1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Tajik Soil Insitute (Tajik Soil Institute) - Tajikistan

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - Switzerland

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Irrigation of semi-arid highland pastures contributes to rapid growth of natural grass, whereas removing stones in the pastures improves the surface of the area and increases the available pasture area.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Pastures in Vankal are mainly located on the stony mountain slopes, which are insuitable for farming. Poor and partually shrubby vegetation and overgrazing cause low productivity of the pastures. Residents of the Varshez village found a way to improve the pasture condition and to increase fodder production. They began to irrigate the entire land area within the village borders, i.e. lands between kitchen gardens, around the crop lands where grain, potatoes and fodder have been planted, and up until the big irrigation canal (located above the village). Irrigation canal has already existed, so extra work was not required. As a result, soon after, in addition to the usual pasture above the irrigated area, villagers could use the high productive spring and autumn pastures within their village. Irrigation and removing stones significantly improved the productivity of that land area and increase of vegetation types improved the quality of the fodder. Thus, gradually low-productive and stony pastures became high-productive pastures with high-quality natural grass.

Purpose of the Technology: Increasing the productivity of stony and slopy pastures near the village. Ensuring fodder for livestock in spring and autumn.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Financial and labour inputs were not required for the implementation of this technology (to establish an irrigation system). Available pasture area was divided by the number of the households, then stones in the area were removed and a small irrigation system was created below the irrigation canal to bring the water to particular areas.

Natural / human environment: Varshez village is located in the GBAO rayon, Vankala djamoat on the left bank of Gunt river. The highest spot reaches up to 3200-3300m asl. Summer period is short. Last years, night frosts have often been happening. Annual rainfall - 120-150 mm. Local people heavily depend on their own production. Their main occupation includes yak breeging. In autumn, yaks (or their meat) is exchanged for food, coal, kerosene and clothes. Non-grazing period last 6-7 months, therefore, saficient amount of fodder must be prepared. Since markets are located far away, there is also an urgent need for winter fodder for cattle. Pastures between the village and above the canal are heavily degraded: the area is stony with only xerophic half-shrubby vegetation growing on it (very few edibe vegetation). After implemeting this technolology, such land areas become productive spring-autumn pastures. In summer, when cattle is grazed in far away pastures, new grasses grow in spring-autumn pastures. Sometimes there can be even enough grass for hay preparation.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• 10-50 years ago

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through land users' innovation

Comments (type of project, etc.):

After 1990s, about 16-18 years

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• reduce, prevent, restore land degradation

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Low natural fertility of the stony soil, low productivity of semiarid rangeland, overgrazing (grazing without considering the pasture capacity), pasture degradation.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Low-productivity of degraded pastures, problems connected with feeding cattle during the long 6-7 months of non-grazing period.

Nomadism: In summer time, the cattle is grazed on the far away pastures. Yaks (if they have) are brough to Murgab.

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: In winter cattle stay in the stalls (from october to may). Only yaks are grazed.

Selective felling of (semi-) natural forests: Willow trees: after every 3 years upper branches are cut down (in spring and autumn). Lower branches of the seabuckthorn is cut down when a family needs it.

Problems / comments regarding forest use: Allthough willow and buckthorn are fast-growing trees, they require a lot of water. Therefore their expansion depends on the availability of irrigation water.

Forest products and services: timber, fuelwood, grazing / browsing

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Grazing land: Gi: Intensive grazing/ fodder production

Constraints of wastelands / deserts / glaciers / swamps: Mismanagement

3.3 Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

Comments:

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Grazing land: Gi: Intensive grazing/ fodder production

Grazing land: Ge: Extensive grazing land

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• full irrigation

Comments:

Водопотребление: полностью орошаемое, полностью орошаемое

Number of growing seasons per year:

1

Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 90

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• pastoralism and grazing land management
• improved ground/ vegetation cover

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

Comments:

Main measures: vegetative measures, management measures

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

Comments:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Ha: aridification

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Bq: quantity / biomass decline, Bl: loss of soil life

Main causes of degradation: soil management (The need for self-sufficiency from 1992-93s has forced the population to increase the number of livestock to exchange it for other products.), overgrazing (Inability to graze livestock in the far away pastures and concentration of too many animals in the small area.), droughts (High aridity, low rainfall, poor vegetation.), population pressure (Unregulated grazing), poverty / wealth (Too many poor families), war and conflicts (Fully self-sufficeint since the crisis of the 1990s.)

Secondary causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Lack of electricity, and later, its provision for only 2-3 hours per day forced people to cut down all trees around.), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, labour availability (Employment opportunities exist only at the local school or in the hospital of the djamoat, however all places there are occupied. Taxi-driving is nother possibility.), inputs and infrastructure: (roads, markets, distribution of water points, other, …) (Bad road conditions, long distance to markets.), education, access to knowledge and support services (There is a school, 2 mills and a shop.)

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• reduce land degradation
• restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land

Comments:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

other/ national currency (specify):

somoni

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

4.52

4.3 Establishment activities

	Activity	Timing (season)
1.	Cutting the poisonous vegetation and weeds	2 p/d
2.	Irrigation

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Timing/ frequency
1.	Removing stones	each year/spring
2.	Irrigation
3.	Cutting down dry branches of the dog rose	annually/spring, autumn
4.	Pasture irrigation	4 times/month
5.	Selective mowving down of the natural grass	annually/2 times in summer
6.	Collecting hips	annually/autumn

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

Comments:

Machinery/ tools: manual labour + shovel for irrgation, manual work, ploughing (ox, shovel, sickle), manual labour, sickle, shovel

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Comments and further specifications on topography:

Slopes on average: Also hilly (16-30%)

Altitudinal zone: 3200 - 3300m a.s.l.

Landforms: The technology is used in high and slopy pastures and foothill areas

5.3 Soils

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil depth on average: Very stony below 40-50 cm

Soil texture: Often upper layers are loamy, lower parts are sandy and very stony

Soil fertility is naturally low due to low temperature and little vegetation but becomes medium at irrigated pastures, which have a good natural cover for processing into humus.

Topsoil organic matter: Forest belt - 2-3%, sainfoin - 33% and 1.3 - 1.4% on the pastures; grain - 1.7-2.4% .

Soil drainage / infiltration is good

Soil water storage capacity s low because the soil is loamy

5.4 Water availability and quality

Comments and further specifications on water quality and quantity:

Ground water table: Gunt river flows nearby

Availability of surface water: Gunt river is nearby, but the fields are located above its level. Therefore, there was an irrigation canal built above the village.

5.5 Biodiversity

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: < 10 persons/km2

Annual population growth: < 0.5%

2% of the land users are rich.
58% of the land users are average wealthy.
40% of the land users are poor.

Market orientation of production system: Livestock products are mainly used for household consumption and for exchange with other products and things. Normally produced products and fodder is not sufficient, therefore, people have to buy additional fodder and products, but meat is sold. Some households sell milk products on the market in Khorog city (97 km away).

Level of mechanization: Oxes are used for ploughing.

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• state

Land use rights:

• leased

Water use rights:

• communal (organized)

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Income and costs

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Soil

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

Climate and disaster risk reduction

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	increase or decrease	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature		increase	well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
local rainstorm	well
local windstorm	well

Climatological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
drought	not well

Hydrological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
general (river) flood	well

Other climate-related consequences

Other climate-related consequences

	How does the Technology cope with it?
reduced growing period	not well
lower temperature (frost)

Comments:

Removing stones and cleaning from weeds

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

NA

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 91-100%

Comments:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Possibility for hay-preparation nearby.
Possibility to graze cattle nearby.

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Irrigated and grassed pastures provide high-quality fodder for the cattle. How can they be sustained / enhanced? It is necessary to sow seeds of alfalfa ans sainfoin.
Irrigated pasture area can be increased as kilometers long irrgation canal pass through the low-productive desert pastures. How can they be sustained / enhanced? It is necessary to establish an irrgation system below the main canal and to remove stones. Responsibility should be divided among households.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
Decrease of available land around the homes for other purposes (e.g. a play ground for children).

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
Strong dependence on irrigation.	Regular provision of irrigation water.

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Справочник по климату СССР, вып. 31, Таджикская ССР, частьII. гидрометеорологическое издательство, Ленинград, 1966,228с.

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Справочник по климату СССР, вып. 31, Таджикская ССР, частьIV, гидрометеорологическое, Ленинград, 1966, 212с.