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Vocational Training [俄罗斯联邦]

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Профессиональное обучение

approaches_2544 - 俄罗斯联邦

完整性: 89%

1. 一般信息

1.2 参与方法评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

关键资源人员

SLM专业人员:
SLM专业人员:

Hiller Karsten

Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg

SLM专业人员:

Herzfeld Thomas

Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg

SLM专业人员:

Illiger Patrick

Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg

SLM专业人员:

Jelinek Ladislav

Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg

SLM专业人员:

Wust Andreas

Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde, Leipzig

SLM专业人员:

Kasarjyan Milada

Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg

SLM专业人员:

Bavorova Miroslava

Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg

SLM专业人员:

Imamverdiyev Nizami

Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg

SLM专业人员:

Kley Dorothee

Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg

SLM专业人员:

Frühauf Manfred

Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg

SLM专业人员:

Bondarovich Andreay

Altai State University

有助于对方法进行记录/评估的项目名称(如相关)
Sustainable land management in the Russian steppes (KULUNDA / GLUES)
有助于对方法进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg (Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg) - 德国
有助于对方法进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
Altai State University (ASU) - 俄罗斯联邦
有助于对方法进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography (IfL) - 德国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

(现场)数据是什么时候汇编的?:

26/07/2016

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

1.4 SLM技术问卷的参考

2. SLM方法的描述

2.1 该方法的简要说明

Regular in-service training of land use specialists and farm managers in the fields of sustainable land use management, and monitoring in the agrarian sector.

2.2 该方法的详细说明

该方法的详细说明:

Aims / objectives: By, as well as improved linkages of the agricultural consulting systems with universities and vocational training facilities,

Through targeted improved knowledge transfer, the Vocational Training Center is strengthening links between the agricultural consulting/ advisory systems, universities and vocational training facilities. The aim is to enhance capacity building and knowledge transfer for a better consultation / advisory system, especially. This concerns alternative conservation measures and SLM in rural areas. The centre and members of the different sub-projects of the KULUNDA project gave lectures covering up-to-date research results and on various topics, including SLM technologies (no-till and minimum tillage). Socio-economic and ecological impact was covered, as well as environmental monitoring. This took place at the ‘Barnaul Institute for Qualification in Agriculture’. These lectures are embedded into an existing training programme for young professionals within the agronomic service and extension service/ advisory service as well as heads of agricultural enterprises.
Through the targeted improved knowledge transfer between the agricultural consulting/ advisory systems, universities and vocational training facilities we want to strengthen the implementation of conservative conservation technologies in agricultural practice.


Methods: It is also planned to present project results on the topic of sustainable land management in the State Agrarian University in Barnaul, which is the main training centre for future agronomists. This presentation takes different forms – for example through poster presentations or conferences. The implementation courses material/ modules are partially running (for lectures at the Barnaul Institute for Qualification in Agriculture) or are under preparation. Furthermore, there is a plan to cooperate with the Altai State University to organise a seminar on the topic entitled “Laboratory analysis to investigate soil conditions”. Thus it helps to implement new methods of environmental monitoring into the current teaching program.

Stages of implementation: More recently, the project’s partner, the German company Amazone, has started an initiative of vocational training for young people in the region: these students are being given the opportunity to enhance their knowledge at the company’s production site in Samara and to learn about technical aspects of the two SLM technologies, namely no-till and minimum till.

Role of stakeholders: The measures are aimed at different stakeholder groups within the Altai Krai identified in the AKIS-Network (Agricultural Knowledge and Information System). The greatest importance is attached to the stakeholders of extension service and agricultural producers/ heads of agricultural enterprises because of the high level of dependency on the successful implementation of the SLM technologies on their knowledge and support. The managers who participated in advanced trainings are mainly from economically strong agricultural enterprises.

2.3 该方法的照片

2.5 采用该方法的国家/地区/地点

国家:

俄罗斯联邦

区域/州/省:

Altai Krai

有关地点的进一步说明:

Mikhaylovski district

注释:

Area of the field test

2.6 该方法的开始和终止日期

注明开始年份:

2013

终止年份(若不再采用该方法):

2016

2.7 方法的类型

  • 传统/本土

2.8 该方法的主要目的/目标

The Approach focused mainly on SLM with other activities (Knowledge transfer and capacity building not only in the field of soil conservation but also in the resulting socioeconomic and environmental effects and ways to improve regional development in rural areas.)

Improvement of technology adoption through: Capacity building, training and knowledge transfer. Awareness raising.

The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: There is a lack of knowledge on current scientific findings regarding innovative agronomic methods like minimum and no-till and a lack of awareness concerning the importance of the conservation technologies for economic and ecological sustainable farming strategies. A big problem is that the system for advising farmers is not sufficient, although there is a state institution for this purpose. There is a lack of awareness about the importance of vocational training, and lack of international, scientifically-based expertise in the regional institution conducting vocational training.

2.9 推动或妨碍实施本办法所适用的技术的条件

社会/文化/宗教规范和价值观
  • 阻碍

Insufficient acceptance by land users of new and externally developed methods. Historically-caused low levels of trust among farmers/ land users that, amongst others, limits the transfer of ‘good farming practices’.

Treatment through the SLM Approach: Awareness raising, training and knowledge sharing for environmental problems due to non-adapted farming systems.
Specifically targeted policies (e.g. provision of grants or credit for the establishment of producer groups) and awareness raising.

财务资源和服务的可用性/可得性
  • 阻碍

High cost of new minimum and no-till machinery and difficult access to credits. Budget limitations are proportionately greater with smaller farms (highly variable yields reduce farm profitability, limited access to external funds)

Treatment through the SLM Approach: In the training modules specialists were trained on how to improve the profitability, to work economically and rationally by implementing alternative conservation measures and SLM as well as by efficient personnel management in the agricultural enterprises.

机构设置
  • 阻碍

Unfavourable framework conditions and low capacity of the administration to monitor the state of land and to enforce the soil protection law which would oblige land users to adopt conservation measures.

Treatment through the SLM Approach: The approach did not address this factor.

法律框架(土地使用权、土地和水使用权)
  • 阻碍

Unclear land use rights. High share of rented land. Missing incentives to stimulate land users to adopt conservation practices. Secure land use rights motivates to more conscious care for the land and stimulates farmers to adopt better practices.

Treatment through the SLM Approach: Discussion of the options to strengthen the role of ‘State Redistribution of Funding’ in favour of funding land protection.

The existing land ownership, land use rights / water rights moderately hindered the approach implementation Our findings support the evidence that land ownership is rather a hindering factor for the farmers. It has several reasons. There are still some legislative and administrative weaknesses that limit the full execution of the ownership rights (non-defined borders, lacking cadastral registration of some plots, missing owners, etc.). When farmers face such difficulties, they are less willing to invest in the own land. Furthermore, around half of the land utilised in Altai krai is owned by the state (of that around 2 mil. hectares are administered by the Redistribution Fund). The conditions under which the land is provided do not require the farmers to adopt more sustainable land practices. As above mentioned, this would call for the strengthening of the land allocation criteria. Another aspect to be considered is the capacity of the state monitoring agency (State Veterinary and Phytosanitary Controls) and if it would be capable to control the compliance of the rules provided the land use conditions are stricter.

了解SLM,获得技术支持
  • 阻碍

In Russia conventional/ traditional cultivation still prevails, although market for no-till technologies is fully developed and functional. Various machinery companies either have branches or production units in Russia.

Treatment through the SLM Approach:

3. 相关利益相关者的参与和角色

3.1 该方法涉及的利益相关者及其职责

  • 当地土地使用者/当地社区

Farmers of the investigation area in the district Altai Krai

There are more men working in the area of crop production as women. More men participated

  • SLM专家/农业顾问

Advisers in the field of cropping systems

  • 国家政府(规划者、决策者)

Ministry of Agriculture

  • Staff member of the project

German and Russian scientists of the project

3.2 当地土地使用者/当地社区参与该方法的不同阶段
当地土地使用者/当地社区的参与 指定参与人员并描述活动
启动/动机 互动 The embedded training measures modules are embedded in the already existing training program of vocational training centre in Barnaul. At the last seminar land users and specialists were the target audience. Interactive lectures (teaching modules) were held. The participants of the seminar were actively involved by asking questions as well as by intensive discussions.
计划 The planning of the approach was first of all project-internal in consultation with the head of the regional vocational training institute in Barnaul.
实施 互动 Interactive lectures to agricultural consultants/ extension agents/ advisory services and farmers on latest findings and recommendations of the KULUNDA project. Following the lectures the participants could ask questions and discuss the various research results presented. In addition, brochures and USB-sticks containing project results and lectures were distributed.
监测/评估 互动 Evaluation after the event through project intern discussions as well as interviews with regional stakeholder
Research The vocational training is mainly intended to inform the audience (target groups) about the scientific results and their application-specific relevance by the scientific project staff. The audience is not involved in research work.

3.3 流程图(如可用)

具体说明:

The chart is intended to show the importance of the vocational training by the 'Institute for advanced training in agriculture' concerning knowledge transfer and capacity building. Knowledge transfer takes place either directly or indirectly through the advisory service to the farmers. Due to the capacity building measures and resulting better knowledge of the farmers about conservation technologies this approach will better enable them to implement conservation technologies.

作者:

Peter Liebelt

3.4 有关SLM技术选择的决策

具体说明谁有权决定选择要实施的技术:
  • 主要是SLM专家,咨询土地使用者之后
解释:

The SLM specialists of the the KULUNDA project mainly make the decisions on the choice of the SLM technology in cooperation with the farmers.

Decisions on the method of implementing the SLM Technology were made by Project staff. At the beginning of the project a large interview campaign with relevant local stakeholders was conducted by the scientists of the KULUNDA-project. Based on the survey results, a decision on the implementation measures were made by the scientific staff on the German and Russian site with consultation with local stakeholder groups.

4. 技术支持、能力建设和知识管理

4.1 能力建设/培训

是否为土地使用者/其他利益相关者提供培训?:

明确受训人员:
  • 土地使用者
  • 现场工作人员/顾问
培训形式:
  • 课程
涵盖的主题:

Competitiveness of agricultural enterprises, ecologically and economically effective farm management through the use of resource-conserving crop production, costs for introducing modern tillage systems, personnel management, monitoring systems

4.2 咨询服务

土地使用者有权使用咨询服务吗?:

指明是否提供了咨询服务:
  • 在固定中心
说明/注释:

Name of method used for advisory service: Vocational training for land use specialists / advisers and land user; Key elements: Knowledge / exchange, Capacity building, Training of trainers

There is already mainly a governmental advisory structure. The consultants are able to make recommendations for soil conserving technologies. However, we have observed a missing international expertise and demand of consultation for the farmers.

4.3 机构强化(组织发展)

是否通过这种方法建立或加强了机构?:

4.4 监测和评估

监测和评估是该方法的一部分吗?:

注释:

Technical aspects were ad hoc monitored by project staff, government, land users through observations; indicators: information and discussion on the technical obervation results relating conservation technologies by the target groups
Technical aspects were ad hoc monitored by project staff, government, land users through measurements; indicators: information and discussion on the technical measurement results relating conservation technologies by the target groups
Economic / production aspects were ad hoc monitored by project staff, government, land users through observations; indicators: information and discussion on the economic obervation results relating economic parametres (margin profit and others) by the target groups
Economic / production aspects were None monitored by project staff, government, land users through measurements; indicators: information and discussion on the technical measurement results relating conservation technologies by the target groups
Management of Approach aspects were None monitored by None through observations; indicators: information and discussion on the management obervation results relating the approach by the target groups
There were no changes in the Approach as a result of monitoring and evaluation
There were no changes in the Technology as a result of monitoring and evaluation

4.5 研究

研究是该方法的一部分吗?

5. 融资和外部物质支持

5.1 该方法中SLM组成部分的年度预算

如果不知道准确的年度预算,请给出一个范围:
  • 2,000-10,000
注释(例如主要的资助来源/主要捐助者):

Approach costs were met by the following donors: international (German Ministry of Education and Research, BMBF): 100.0%

5.2 为土地使用者提供财政/物质支援

土地使用者是否获得实施该技术的财政/物质支持?:

如果是,请具体说明支持的类型、条件和提供者:

The Altai Institute for Advanced Training in Agriculture that is publicly founded provided personnel staff, an auditorium and hast made the promotion for the event.

5.3 对特定投入的补贴(包括劳动力)

  • 其它
其它(具体说明) 程度如何 对补贴做出具体说明
preparation of training material 充分融资
注释:

The approach of vocational training was only to inform the land users without financial inputs in equipment and others.

5.4 信用

是否根据SLM活动的方法给予信用值?:

6. 影响分析和结论性陈述

6.1 方法的影响

该方法是否帮助土地使用者实施和维护SLM技术?:
  • 是,很少
  • 是,中等
  • 是,支持力度很大

The approach vocational training helps to improve the quality of advisory service and to inform directly the land user. It have been shown that the vocational training (Institute for Advanced Training in Agriculture) is a suitable way for knowledge transfer. The higher knowledge of the land user and land use specialists / advisers help to implement new conservation technologies. Vocational training of course is not a new invention but the aim of the project initiated learning modules was to present information that are up-to-date and on in the field of con

该方法是否有助于社会和经济弱势群体?:
  • 是,很少
  • 是,中等
  • 是,支持力度很大

The implementation of the technology is not primarily aimed at these issues.

该方法是否改善了阻碍SLM技术实施的土地使用权/用户权问题?:
  • 是,很少
  • 是,中等
  • 是,支持力度很大

The problem is unlikely to be overcome in the near future.

Did other land users / projects adopt the Approach?
  • 是,很少
  • 是,中等
  • 是,支持力度很大
Did the Approach lead to improved livelihoods / human well-being?
  • 是,很少
  • 是,中等
  • 是,支持力度很大

By implementing the new conservation technologies the sustainability of farming systems in both the ecological and the economic sense increases. therefor the technologies are able to improve human well-being especially in rural areas where agriculture has a great importance for livelihood and human well-being. The technologies help to protect soil as production base for farming. Whether the population participate on the increase of profit depends on the management of farm enterprises that decide on further investments for instance in salary or social projects.

Did the Approach help to alleviate poverty?
  • 是,很少
  • 是,中等
  • 是,支持力度很大

The implementation of the technologies min till and no till protect the soil as an important living and economic basis

6.2 土地使用者实施SLM的主要动机

  • 增加生产

To minimize fluctuations in yield and to secure yield through a higher sustainability

  • 增加利润(能力),提高成本效益比
  • 减少工作量

The reduction of workload is important especialy in terms of the large farm sizes.

  • 支付/补贴
  • 加入运动/项目/团体/网络

Affiliation with the KULUNDA project

6.3 方法活动的可持续性

土地使用者能否维持通过该方法实施的措施(无外部支持的情况下)?:
若是,请说明如何维持:

The Altai Institute of vocational training can continue with the help of learning modules and various information materials that we prepared as implementation products under the project.

6.4 该方法的长处/优点

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
To have a platform for discussion and knowledge exchange with different national stakeholder groups as well as international scientists (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Regular meetings for knowledge exchange.)
To get information about the latest international ‘trends’ in agriculture that aim at economically effective, resource-saving and environment-friendly cropping management (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Regular presentation of innovations and new results that are up to date and on international high level.)
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Capacity building (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Through better linkage between the actors of different stakeholder groups (see point 1) and by regular teaching and consultation)
Better knowledge transfer (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: By presenting practice-oriented project findings, which show the current state of research.)
Improved linkage between different stakeholder groups like specialists, advisers and farmers/ land users (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: By regular joint vocational workshops and seminars on education, research, consulting, needs of end users with actors of the Agricultural Knowledge and Information System network in the Altai region. For the realization of this purpose the regional “Altai Vocational Training Centre in Barnaul was and can be used as a platform.
)
Better consultation of land users and specialists (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: By presenting use-oriented project findings, which present the current state of research as well as discussions about the presented issues.)

6.5 该方法的弱点/缺点以及克服它们的方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
For land user it takes a lot of effort like high costs and time to visit the event in the capital Barnaul.
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
In contrast to the field seminar the vocational training is more theoretical, which is less attractive for farmers Combination of different implementation measures like vocational training for the theoretical background and the field seminar to show the opportunities of technology implementation in practice.

7. 参考和链接

7.1 方法/信息来源

  • 实地考察、实地调查
  • 与土地使用者的访谈

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