1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Scaling-up SLM practices by smallholder farmers (IFAD)

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - Switzerland

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

No

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Species of Mangoes and Oranges planted for income and food security.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Growing mangoes and oranges is becoming a common practice among farmers in Northern Uganda for food security and increased household income. As seasons become shorter and erratic, failure of traditional crops like beans and maize is increasing. Mangoes and oranges are more adapted to sub-humid conditions and can endure longer dry spells yet yield well. Thus, farmers are taking on improved varieties of mangoes and oranges developed by the National Agricultural Research System. The mango and orange seedlings are planted with only spot weeding to maintain the grass cover for soil moisture. The activities involved in establishing the orchards include (1) linking up with the extension worker for information on what varieties and how to plant on which type of soils (2) site selection (3) buying seedlings (4) planting and (4) watering if planted during the dry season with the following input requirements seedlings, hired labour of at least 2-3 people paid on monthly basis and watering can. At the time of planting the land user digs a hole up to a depth of about 0.5 metres using a fork so that the roots are allowed to grow out easily and plant the fruit trees spaced at 10 metres x 10 metres allowing the grass to grow without removing or cutting. If planting is done in the dry season and the ground is too dry the farmer applies water once a week slowly using a bucket so that it has time to sink in the soil. If the land user plants during the wet season, watering is not necessary. This practice is liked because yields are high due to leaves litter as well as the demand for fruits in addition to being easily fertilised using organic fertilizer locally obtained and treated . In the long run, the high costs incurred at the time of establishment in buying seedlings and paying labour. The presence of fruits from the orchard provides both food and income to the household, which should be other crops such as maize and sim fail due to drought. What is not liked about this technology is that the grass grown in the garden is liked by livestock during the dry season. Herdsmen searching for pasture drive their animals into the gardens, resulting into constant conflicts between livestock owners and the land user. The grass also poses a risk of fire during the dry season. Additional efforts to put in place a community bylaw on controlled grazing would reduce conflicts and free range grazing of animals contrarily to fencing which may be an additional benefit to sustainably managing land by the land user.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.4 Videos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

Indicate year of implementation:

2012

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through land users' innovation
• through projects/ external interventions

Comments (type of project, etc.):

Supported by Norther Uganda Social Action Fund.

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• improve production
• reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
• create beneficial economic impact

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• rainfed

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• agroforestry
• improved ground/ vegetation cover

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• prevent land degradation
• restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:

• per Technology area

other/ national currency (specify):

UGX

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

3400.0

4.3 Establishment activities

	Activity	Timing (season)
1.	Look for land	Before estaslishment
2.	Look for seedlings and tools to use	Once before establishment
3.	Look for labour	Before establishment
4.	Dig holes (2-3 ft)	During establishment
5.	Plant suckers	During establishment
6.	Water: dry season	After estabslishment
7.	Weeding	After estabslishment

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Labour	persons	3.0	5000.0	15000.0	100.0
Equipment	Hoe	Pieces	1.0	10000.0	10000.0	100.0
Equipment	Spray pump hire for a week	Pieces	1.0	35000.0	35000.0	100.0
Equipment	Panga	Pieces	2.0	7000.0	14000.0	100.0
Plant material	Seedlings	Kgs	42.0	2500.0	105000.0	100.0
Fertilizers and biocides	Pestcide	Litres	0.5	15000.0	7500.0
Fertilizers and biocides	Fertilizer		2.0	1.0	2.0
Fertilizers and biocides	Organic fertilizer (weekly)	bags	2.0	30000.0	60000.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					246502.0

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Timing/ frequency
1.	Slashing	Around December every year
2.	Spraying with herbicide against pests	Every time they are observed
3.	Weeding	Twice a year
4.	Watering	During the dry season, when they are young
5.	Fertilisation	Twice a year

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Labour for on daily basis	Persons	3.0	5000.0	15000.0	100.0
Equipment	Hire of spray pump for one week	Pieces	7.0	5000.0	35000.0	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					50000.0

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Labour takes the most of costs.

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:

• concave situations

5.3 Soils

5.4 Water availability and quality

Is water salinity a problem?

No

Is flooding of the area occurring?

No

Comments and further specifications on water quality and quantity:

The flooding occurs during the month of excess heavy rains (Nov-Dec and March-May).

5.5 Biodiversity

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• communal/ village

Land use rights:

• communal (organized)

Water use rights:

• communal (organized)

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Income and costs

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

Soil

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

Climate and disaster risk reduction

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	increase or decrease	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature		decrease	well
seasonal temperature	wet/ rainy season	decrease	well
annual rainfall		increase	moderately
seasonal rainfall	wet/ rainy season	increase	well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Climatological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
drought	well
land fire	very well

Biological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
insect/ worm infestation	well

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• > 50%

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 51-90%

6.6 Adaptation

Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?

No

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Appropriate for small and large scale land users.
The technology can be replicated elsewhere by other farmers.

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Good at providing income when mangoes and oranges are sold.
Appreciated by the land user due its ability to provide household income and fruits for consumption and sale.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
Requires skilled labour at the time of establishment to dig the holes and applying the right spacing.	Train family labour to acquire the skills. Use extension workers and expert farmers to provide the skills
The technology is liked by thieves since it provides income and food.	Fencing to prevent intruders from piking the fruits without payment. Put in place strict byelws and harsh penalties for offenders.

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
Fruit trees are having canopies in close contact hence reduced fruiting with the spreading of branches. The technology is not well managed as would be expected.	The farmer should trim the branches.

7.1 Methods/ sources of information