of rainfall.

5.5 Biodiversité

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la biodiversité:

Based on an animal and plant richness research study, biodiversity in this region is classified as moderate. After the implementation of the technology, more species of insects and birds were found in the fields due to the increase in agrobiodiversity.

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Khentiin Tarialan LLC is a company with theland user and an aid are employed and with seasonally hired labour.

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres utilisées par les exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• état

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• loué

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• individuel

Est-ce que les droits d'utilisation des terres sont fondés sur un système juridique traditionnel?

Non

Commentaires:

Land is rented for a period of 15 years and when duration is over, the contract can be extended. Land users pay land use tax every year. Land use rights for agricultural production was leased by auction.

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

Réduction des risques de catastrophe et des risques climatiques

Précisez l'évaluation des impacts sur site (sous forme de mesures):

In winter, vertical stems of plants hold snow well. It has an important effect on soil protection and increasing soil moisture in spring.

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

Précisez l'évaluation des impacts extérieurs (sous forme de mesures):

The land user, implementing the technology, made a conclusion based on his own observations.

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Augmentation ou diminution	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		augmente	bien
températures saisonnières	été	augmente	modérément
températures saisonnières	hiver	décroît	pas bien
précipitations saisonnières	été	décroît	pas bien
précipitations saisonnières	printemps	décroît	modérément

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes météorologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
tempête de neige locale	modérément
tempête de sable/ de poussière locale	pas bien

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
canicule	très bien
sécheresse	très bien

Catastrophes biologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
maladies épidémiques	bien

Autres conséquences liées au climat

Autres conséquences liées au climat

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
réduction de la période de croissance	pas bien

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Commentaires:

Establishment cost for 800 hectare of agricultural farm was approximately 3.6 billion MNT and there is no income in first several years. In long term, annual cost have decreased and, annual income became 320 million MNT, net income 128 million MNT. Thus, income can be positive in long term.

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• cas isolés/ expérimentaux

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

1 household

De tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle, ou aucune rémunération? :

• 91-100%

Commentaires:

All expenses were paid by own.

6.6 Adaptation

La Technologie a-t-elle été récemment modifiée pour s'adapter à l'évolution des conditions?

Oui

Si oui, indiquez à quel changement la Technologie s'est adaptée:

• changements/ extrêmes climatiques

Spécifiez l'adaptation de la Technologie (conception, matériaux/ espèces, etc.):

Crop rotation decisions are made based on spring weather conditions and soil moisture of the planting year. In some years, the crop rotation and mixture is not changed.

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
The technology provides higher yields than traditional monoculture in climate condition in Mongolia.
The technology allows to plant crops early in spring, because soil moisture absorbed from winter snow provide convenient condition.
Soil erosion and sand accumulation have been significantly reduced.
Conservation agricuture can significantly improve the physical properties of soil, providing sustainable and ecological rehabilitation of abandoned land.
Over time, soil fertility should improve as a result of increased soil organic matter.

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Abandoned land can be restored at the lowest cost.
Soil conservation technology was used without reducing the soil fertility as well as returning of abandoned land into use.
The use of machinery in medium-scale farming is advantageous because it reduces labor costs.
Planting with low seed rates increases the economic efficiency in the long term.

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Due to climate change and aridity, in some years, crop loss occurs during the planting and growing period.	Install irrigation system for seasonal irrigation or irrigation when needed.
When harvesting, it is necessary to leave a plant cover as high as possible, which requires particular harvesting machine.	A combine harvester or a machine (head stripper) that collects only heads of the crop is required.

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
The use of imported seeds increases the cost.	To cultivate crop seeds in small isolated areas.
With climate change, the lack of irrigation facilities increases risk of production failure.	More water harvesting techniiques and soil moisture conservation/accumulation technologies to be identified and implemented. Installation of an irrigation system for supplementary irrigation or irrigation when needed.
It is difficult to separate the seeds after harvesting due to the lack of techniques and appropriate equipement. Sorted seeds will increase market value.	Improve seed sorting mechanism.
Due to the lack of appriopriate harvesting equipment, the crop cannot be harvested completely.	Buy a new type of combine harvester or rent from others.

7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information

7.2 Références des publications disponibles

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Guidelines for Intercropping. Charles L. Mohler, Sue Ellen Johnson. 2009. ISBN 978-1-933395-21-0

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

https://www.sare.org/wp-content/uploads/Crop-Rotation-on-Organic-Farms.pdf

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Reference Work. Second Edition. 2013. ISBN 978-0123847195

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

https://www.amazon.com/Encyclopedia-Biodiversity-2nd-Set/dp/0123847192

7.3 Liens vers les informations pertinentes en ligne

Titre/ description:

Intercropping: benefits and types

URL:

https://geopard.tech/blog/what-is-intercropping-and-how-does-it-work/

Titre/ description:

Intercropping: Ergonomic And Efficient Farming

URL:

https://eos.com/blog/intercropping/

Titre/ description:

INTERCROPPING

URL:

http://nwrm.eu/measure/intercropping