1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Scaling-up SLM practices by smallholder farmers (IFAD)

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - Switzerland

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

No

Comments:

Sustainable - Good at controlling soil erosion and can be replicated else where.

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Oranges (Citrus sinensis) and Mangoes (Mangifera indicate) integrated with beans are planted together in the same field to increase production and household income.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

The technology is promoted by small scale farmers in Northern Uganda to address soil degradation including soil erosion, low crop productivity and low-income challenges both on farm and at household level. The farmer identified land with average size of 0.6 acres situated on a gentle sloping area (3-5%), measuring 45m wide x 95 m long planted with mangoes spaced 10m × 10m and oranges spaced 4m x 5m integrated with beans, NABE 14 and K20. The beans were planted using a line spacing of 10cm within a line and 30cm between lines with 2-3 seeds per hole. The selected bean varieties are high yielding and marketable. The following are the labour and input requirements for establishing this technology: a hoe, a tape measure, seedlings, 4 people and a panga.
Integration of beans into an already grown mango and orange field is a good and profitable practice because decomposition of the plant litter increases yields of the beans (nitrogen fixing) and the cost incurred, for example in weeding is less compared to the costs which would be incurred when the three enterprises (oranges, mangoes and beans) are planted separately on the same land.
Generally, benefits from implementing this technology are slightly positive ranging from improved soil fertility due to plant litter, reduced soil erosion with the fruit trees providing shade to the beans. After harvesting the beans, the farmer uses the bean waste/ residues as mulching material for the orchard which subsequently decomposes to provide manure. Also the beans cover reduces the moisture evaporation from the soil, thus keeping the soil moist
However, oranges, mangoes and beans are affected by pests and diseases and in case of this; the farmer is likely to suffer since they are planted in one field. The role of the extension worker is very critical at this stage in providing extension advisory services on how to spray the fruit trees when they get affected.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.4 Videos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

Indicate year of implementation:

2014

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through land users' innovation
• through projects/ external interventions

Comments (type of project, etc.):

Started on his own and later Operation Wealth Creation supported with training on how to space beans.

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• improve production
• reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
• create beneficial economic impact

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• rainfed

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• agroforestry
• integrated crop-livestock management
• improved ground/ vegetation cover

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• prevent land degradation
• reduce land degradation

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:

• per Technology area

other/ national currency (specify):

UGX

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

3400.0

4.3 Establishment activities

	Activity	Timing (season)
1.	site selection planted with Oragnes and Mangoes	once before establishment
2.	Look for labour and required tools	Before establishment
3.	Look for bean seeds	Before establishment
4.	Digging holes	During establishment
5.	Planting seeds	During establishment

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	persons days paid on monthly basis	persons	4.0	150000.0	600000.0	100.0
Equipment	Hoe	pieces	4.0	10000.0	40000.0	100.0
Equipment	Tape measure	pieces	1.0	7000.0	7000.0	100.0
Equipment	Panga	pieces	2.0	7000.0	14000.0	100.0
Plant material	Bean seeds	kgs	100.0	2000.0	200000.0	100.0
Fertilizers and biocides	Pestcide	litres	2.0	25000.0	50000.0	100.0
Other	Training	1	1.0	50000.0	50000.0	40.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					961000.0

Comments:

Equipment are bought at the time of establishment. Work load reduces during maintenance. 60% of training (seeds, facilitation, extension agent) covered by Operation Wealth Creation.

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Timing/ frequency
1.	Weeding	Once in a season
2.	Spraying	Once in a season
3.	Harvesting	Once in a season

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	persons days on monthly basis	Persons	3.0	150000.0	450000.0	100.0
Equipment	Spraying pump	Pieces	1.0	75000.0	75000.0	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					525000.0

Comments:

Labour costs are for weeding, spraying and harvesting.

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Labour takes most of the cost during establishing. The farmer only buys a spraying pump for maintenance.

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:

• concave situations

5.3 Soils

5.4 Water availability and quality

Is water salinity a problem?

No

Is flooding of the area occurring?

No

Comments and further specifications on water quality and quantity:

Soils are dry during Dec -March.

5.5 Biodiversity

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

He is a business man dealing in a small merchandize items (salt, soap, beans).

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• individual, not titled

Land use rights:

• individual

Water use rights:

• communal (organized)

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Income and costs

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Soil

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	increase or decrease	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual rainfall		increase	well
seasonal rainfall	wet/ rainy season	increase	moderately

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Biological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
epidemic diseases	moderately

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

Comments:

High costs for paying for labour and buying seed during establishment.

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• 1-10%

If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

5

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 11-50%

Comments:

Training offered by Operation Wealth Creation during integration of beans.

6.6 Adaptation

Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?

Yes

If yes, indicate to which changing conditions it was adapted:

• climatic change/ extremes

Specify adaptation of the Technology (design, material/ species, etc.):

Put in place a tree nursery.

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Oranges provide shade for beans during sunshine.
Oranges provide staking materials for beans.
Easy to manage and improves fertility of the soil.
High yield with integration/ one crop as an alternative in case of crop failure.

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Bean residues act as mulching material and its decomposition increases fertility and moisture of the soil.
Can be replicated elsewhere with other farmers.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
Labour intensive: planting, wedding, watering and harvesting.	Work in groups. use family labour in addition to hired labour.
Easily affected by pests and diseases.	Spray early enough before attack. Seek guidance from the extension services on how to manage pests and diseases.

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
High costs for purchase of seeds and labours.	Join small savings groups. Training on how farmers can have their own seeds and do it as a business.

7.1 Methods/ sources of information