1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

30/05/2011

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Closing the degraded land to let it to regenerate by excluding human and animal interference ans speed up the regeneration process by applying some SWC activities and undertake enrichment plantation.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Area closure is suitable for degraded lands. Degraded areas are excluded from animal and human contact and integrated with activities that speed up regeneration process such as SWC activities, agronomic measures, vegetative and management measures.

Purpose of the Technology: Area closure improves the productivity of degraded lands and protects down stream fields and properties from flooding and improves ground water recharge.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Management and utilization plan prepared and agreed. Planning and design of supplimentary measures are integrated.

Natural / human environment: Area closure is applicable in all areas that have lost vegetation cover and has low soil fertility.

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 50多年前（传统）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

It is introduced technology.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Overgrazing, low awarness of land users, lack of management plan for communal lands and low level of diversification of land users activities.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Shortage of grazing lands, lack of common understanding of the management of common resources.

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: Yes

Grazingland comments: Inspite of decreasing grazing lands, farmers still want to own some heads of livestock. Grazinglands as a result are highly pressurized. Land users cut grass from area closures and carry them home to feed their livestock. Some land users who have few polts for grazing close them to grow grass.

Plantation forestry: Yes

Problems / comments regarding forest use: Natural forests do not exist. Planted forests are managed by the community. In the SWC area, a larger area was planted some 20 years ago but at present the planted forests have been cleared for cultivation. This is the result of high population growth. Some of the planteed forests have been cleared by demobilizing soldiers.

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Cereals - Legumes - Cereals

Constraints of infrastructure network (roads, railways, pipe lines, power lines)

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 2

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 180 Longest growing period from month to month: Apr - Nov Second longest growing period in days: 150 Second longest growing period from month to month: Jan - May

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 区域封闭（停止使用，支持恢复）

3.5 技术传播

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 10.5 km2.

Communities develop positive attitude towards activities implemented and results obtained such as livestock feed, fuel wood, bee forage, farm implements and construction materials.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wg: gully erosion / gullying

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wo: offsite degradation effects, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Pu: loss of bio-productive function due to other activities, Ha: aridification

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

SNNPR

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, improvement of ground cover, increase of infiltration

Secondary technical functions: increase / maintain water stored in soil, water harvesting / increase water supply, increase in soil fertility

Early planting
Material/ species: maize and potato
Remarks: row planting, broad casting

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: maize & haricot bean
Remarks: row planting

Legume inter-planting
Remarks: broad casting

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: animal dung
Remarks: broad casting

Contour tillage
Remarks: along the contour

In blocks
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 2500
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 2

Vegetative measure: in blocks
Vegetative material: G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 3333
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 10
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.3
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.3

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Trees/ shrubs species: Acacia saligina, Acaccia decurrens, Omedila, Grevillea robusta

Grass species: Desho, phalaris

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 15.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 8.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 0.00%

Retention/infiltration ditch/pit, sediment/sand trap
Vertical interval between structures (m): 3
Spacing between structures (m): 10
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.3
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 3
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.3
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 3

Terrace: forward sloping
Vertical interval between structures (m): 2
Spacing between structures (m): 10
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.3
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 5
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.3
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 30

Construction material (earth): Soil excavated from the ditches is used to make the embankment

Construction material (stone): Hill side terraces are supported with stones at the downslope side to make them stronger and stable.

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 15%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 8%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Change of land use type: from degraded agricultural land to area closure and practicing of cut and carry.

Other type of management: change of management / intensity level - from open access forms of grazing to guarding, plantation and construction of various SWC techniques.

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Birr

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

8.6

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Seedling production	植物性的	through out the year
2.	Transportation	植物性的	beginning of rains
3.	Planting	植物性的	beginning of rains
4.	Surveying	结构性的	dry season
5.	Digging of ditches and construction of structural measures	结构性的	dry season
6.	Stablization of terraces	结构性的
7.	Surveying the degraded land	管理	dry season
8.	Awarness creation	管理	slack period from farming
9.	Planning	管理	any time
10.	Closing the area	管理

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	505.8	505.8	50.0
设备	Machine use	ha	1.0	83.27	83.27
设备	Tools	ha	1.0	19.26	19.26	70.0
植物材料	Seeds	ha	1.0	69.76	69.76	100.0
植物材料	Seedlings	ha	1.0	116.28	116.28	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					794.37

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 24 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	land preparation	农业学的	before rains / each cropping season
2.	Replanting	植物性的	rainy season /once
3.	Stablization of terraces	结构性的	rainy season/annual
4.	Appointing guards	管理	/ annual

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
设备	Machine use	ha	1.0	81.39	81.39
植物材料	Seedlings	ha	1.0	7.3	7.3	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					88.69

注释:

Machinery/ tools: hoe, shovel, gaso

The cost is calculated for labour needed to the construct SWC activities to rehablitate one hectar of degraded land.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Higher slopes and shallow soil depths increase the cost of construction.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Altitudinal zone: 2001-2500 m a.s.l. ( <2400m a.s.l., ranked 1) and 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l. ( >1900m a.s.l., ranked 2)
Slopes on average: Rolling (ranked 1), hilly (ranked 2) and gentle, moderate and steep (all ranked 3)

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil depth on average: Also moderately deep (ranked 2) and shallow (ranked 3)
Soil texture: Fine/heavy (mainly clay loam, ranked 1) and medium (ranked 2)
Soil fertility is medium (ranked 1), low (ranked 2), high (ranked 3)
Soil drainage/infiltration is good (ranked 1) and medium (ranked 2)
Soil water storage capacity high (ranked 1) and medium (ranked 2)

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 3% - 4%
6% of the land users are rich and own 15% of the land.
45% of the land users are average wealthy and own 40% of the land.
35% of the land users are poor and own 30% of the land.
12% of the land users are poor and own 20% of the land.
Off-farm income specification: Some land users are engaged in small trading and some are daily labourer when they are free from field activities.
Level of mechanization: Animal traction (oxen plough system, ranked 1) and manual work (hoe and gaso, ranked 2)
Market orientation of forest production system: Mixed (ranked 1, individual plantation for market and domestic consumption), subsistence (ranked 2, individual woodlots plantation for domestic consumption) and commercial/market (ranked 3, community plantation for sale)

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

土地使用权:

• 个人

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

3990

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

97% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

3800 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

5% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

190 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The farmers have made some modifications in order to increase the effectivness of the technology, by making fences around enclosures.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Feed and forage sources improved How can they be sustained / enhanced? Cut and carry system
Availability of fuel wood, farm implements and construction materials How can they be sustained / enhanced? integrate with multipurpose tree species
Income from beekeeping due to area closure

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Income generated from wood and grass sales. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Equal share from the benefit to all land users.
Rapid recovery and rehabilitation of degraded lands. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Integrate with multipurpose techniques and encourage cut and carry system.
The environment is protected, wildlife attracted and unproductive areas become productive. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Awarness creation and technical support