1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Test institution (TI) - Albania

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) - Oman

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Using saline ground water for controlling soil salinity

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

The farm total area is 7 fadan. The farm was established 40 years ago. Two labors are working in the farm. The income is low just covering the farm inputs.
Crops planted are alfalfa, Rhodes grass, corn, Mango, Pomegranate, Date Palm, Henna tree, Buckthorn tree

Purpose of the Technology: Using saline ground water through flood irrigation for leaching salt accumulation and soil sustainability.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Main inputs are labors, tractor, date palm processing unit and machinery. the maintenance is doing for pipes and machinery.

Natural / human environment: Well water having salinity of 7.13 ds/m is used to irrigate the land also leach the soil. This has resulted an accumulated salt in the soil. Due to increase in soil salinity the cropping pattern has changed drastically. Some years ago the farm was cultivated with a variety of crops but now is limited to growing perennial crops that are salt tolerant. Date palm are the most salt tolerant plants followed by Rhodes and Alfalfa. Mangoes are sensitive to salts compared with other fruit trees.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Land use mixed within the same land unit:

Yes

Specify mixed land use (crops/ grazing/ trees):

• Agro-pastoralism (incl. integrated crop-livestock)

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): soil and water salinity

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Mixed: Mp: Agro-pastoralism

3.3 Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

• Yes (Please fill out the questions below with regard to the land use before implementation of the Technology)

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• full irrigation

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• irrigation management (incl. water supply, drainage)

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

Comments:

Secondary measures: vegetative measures, management measures

Type of agronomic measures: mixed cropping / intercropping, manure / compost / residues, mineral (inorganic) fertilizers

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -against wind, in blocks

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

Comments:

Main causes of degradation: droughts, population pressure

Secondary causes of degradation: soil management, crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub), deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, urbanisation and infrastructure development

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land

Comments:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

other/ national currency (specify):

Omani Rial

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

0.39

4.3 Establishment activities

	Activity	Timing (season)
1.		all day around

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Labour	ha	1.0	120.0	120.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					120.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD					307.69

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Labour	ha	1.0	120.0	120.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					120.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD					307.69

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

labour, seeds, fertilizer and electricty

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

5.3 Soils

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil fertility is very low

Soil drainage / infiltration is good

Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 Water availability and quality

5.5 Biodiversity

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• individual, not titled

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Water availability and quality

Income and costs

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

Soil

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

Climate and disaster risk reduction

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	increase or decrease	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature		increase	not well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
local rainstorm	not known
local windstorm	not known

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

Comments:

due to many different type of crops and grass and trees in the farm, and having date processor increase profit and maintenance is low.

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• > 50%

If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

75 percent of stated area

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 91-100%

Comments:

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: farmers in this area strongly will like to do the same due to high water salinity, in order to wash down salinity, thus, they use flood irrigation technology.

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
easily implemented
costly effective and every farmer can implement it
resist to hard weather condition

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
in long term, ground water will be more deep	reduce over pumping
ground water salinity will increase	reduce over pumping
salt accumulation in the soil will increase	by using different soil conditioner, gypsum and soil mulch and organic manure
soil degradation will be the final result

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Oman Salinity Strategy, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, 2012

Title, author, year, ISBN:

South Batinah Integrated Study, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, 1993

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Oman General Soil Map, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. 1993